Objectives: Urine cytology is an essential modality for the detection of urothelial neoplasia. It has various indications that generally fall in two principal groups: in the evaluation of patients with genitourinary symptoms, especially hematuria, and as a surveillance tool for patients with a history of bladder cancer. We undertook this study to evaluate the role of cytology in detection of urothelial carcinoma and to estimate the reliability of combined cystoscopy and urine cytology examination in cases of urinary bladder neoplasm