European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

This study was performed to assess the prevalence of dry eye syndrome and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetic patients and their contributing factors.
Materials and Methods: 90 type 2 diabetic patients referred to the Department of Ophthalmology Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, between December 2022 and February 2023 were consecutively selected. All patients were asked about other diseases and drugs. Dry eye syndrome was assessed with TBUT tests and Schirmer. Indirect and direct ophthalmoscopy were done for all the cases. Diabetic Retinopathy was graded according to early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy (ETDRS) criteria.
Results: Of 90 subjects, 48 patients (54.88%) suffer from dry eye syndrome. Although dry eye syndrome was more common in older and female patients, this association was not significant. But there was significantly association between dry eye syndrome and duration of diabetes. Diabetic Retinopathy was found in 64 patients (71.11%) of which 15 (16.67%) patients had mild NPDR, 13 (14.44%) had moderate & 7(7.88%) had severe NPDR. PDR was seen in 29(32.22%) patients.
Conclusions: In this study the prevalence of dry eye syndrome was 54.88%. Diabetes and dry eyes appear to have a common association. Further studies need to be undertaken to establish an etiologic relationship. However, examination for dry eye should be an integral part of the assessment of diabetic eye disease.

Tendons are frequently used for reconstructive surgery. This includes tendons of palmaris longus, plantaris, the long extensors of the toes and fingers as well as the flexors of the fingers. The surgeon must base his or her selection of the donor tendon for grafting on what is needed, for example tendon size, length, and width. The most desirable tendons in reconstructive surgery are the palmaris longus and plantaris tendons. To study the presence, variations and relationship between palmaris longus and plantaris tendons. To compare the prevalence of absence in right and left sides.
Method: The study was done on 30 cadavers. The palmaris longus and plantaris muscles are indeed subject to variation, whether in the general anatomy, form, attachment, actions and/or prevalence. Parameters like muscle length, tendon length, total length, of both the muscle were measured using measuring tape and the muscle width and tendon width were measured using digital vernier caliper and recorded bilaterally and statistically analysed.
Conclusion: based on the morphology and prevalence of the palmaris longus and plantaris muscles in a North Bihar region, they are ideal for the use of flaps and/or tendon graft in reconstructive surgery.

Suicide is a major health problem, and the global suicide mortality rate amounts to 1.4% of all deaths worldwide. Suicidal behaviour and suicidality can be conceptualized as a continuum ranging from suicidal ideation to suicide attempts and completed suicide.  
Aim and Objective of the study: The aim and objective was to study the sociodemographic data, psychiatric disorder, precipitating events, and mode of attempt in suicide attempted patients referred to consultation liaison psychiatric services.
Materials and Methods: All referrals to the psychiatry department, seen over a 6-month period were screened for the presence of suicide attempters. Those who fulfilled the criteria were evaluated by using semi-structured pro-forma containing sociodemographic data, precipitating events, mode of attempt, and psychiatric diagnosis by ICD-10.
Results:  In 6 months study period, 42 subjects were referred for attempted suicide, out of the total 360 psychiatry referrals. The prevalence of suicide attempters was 11.6% at our tertiary care hospital. Males were more than females. Among the suicide attempters, young adults (25 to 35 age group), educated, employed, married, and coming from an urban background were more represented compared to their counterparts. Around 28 % of subjects were found to have a past history of suicidal attempts and 16.7 % were having a significant family history of committed suicide/attempt.
Discussion and Conclusion: The prevalence of suicide attempters was 11.6% at our tertiary care hospital. The majority of suicide attempter patients had a mental illness. So, Early identification and treatment of these disorders could have prevented associated morbidity and mortality. The most common mode of attempt was found to be poisoning and drug overdosage. So, having a clear policy on the sale and possession of lethal agents is necessary to prevent or reduce suicidal attempts. Some of the study participants reported various stressful life events as immediate reasons for the suicidal attempt. These findings may suggest the need for training programs on problem-solving skills for this group of the population. In addition, public education on healthy coping mechanisms under stress and improving communication skills of youths are also crucial to prevent the suicidal attempt

World Health Organization (WHO) defines the term diabetes mellitus as- 'a metabolic disorder of multiple etiology characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both.’ Non-communicable diseases associated with changes in lifestyle and diet has become a major public health problem in both the developed and developing countries.
Objectives: To study prevalence of high risk individuals for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Indian Diabetes Risk Score in Bank Employees of Urban Maharashtra.
Methods: The type of present study is a Cross Sectional community based descriptive study. Calculated sample size came to 400. The number of bank employees in each strata were calculated. There were 807 bank employees in government banks, 411 bank employees in co-operative banks and 397 bank employees in private banks. So it was decided by stratified random sampling that 200 subjects would be from Government banks, 100 subjects would be from Co-operative banks and 100 subjects would be from Private bank.
Results: The prevalence of high risk individuals for type 2 diabetes mellitus using IDRS score developed by V Mohan was 26.5% in the present study. The prevalence of already diagnosed diabetes mellitus cases was more i.e. 11.5%.
Conclusion: IDRS score was significant with age group,body mass index and family history of diabetes mellitus, waist circumference, tobacco addiction and alcohol addiction. But it did not significantly vary with gender and type of family

Low back pain is one of the most common ailments as it is very disabling, reducing the quality of life and very expensive. It generally occurs due to work or occupational activities.
Materials and Methods: Demographic details, details of past history, range of physical exercise, posture, smoking and alcohol consumption were taken from 168 patients belonging to lower socioeconomic group.
Results: Females were more affected than males and the most common age group was between 18-45 years. Most of the patients were students (14.3%), housewives (23.2%), laborers (26.8%), drivers (16.1%) and farmers (10.7%). Coffee consumption was seen regularly in 149 (88.7%) patients while only 8 (4.8%) neither drank coffee or tea. 98 (58.3%) regularly consumed alcohol and 59 (35.1%) smoked regularly. In 33 (19.6%) of the patients, the most probable cause of pain was excess physical exercise while 62 (36.9%) lifted heavy weights. 47 (28%) were highly stresses and 83 (49.4%) had long sitting hours. 11 (6.5%) had a family history of chronic back pain and 57 (33.9%) were obese.
Conclusion: Early diagnosis and identification of risk factors would help in better management of low back pain as the patient grows older.

Pre-operative anaemia has been linked to poor outcomes in patients undergoing major surgical procedures. As a result, early detection and treatment of pre-operative anaemia is advised.
Objectives: to estimate the prevalence of anaemia in pre-anaesthetic clinic and requirement of perioperative blood transfusion.
Material and methods: The present observational study was done in the department of anaesthesiology at tertiary Centre for the duration of 6 months. A total of 200 patients were included in the study. Patients coming for preanesthetic checkup who were posted for elective surgery and of age 18-65 years were included in the study. According to WHO definition male patients with Hb less then 13gm% and female patients with Hb less then12gm% will be considered anaemic.
Results: The prevalence of preoperative anaemia in the present study was 64.5%. Anaemia was seen most commonly in the age group 21-40 years (34.9%) and most commonly seen in males (56.6%). Anaemia was seen in 23.3% of the patients with co-morbidities. Preoperative blood transfusion was done in 20.2% of the patients with anaemia.
Conclusion: In the preoperative patient, anaemia creates a unique set of challenges. A thorough history and physical examination, as well as a methodical approach to diagnostic testing, are required for an accurate assessment of anaemia.

Background and objective: Infertility is a global health issue, affecting approximately 8-10% couples worldwide. The 1981 census of India estimated infertility to be in the range of 4-6%. The biological and social factors including stress due to economic status, religious attitudes, age at marriage, higher literacy, contraceptive usage and nuclear families play a significant role in lowering fertility. In this background present study was undertaken to find out the prevalence and factors influencing primary and secondary infertility among couples in rural field practice area of Nathnagar.

Fetal undernutrition is a major public health problem in India. Fetal malnutrition or fetal undernutrition is defined as failure to acquire adequate quantum of fat and muscle mass during intrauterine growth. Poor maternal nutrition and placental insufficiency are the two main causes of fetal malnutrition Fetal undernutrition leads to morbidity in adulthood which in turn leads to fetal undernutrition of subsequent generation, it is a vicious cycle. CAN score is the gold standard method for identifying fetal undernutrition

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent hyperglycemia, and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following (WHO, 1999): Fasting plasma glucose level at or above 126 mg/dL (7.0mmol/l).  plasma glucose at or above 200 mg/dL or 11.1 mmol/l two hours after a 75 g oral glucose load as in a glucose tolerance test.
Objectives- To find the actual prevalence of diabetes mellitus in various professionals in Jhansi city. To study the various epidemiological factors associated with Diabetes mellitus.
 Methods- It is a cross sectional study (prevalence) which was conducted in urban area of Jhansi city. The study was conducted in University and Degree College (teachers), Banks (bank employee), Court (lawyers), and various other professional groups (businessmen). We took 100 members in each professional group. We took 100 bank workers in different banks, 100 teachers of Degree College or university, 100 lawyers and 100 different kinds of businessmen.

Background: Malnutrition is one of the major public health problems all over the world. The present study was conducted to assess prevalence of undernutrition in a known population.
Materials & Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 1 year among 3–6-year-old children. The sample size of 300 was included. Anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were done. Underweight, wasting, and stunting were computed using weight and height measurement. The data collected were coded and transferred into Microsoft Excel worksheet 2016 and were later imported and analyzed using SPSS version 22 (IBM, Armonk, NY). Differences and associations were interpreted as statistically significant at P < 0.05.
Results: In the present study maximum children of age group 3-4 years in which 140 were males and 86 were females. The overall prevalence of undernutrition among children was 47.66%, of which 23.33%, 11% and 13.33% were stunted, wasted, and underweight, respectively. 
Conclusion: The present study concluded that the overall prevalence of undernutrition among children was 47.66%, of which 23.33%, 11% and 13.33% were stunted, wasted, and underweight, respectively. 

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is an important cause of liver disease in India. Epidemiological studies suggest its prevalence in around 9% to 32% of general Indian population, but with a higher prevalence in those having overweight / obesity and diabetes. Present study aimed to investigate the usefulness of ‘Fatty Liver Index’ an algorithm to predict the presence of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among the Population visiting the Master Health Check-up of a tertiary care centre.

The aim of this study is to study prevalence of cognitive function impairment in ckd patients in india & to study effect on cognitive function after hemodialysis initiation in ckd stage v patients.
65 patients from department of Nephrology Pushpawati Singhania Research Institute, New Delhi , who were CKD Stage III – V (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m²), & were not on Hemodialysis and those End Stage Renal Disease patients in whom hemodialysis was initiated.
RESULT: Result of both the group was statically significant, showing improvement in cognitive dysfunction after hemodialysis initiation. P vaue by both HMMSE and HMOCA score was less than 0.05.
CONCLUSION: Our study also emphasizes on the fact that with the increasing CKD population there are more chances of cognitive dysfunction. Early evaluation of cognitive impairment in these patients is important because it affects the quality of life and adding life to years is adding years to life.

Background: Dysmenorrhea is major problem in females of reproductive age. The main symptom of Dysmenorrhea is pelvic pain before or during menses, it lasts for 1-3 days in the females. Dysmenorrhea can be divided in 2 types, primary dysmenorrhea & secondary dysmenorrhea. The symptoms like as pain in lower back, nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea and fatigue can be seen in the girls who are suffering from this problem.
Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out among 100 adolescent school going girls in the age group of 13-17 years. The simple random technique was used. Pretested tool was used to check the quality of life of the dysmenorrhea girls. This study was used in Krishna Mahavidyalaya Rethare Bk. The recorded data was compiled and data analysis was done using SPSS Version 20.0.
Results: In the present study a total of 100 girls participated in the study of age group between 13-17 years. The dysmenorrhea was reported in 70(70%) of the total girls, whereas absent in 30 (30%) adolescent girls. The quality of life of dysmenorrhea girls was poor.
Conclusion: The present study concluded that prevalence of dysmenorrhea was reported to be 73% among college-aged women, dysmenorrhea is a prevalent health issue that can negatively impact.

Aim: To access the Prevalence of oral habits among preschool children of Ludhiana City. Settings and Design: Study was conducted on pre-schoolers of Ludhiana city. Total 1600 parents of preschoolers were given questionnaire regarding oral habits.Methods and Material: In the present cross-sectional study, 1600 questionnaires were distributed to the parents/caregivers. The parents/caregivers were included in the study whose children were 3-5 years of age and with primary dentition and no history of orthodontic treatment.Statistical analysis used: The data collected was subjected to descriptive analysis. Results:The present study showed that the prevalence of oral habits among pre-school children in Ludhiana city was 31.9%. No significant difference was found on the basis of gender and sex (p-value≥0.05).Conclusions: Present study showed that nail biting showed highest prevalence rate and tongue thrusting was least common oral habit.

Nosocomial infections or healthcare-acquired infections are a common cause of increased morbidity and mortality among hospitals patients. Patients are at an increased risk for these infections due to their health states. Considering these adverse effects on and the socioeconomic burden, efforts should be made to minimize the transmission of these infections and make the hospitals a safer environment. These infection rates can be significantly reduced by the implementing and improving compliance with the “care bundles.” the common nosocomial infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), and surgical site infections (SSI).ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit (ICU). It is a pulmonary infection that occurs after at least 48 hours of intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV), and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The incidence of VAP ranges from 10% to 65% of intubated patients depending on the risk factors. This study aimed: To assess prevalence and determinants for nosocomial inflections (NI) among patients in ventilator at Makkah Al-mukarramh hospital Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross -sectional research design was carried out between Feb 2021 to May 2021 included 300 of patients in ventilator, who were randomly selected from hospitals. A structured questionnaire and observation checklist was used for data collection.  using 3part Questionnaire and analyzed via SPSS v24 software. Chi-square test was run to analyses associations between socio-demographic data. Results: The distribution of pathogens is demonstrated, level of education, monthly income, hospital stays, BMI, chronic Medical conditions show that a significant relation between Nosocomial infection and Chronic Medical conditions were P-value=0.000 Conclusion: The study's found that prevalence of nosocomial inflections among patients in ventilator in a Tertiary Care Hospital . Therefore careful disinfection and strict procedures of nosocomial inflections are necessary in places that serve nosocomial inflections patient. Moreover, a vision for the improvement of reports and studies in hospitals to report the rate of the nosocomial inflections, hence, there is a need to raise awareness as well as training on nosocomial inflections among patients in ventilator

This study is a hospital based Observational study to understand the prevalence and rank order of subtypes of Parkinsonism. Material and Method:Subjects are enrolled after written and informed consent. Details were recorded in a predesigned proforma after detailed history and clinical examination. If the patient was found to have akinetic rigid state/features of Parkinsonism, detailed history relevant to various Parkinsonian syndromes were taken to know the kind of Parkinsonian syndrome he/she belongs to. Standard criteria of each of the Parkinsonian syndromes are applied to confirm about the type of Parkinsonian syndrome the patient is suffering with. Data entered and analysed in Microsoft Excel 2007 and presented in the form of frequencies and percentages. Observations: The prevalence of Parkinsonism in this study is 42 per 10000 population. The different types of Parkinsonism in the order high to low are Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease (62.50%), Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (16.67%), Vascular Parkinsons Disease (12.50%), Multi System Atrophy (3.33%), Cortico-Basal Degeneration (2.50%), Drug induced Parkinsons Disease (1.67%) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (0.83%). Conclusions: A total of 120 patients were found to have features of Parkinsonism out of 28800 patients. The prevalence of Parkinsonism in this study is 42 per 10000 population.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of nicotine usage among medical and paramedical students at Alrayan medical colleges at Al Madinah Munawara and assess the association between nicotine usage and socio-economic factors, smoking contacts, reasons for smoking, and attempts to quit. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional survey in which an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was used to survey the nicotine usage habits of medical and paramedical students at Alrayan medical collages medical college at Al Madinah Munawara January 2022. Results: Upon our study with a total of 313 participants, 7%(23) refused to be participating in the survey by saying (no) while 93%(290) agreed to be participating. The participant's gender was 34% female and 66%, male. Almost half of the participants had an experiment with cigarette smoking. The mean age of starting cigarette smoking is 16 years old or older (49% of smoking students). Smokeless tobacco product usage is prevalent among students as 20% are using them. Health warnings on cigarette packages are very useful as they led 60% of the students to think about quitting smoking or not starting smoking. The main group which provides help or advice for smokers to quit smoking is friends while the least is the professionals such as doctors. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent among medical and paramedical students at Alrayan medical College. Electronic cigarettes or also known as vape-pens, hookah-pens, and electronic hookahs (e-hookahs) are incredibly known among students as 66% of them know them. Close contact advice and health considerations are important reasons for not smoking, quitting, or attempting to quit. These findings can be of help in designing future intervention strategies

Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a common ocular surface disorder that is now days considered as a public health problem due to its impact on vision-related quality of life of the affected subjects.According to the recent official report of the International Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS 2017), that based on summary of the findings of current research, DED was defined as “a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that is associated with hyperosmolarity of tear film which in turn leads to inflammation and damage of the ocular surface that accompanied with ocular symptoms of discomfort, fatigue and disturbance in visioin” Aim & Objective: Method: Study design: A cross-sectional study. Study setting: Department of ophthalmology at tertiary care centre. Study duration: Dec 2020 to June 2021,Study population: The study population included all Subjects with current or previous diagnosis of DED were included in the study Sample size: 769 Results: The mean age of all participants was 43.61 ± 18.57 years with a range of 18 to 90 years. Of all study population, 405 (52.7%) subjects were females and 364 (47.3%) were males. Of the study population, 131 (17%) reported having diabetes milletus (DM), 161 (20.9%) reported having hypertension (HTN). DED was significantly more prevalent in older age group > 45 years (p = 0.002) and in females than males in all age groups (p = 0.00). Conclusions: The prevalence of DED is high in the study population. Older age and female gender were associated risk factors with the development of DED.

Background: Pulmonary hypertension is a recognised complication of chronic kidney disease, especially in end stage renal disease. It has prevalence estimates of 30-50%.  Present study aimed to study magnitude of pulmonary artery hypertension in chronic kidney disease patients
Material & Method: This observational analytical cross sectional study was conducted among the adult more than 18yrs of age with CKD attending department of general medicine. After obtaining informed and written consent from the patients, detailed history, clinical assessment and laboratory diagnosis to be done. (Blood urea, Serum creatinine, Serum uric acid, Serum electrolytes, Urine Routine, Complete hemogram, Liver function tests)
Result: The mean age of the patients was found to be 49.45±8.97yrs, with majority of the patients in age group of 41-60yrs. On gender assessment majority of the patients were male (68%), with male preponderance.  There is 18.4% of patients presented with pulmonary hypetension. There is a significant higher incidence of the pulmonary hypertension among the patients with stage 3 (30.4%) and stage 4 CKD (60.9%) patients.
Conclusion: CKD patients have a higher prevalence of pulmonary hypertension. The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension is high in stage 5 CKD patients, and it is also higher in dialysis patients. In CKD patients, there is no gender difference in the development of pulmonary hypertension.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is inversely correlated with woman's' functioning, marital and personal relationships, mother-infant interaction quality, and children's' social, behavioral, and cognitive development. "With peripartum onset if onset of mood symptoms occurs during pregnancy or within 4 weeks following delivery" Prevalence and relationships of socioeconomic state of postpartum depression among mothers during their first week of postpartum period. Objective: This study aimed to estimate to the prevalence of postpartum depression among mother of Al-Madinah province in Saudi Arabia and investigate the factors associated with higher prevalence of postpartum depression. Method: The study design was cross-sectional. Data in regard of postpartum depression prevalence and associated risk factors. Were the number of samples 350 collected by using a self-administered and online questionnaire. The survey was distributed using social media platforms. Finally, The EPDS and MSPSS was used to identify risk factors significantly associated with postpartum depression. Result: Total of 351 participants were included in this study.As for the level of perceived social support from the other significant, 87 had low support from the other significant, 77 had a moderate support, and 187 had a high support.As for the level of perceived social support from the family, 91 had low support from the family, 89 had a moderate support, and 171 had a high support.As for the level of perceived social support from friends, 116 had low support from friends, 139 had a moderate support, and 96 had a high support. Level of perceived social support from the other significant, level of perceived social support from family, and level of perceived social support from friends were all significantly associated with depression score postpartum, where it was observed that the higher the level of the support the lower the depression score. Conclusions: The prevalence of PPD among the study participants was high, especially those with no social support. And this study was aimed to detect the relation between PPD and socioeconomic status and its effect on mother daily life. PPD is a serious, but treatable condition that must be observed in all pregnant women, The most-common psychosocial and psychological interventions using in the management of postpartum depression and the psychosocial support proved to be the most effective intervention.

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is defined as glucose intolerance of variable severity or hyperglycemia occurring for the first-time during pregnancy but the glucose intolerance reverting back to normal after the puerperium. GDM is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity for both the mother and the infant worldwide. Previous history of GDM, antenatal depression, family history of diabetes, low physical activity, overweight and/or obese women and inadequate dietary diversity might be the factors associated with GDM.

Background:The duct system of pancreas consists of two large ducts – Main pancreatic duct and Accessory pancreatic duct. Both these ducts drain the entire exocrine part of pancreas. Main pancreatic duct is always present while accessory pancreatic duct may be absent in 30% cases. Presence of accessory pancreatic duct (probably patent) might protect the pancreas from the harmful consequences of obstruction of main pancreatic duct.
Material and methods:  The present study is done in 50 adult formalin fixed pancreatic specimens removed during posterior abdominal wall dissection.
Results: The study showed 70% prevalence of accessory pancreatic duct. The accessory pancreatic duct coursed mainly through three major types- long type (20%), short type (45.72%) and ansa type (17.14%). Ducts which do not fall into the above said three patterns were included in a fourth group (17.14%). The mean length and standard deviation of the accessory pancreatic duct is 4.07 ± 1.07 cm and the mean width and standard deviation of the duct is 1.6 ± 0.6 mm. The openings of accessory pancreatic duct into major and minor duodenal papillae are 31.4% and 68.6% respectively.
Conclusion: The accessory pancreatic duct was observed only in one third specimens. Short type is the most common type of accessory pancreatic duct. The length of the duct varies from 3 to 5 cm and the width from 1 to 2.2mm.The accessory pancreatic duct mainly opens into minor duodenal papillae. A communication between accessory and main pancreatic duct is observed in 34.3%.

Background: Adhesive capsulitis, or "frozen shoulder," is characterised by a variety of problems experienced by the glenohumeral joint, including discomfort, stiffness, and/or a loss of function. It is one of the most disabling consequences of diabetes that affects the muscles and bones. The aim of this study to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for frozen shoulder in diabetic patients.

Objective: To estimate the proportion of diabetic retinopathy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending tertiary care centre at Tripura Medical College, Agartala.
Methods: The current study was a cross-sectional investigation conducted at the Tripura Medical College, Department of Ophthalmology. The study population included adults over the age of 18 with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (less than 6 months after diagnosis) between April 2021 and October 2022. Each patient had a thorough eye examination.
Results: 130 patients participated in the study, with a mean age of 43.2 ± 10.2 years and a 66.9% male patient population. Diabetic retinopathy was discovered in 11.5% (95% CI 14.7, 15.3) ofnewly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Conclusion: In this study, patient with newly discovered type 2 diabetes mellitus had a significant prevalence of retinopathy. This emphasises the significance of conducting a thorough ocular examination on all type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at the time of diagnosis.

Background: The most popular recreational activity in the world, mountaineering involves a variety of factors, including musculoskeletal, tactile, physiological, technical, mental, and physical elements. Various muscular strengths need to be on play in order to protect the trekker from injury. Almost every sport, including recreational trekking; special focus is always received by core. Core strength is in direct relation with both static and dynamic balance of the body.
Objectives: To find out whether there is correlation between dynamic balance and weak core in recreational trekkers.
Method: The mother article calculated the sample size and determined it to be 256. Both male and female subjects were sought out for the study with their informed consent, depending on the inclusion criteria. The sample was then subjected to various outcome measures like Double Leg lowering test, 60-Second Tall-Kneeling Test & Unilateral hip bridge endurance and the data was noted. This data was analyzed with statistical measures and correlation was found.
Result: For comparing the variable factor and the outcome measure and conclusion, a statistical analysis using the Student's t test was conducted. Varying results was achieved with different outcome measures and the compounding factor. Results was found to be significant for dynamic imbalance when assessed with 60-Second Tall-Kneeling Test with p value = 0.005* to 0.0001* for various compounding factor and with Unilateral hip bridge endurance with p value= 0.05*. The correlation between the dynamic balance and weak core among the subjects was examined using Pearson's correlation, and it was discovered that there was no significant result. However, a positive association was found.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the recreational trekking subjects do have weak core and the dynamic balance is affected in them significantly, but there was no correlation seen among the weak core and dynamic balance in the subjects

The aim of this study is tocompare the prevalence of various thyroid disorders between T1DM and T2DM populations. Present study is conducted at Amaltas Institute of Medical Sciences, Dewas, M.P.
Result: Out of 132 diabetic patients, 8.33% (11/132) were suffering from T1DM and 91.67% (121/132) from T2DM.Hyperthyroidism was  the  most prevalent  disorder  in  T1DM patients, occurring in up to 18.18% of the total T1DM population [9.09% were having primary hyperthyroidism and 9.09% were having T3 toxicosis syndromes]. Males and females are equally affected (Both 9.09%). In T2DM patients, primary hypothyroidism was the most prevalent disorder, occurring in up to 7.44% of the total diabetic population, followed by subclinical hypothyroidism in 5.79%, subclinical hyperthyroidism in 4.13%, hyperthyroidism in 0.83%, and nonthyroid dysfunction in 0.83% patients.
Conclusion: The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the male population was 8% (4/50),subclinical hypothyroidism 4% (2/50),subclinical hyperthyroidism as 4% (2/50) and patients suffering from nonthyroid illness as 2% (1/50). The values in female population were as follows: the prevalence of hypothyroidism was 7.04% (5/71) that of subclinical hypothyroidism was 7.04% (5/71), hyperthyroidism 1.40% (1/71) and subclinical hyperthyroidism was 4.22% (3/71).

Background: Pemphigus vulgaris is the most frequent and most severe form of pemphigus, occurring universally, usually between 40 and 60 years of age. The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of Pemphigus Vulgaris in a known population.
Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted over a period of 6 months in the Department of Dermatology, L. N. Medical College & Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh (India) to assess the prevalence of Pemphigus Vulgaris in a known population. All the participating patients were asked to fill up a simple performa. The P-values of 0.05 or less were considered to indicate statistical significance. The statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results: A total of 490 subjects were included in the study. Out of which 80 subjects had Pemphigus vulgaris (16.32%). Pemphigus vulgaris was prevalent in females (80%).
Conclusion: The study concluded that the prevalence of Pemphigus vulgaris in a known area was 16.32% & it was prevalent in females

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, debilitating disease constitutes a global health threat and burden, especially in developing countries. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of diabetes mellitus type-2 and its associated risk factors.

Background::Hypertension is a major public health problem among India. It is a important area of research due to its high prevalence and being major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and other complications.

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a most common type of upper limb compression neuropathies. Carpal tunnel syndrome is common during pregnancy and the symptoms are mostly high in the third trimester. Various physiological and electro diagnostic tests are used to detect carpal tunnel syndrome in this stage. Aim: this study was aimed to find the prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome among pregnant women.
Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the department of orthopedics in Gajara Raja Medical College, Gwalior, India. Pregnant women presenting with sign and symptoms of CTS were enrolled in our study.
Results: Among 300 pregnant women, prevalence of CTS was 24 (8%). Majority of the women (66%) were found in third trimester of pregnancy. 37.4% pregnant women were 26-30 years age group, 54% was primiparous and 65.3% women were obese category. Physiologic tests (Phalen’s Test, Tinel’s sign and Carpal Compression Test) used for diagnosis of CTS.
Conclusion: Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome was higher among pregnant women mainly in third trimester.

Introduction:
Internet addiction has become a 21st Century epidemic. To prevent and treat internet addiction, evaluation of current prevalence and its associated factors are needed.
Aim:
To find the prevalence and associated factors of internet addiction in Tamil Nadu.
Materials and methods:
Internet addiction severity was assessed by internet addiction scale (TN). A Semi structured questionnaire was used to collect associated factors. Statistical analysis was done and results were evaluated.
Results:
1367 people participated in this study. Among them 61.7% were male. Prevalence of mild, moderate and severe internet addiction were   57.6%, 29.8%, and 9.1% respectively.
Among gender, Prevalence of moderate and severe internet addiction in males were 31.3% and 10.3% respectively, and 27.3% and 7% respectively among females.
Considering age, Prevalence of moderate and severe internet addiction in less than 18 age group were 42.9% and 7.1%, and between 18 to 40 age group, these were 33.5% and 10.4% respectively. In the above 40 age group, the prevalence of moderate and severe addiction were 19.4% and 6.3% respectively.
Considering internet content, among facebook users, moderate and severe internet addiction were 36.1% and 11.4% respectively. In videogame players, moderate and severe internet addiction were 24% and 32% respectively. Among whatsapp users, moderate and severe internet addiction were 24.2% and 4%   respectively. And among youtube watchers moderate and severe internet addiction were 30.6% and 9.8% respectively.
Conclusions:
In general, Prevalence of problematic   internet addiction was 38.9% among which moderate and severe   internet addiction were   29.8% and 9.1% respectively.  Males were found to be more addicted . Internet addiction was found to decrease with increase in age.  Unmarried population were more addicted than married. Considering content, Videogames have the most addictive potential followed by facebook and youtube. Whatsapp users showed the least addiction. Age, sex, education, economy, marital status and content influence internet addiction.

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the commonest causes of infant mortality rate in developing countries. Early detection, referral and treatment of infants and children with CHD contribute to the reduction in the infant mortality rate. There are differences in the prevalence and distribution in different parts of India. A study was conducted in a tertiary care Hospital to know the prevalence of CHD in this state. Aim of the Study: To study the prevalence, age and gender distribution and clinical spectrum of congenital heart disease (CHD) among pediatric patients attending outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital in Kerala. Materials: A prospective cross sectional study was carried over 36 months on children aged from newborn to 12 years and 179 children with CHD were screened, included and analyzed. Infants/ children aged 0 to 12 years with symptoms of CHD, or suspicious of CHDs were included. After initial clinical examination and pulse oxymetry diagnoses were confirmed by detailed 2-D Echocardiography and color Doppler studies. Two dimensional and color Doppler echocardiography were done with Neonatal (12MHz) and Pediatric (8MHz) sector transducer. ASD with less than 4.0 mm diameter was not included as a CHD. If more than one lesion was observed, the defects which caused hemodynamic imbalance or which required immediate treatment were considered as the main CHD.

Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is the oral premalignant lesion with the
highest malignant potential. Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is increasingly
recognised as an Indian illness worldwide. It has one of the highest rates of malignant
transformation among potentially malignant oral lesions and diseases, making it a
source of concern for dental specialists. Understanding the precise involvement of
alkaloids and other etiological factors in pathogenesis would aid in the management and
treatment of the disease. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of
OSMF in betel nut chewers of various ages who visit the Dental College and Hospital.
Materials and Methods: The study included 798 OSF patients who visited the
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology dental outpatient clinic over the course of
18 months. In the presence of visible light, a thorough case history and clinical
examination were conducted. OSMF was diagnosed based on difficulties in opening the
mouth and the presence of blanched oral mucosa with palpable fibrous bands. Burning
sensations, salivation, tongue protrusion, tobacco intake habits, and related malignant
alterations were among the other diagnostic symptoms. The research looked at age
groups, habit length, habit frequency, and habit type. A basic correlation analysis was
carried out.

Introduction: Pleural effusion is common in medical ICU (MICU) patientsand may
affect patient outcomes.
Objective:This study aimed to determine the prevalence, causes, and clinical
significance of pleural effusion in critically ill patients.
Methods: A total of 500 patients included in the present study. The patients initially
had pleural effusion or effusion developed during their ICU stay.
Results: Overall, 350 patients were males and 150 were females, and their mean age was
51.5±18.6 years. Pleural effusion was found to be exudates in 60% of cases and
transudates in 40%. Uncomplicated parapneumonic effusion was the most common
cause (18%), followed by heart failure (16%). The cause of pleural effusion did not
significantly affect the patient outcome or duration of ICU stay. No significant
reduction in duration of ICU stays or ICU mortality was seen in patients who received
therapeutic aspiration or tube drainage compared with patients who received no
specific management for effusion.
Conclusion: The commonest cause of pleural effusion in MICU is parapneumonic
effusion, and chest ultrasonography is the best method of fluid detection. Different
methods of management do not significantly affect patient outcomes.

Aim: To determine the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in patients wearing complete dentures (CD).
Material and Methods: This study was carried at the department of dentistry for a period of 1 year. 100 completely edentulous patients in the age group of 22-74 years who did not complain of any TMD and were denture bearers with a varied denture wearing span, were examined for TMD signs and symptoms included in the study.
Results: Out of a total of 100 subject sex amines, the majority of the patients is 28% fell in the age group of 50-60 years, followed by 40-50 years 22%. There was no statistically significant association between different genders and age (P [χ2=1.722, P (χ2>1.722) = 0.9885. In the distribution of patients with or without TMD, 61.67% of males out of the total male subjects and 65% of females out of total female subjects showed the presence of signs. The difference was found to be statistically insignificant (P [χ2=0.347, P (χ2>0.365) = 0.5476). 42% of the subjects had 1-3 years of edentulous span followed by32%withmorethan 5 years of edentulous span and 26% of the subjects showed 3-5 years of edentulous span. 34% of the subjects showed limited mouth opening assign of TMD followed by jaw deviation which is shown by 27 (27%) of the subjects.
Conclusion: With an increase in the number of patients wearing CD, it becomes mandatory for dentists to be aware of the consequences of denture use over the anatomy and physiology of TMJ to provide quality prosthodontics treatment. The most common finding was limited mouth opening while crepitus and clicking were the least encountered

Background: In pregnancy, anemia is a common disorder and is associatedwith an increased risk ofmaternal, fetal, and neonatalmorbidity and mortality. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors of anemia among III Trimester pregnant women attending OBG department, Government medical college &general hospital, Nizamabad.
Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted on 392 III Trimester pregnant women attending antenatal care at Governmentmedicalcollege&general hospital, Nizamabad from October 2020 to March 2021. Data on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants were collected using a questionnaire and medical records. The haemoglobin was measured using an automated cell counter method and those with hemoglobin level less than 11 g/dl were considered as anaemic.
Results: The overall prevalence of anemiain our study was found to be 192 (48.9%).The age of the patients ranged from 18 to 35 years. out of all anaemic pregnant women about 100 were mildly anemic, 82 were moderate anaemic &10 were severe anaemic. Iron folic acid supplementation, antenatal care visit were significantly associated with the prevalence of anemia.
Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of anemiain III trimester pregnant woman attending tertiary care hospital in Nizamabad.Iron supplementation and health education to create awareness about the importance of antenatal care are recommended to reduce anemia.

Background:Global prevalence of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) ranges from 3%-30% among women 15-45 years. It is necessary to rule out any pathological condition that may be responsible for AUB so that it can be corrected at the earliest.
Objective:To study and review various causes, diagnostic and treatment modalities in evaluating abnormal uterine bleeding
Methods:Hospital based cross sectional study was carried out among 240 women with AUB. History, examination, USG pelvis and relevant examination was carried out. PALM-COEIN criteria was used to classify AUB. Appropriate management was followed.
Results:Prevalence of AUB was 19%. Majority belonged to 31-40 years. 21.7% had hypertension. Majority (58.3%) presented with heavy menstrual bleeding. 60% had AUB for 3-6 months.Per speculum examination showed that 11.7% had polyp and 22.1% had cervical erosions. On per vaginal examination, 52.9% had bulky uterus. On USG examination, 23.8% were found to have fibroids.Most common histopathological diagnosis was proliferative phase in 19.6% of the cases.55% of the women were found to have polyp followed by leiomyoma in 25% of the cases as per PALM criteria while as per COEIN criteria, most common cause of AUB was endometrial in 21.3% of the cases followed by ovulatory in 13.8% of the cases.70% cases of AUB could be managed conservatively while surgery was required in 27.9% of the cases; however, five cases resolved without any sort of intervention.
Conclusion:Prevalence of AUB was high in the study population. Age 31-40 years, associated co-morbidities, obesity and lower-class women had higher prevalence of AUB. It can be managed conservatively in most of the cases.

Background: Spinal dysraphism is common congenital cause of disability in children
encountered by pediatric neurosurgeon and is a significant public health problem. Open
type spina bifida is more common than closed one. Though most of these cases are
diagnosed at birth or at an early infancy, some may be discovered in older children or
in adults. Aim & Objective: Our aim is to study the incidence, clinical presentations,
and surgical outcome in spinal dysraphism patients. Clinically patients are assessed on
the basis of history, presenting symptoms and neurological examination.
Results: A total of 54 patients included in this study. The age ranged from 1day to 17
years. The incidence is high in females 57.40 % (n=31) than males 42.60 % (n=23). The
swelling over the middle of the back was most common manifestation present in
32(59.2%) cases out of total 54 cases. 8 patients (14.81%) had ruptured
myelomenigocele/ myelocele sac. The skin markers which occur in spina bifida occult
type like dermal sinus, Hypertrichosis, dimple of skin present in 3(5.55%), 2(3.70%),
1(1.85%) respectively. Craniospinal MRI was done in all patients for evaluation of
congenital anomalies associated with spinal dysraphism. All were having one or
multiple anomalies. Spina bifida aperta (37) was more common than bifida occulta
which is noted in17 patients. Most common finding is myelomeningocele in 33 (61.11%)
cases, myelocele 4 (7.47%). In closed type, lipomyelomeningocele 7(12.96%) was most
common finding, and meningocele 3(5.55%), lipomyelocele 2(3.70%), diastematomyelia
in 2((3.70%), dermal sinus 2(3.70%), spinal lipoma in one (1.85%) case.Most of the
patients associated with hydrocephalus require shunt surgery prior to the definitive
surgery.The post operative care is equally important to avoid complications and for
better outcome. Electro myographic studies and urodynamic studies are required to
assess the sphincteric outcome following surgery. Pain is common symptom to improve.
Motor deficits improve better than sensory deficits and bladder dysfunctions post
operatively.Outcome of these patients are always at risk of retethering and delayed
neurological deterioration.
Conclusion: Therefore, close monitoring by a multidisciplinary team is important.
Inadequate treatment at peripheral centres should be avoided. Spinal dysraphism
patients should be referred to higher tertiary centre where the complete team is
available.

Background: One of the most common reasons to visit OPD in subjects of age less than 5
years is fever. Very little attention is given to UTIs (urinary tract infections) as the cause of
fever compared to other infections getting more attention. Without evaluating UTIs
adequately, antibiotics are commonly given to children empirically. To minimize lifelong
morbidity and provide prompt treatment, identification of UTI in children with fever is vital.
Aims:The present study was conducted to assess the UTI prevalence in subjects of age under
5 years and to assess the validity of urine culture and urine analysis for diagnosing urinary
tract infection.

Objective: To study the prevalence, amount and axis of pre-existing corneal
astigmatism in patients undergoing cataract surgery.
Methods: The study was carried out at a tertiary care ophthalmic institute in Prayagraj,
in patients admitted for cataract surgery from July 2017 to December 2017. In this
prospective study, patients aged 36-85 years of both genders were included and
statistically analysed. A Bausch and Lomb Manual keratometer was used for
measurement of keratometry. Only eyes without a previous history of ocular surgery or
any eye abnormality were included.
Results: Out of 997 patients,with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism was found in 429 patients
(43%) and against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism was found in 389 patients (39%) while
no astigmatism was found in 179 patients(18%).In females, WTR astigmatism was
found in 226 (41%) eyes; ATR astigmatism in 229 (42%) eyes; and no astigmatism in 94
(17%)eyes. In males, WTR astigmatism was found in 203 (45%) eyes; ATR astigmatism
in 160 (36%) eyes; and no astigmatism in 85 (19%) eyes. The most prevalent
astigmatism in this study was<1D (with average amount of astigmatism +0.80D.)
Conclusion:Most frequently observedpre-existing corneal astigmatism in this study is<1
D.WTR astigmatism is found to be more common in younger patients which shifts to
ATR astigmatism in older patients which is more evident in females. This can be easily
corrected with appropriate measures like limbal or corneal relaxing incisions,excimer
laser refractive procedures,femto laser assisted astigmatic keratectomy or toric IOL
implantation.

Introduction: Pterygium is one of the very common ophthalmic disorders with an unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Growth of pterygium into the cornea can result in visual impairment, astigmatism, loss of corneal transparency, visual axis obstruction.
Materials and methods: This cross sectional study was done on 500 patients, where demographic details was taken from all the patients including living environment, status, time outdoors, familial history, drug abuse, history of smoking, type of work and education, use of glasses. All of them underwent regular ophthalmic examinations including systemic and comprehensive examination as well as refraction.
Results: The prevalence of Pterygium was 12.6%. 35.6% of the patients were females and 64.4% were males. 51.2% belonged to the 30-39 year age group. 33.3% were farmers and 54% were manual labourers, 61.9%) of the patients had passed their high school while 28.6% were illiterate, 73% had no familial history of pterygium, 61.9% were regular smokers and 25.4% were occasional smokers. 36.5% of the patients had hypertension and 25.4% were obese.
Conclusion: Pterygium formation in our geographical area is quite high and the most common risk factor is exposure to sunlight. Male gender, hypertension and smoking also appear to be associated risk factors. Use of sunglasses may help in reduction of the prevalence of Pterygium.

Background & Method: The Study was carried out among UTI patients in Index Medical College and Associated Hospital at Khudel Village in Indore that gives healthcare to surrounding area and is used as teaching and referral hospital. The study targeted both male and female outpatients and inpatients presenting with symptoms and signs of UTI which include dysuria, polyuria, fever, nausea, and flank pain were sampled for this study. Baseline demographic data including age, sex, level of education and risk factors such as catheterization, history of UTI, also out and in patients were also collected.
Result: The 385 urine specimens processed, 112(29.0 %) showed significant growth whereas the majority of the urine samples that is 273 (71 %) showed no growth. Fresh samples were collected from patients by mid-stream catch method in sterile universal bottles (Plate 1). The assessment of associated risk factors showed gender (χ2 = 0.116, P=0.0412), age group (P=0.0120), History of UTI (χ2 =0.555, P=0.004) and symptoms of UTI (χ2 =0.895, P=0.017) were significant. Level of education (χ2 =2.742, P=0.523) and catheterization (χ2 =0.17, P=0.054) were not significant.
Conclusion: The prevalence of UTI in Index Hospital was 29.1 %. E. coli was the highest among 120 the isolates. Females had a higher (62.1 %) prevalence of UTI than males (37.9 %). Urinary tract infection was associated with the previous infection and with patients who had the history of catheterization. All isolates were sensitive to nitrofuratoin, cefotaxime and amoxicillinclavulinic acid. High resistance was observed in gentamicin, nalidixic acid, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole. In the 120 isolates were resistant for more than two antibiotics were recorded in 108 (90 %) isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of all patients with bacterial uropathogens will reduce multidrug resistance.

      Most health care providers are aware of e-cigarettes, but the information is scarce regarding the magnitude of this newly emerged habit in Saudi Arabia, since introduction in the early 2000s, e-cigarette use has rapidly increased among adolescents worldwide. Then adult However, little is known about e-cigarette uptake among adolescents in Saudi Arabia. Tobacco smoking is highly prevalent in Saudi Arabia, and there is a need to reduce the resultant health burden via patient-oriented smoking cessation interventions. Primary care physicians (PCPs) have a significant role in providing counseling and advice to quit smoking.
World Health Organization (WHO) reported tobacco use as one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, mentioned that in 2015, over one billion people smoked tobacco. This study aimed to assess Prevalence of Electronic Cigarettes Use Among health care providers in the Primary Health Care in Makkah,  Although it is declining worldwide in many countries, the prevalence of tobacco smoking appears to be increasing in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Aim of the study: To
Assessment Knowledge regarding Prevalence of Electronic Cigarettes Use Among health care providers in the Primary Health Care in Makkah AL-Mokarramah Saudi Arabia, 2021. methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out, including a random representative sample of health care providers in the Primary Health Care in Makkah. A self-administered validated questionnaire was adopted and modified. The Sample size of medical practitioners . Our total participants were (500) Results. The study showed that the majority of the participant were (52.0%) smoker regarding smoking period the majority while <5 were (35.0%), Current use of e-cigarettes were(72.0%) and (30.0%) of the participant knew that the electronic cigarettes contain nicotine whereas 56.15% did not know if e-cigarettes contain nicotine or not. Most of the students (75.0%) thought that the electronic cigarette is harmful to health Conclusion: The prevalence of e-cigarettes smoking among health care providers in the Primary Health Care in Makkah. was found relatively high and most common reasons to smoke e-cigarettes were similar taste to conventional cigarettes, adequate nicotine, helping in control of smoking behavior, perceived less harmful effects than conventional cigarettes, and low cost. E-cigarettes have been tried and currently used by a considerable proportion of health care providers. Some associated factors were identified

: A pleasant smile not only increases the face value but is also important for improving the quality of life of a person in a variety of spheres. Facial appearance has a long lasting implication on an individual. An unacceptable dental appearance has often been associated with a negative effect on self-image, career advancement and peer-group acceptance. The third most frequent oral disorders, alongside tooth decay and periodontal disease, are dental malocclusions. To confer a treatment plan and to work out on the treatment needs of a community group, it is obligatory to know the trends of occurrence of various malocclusions. With this background the study was planned to determine the prevalence and various preventive and treatment procedures of malocclusion in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 2151 subjects in Aurangabad district, being the capital of Marathwada region by Rural Health Training Center, Paithan under Govt. Medical College, Aurangabad. The standard pro-forma was designed and house to house survey was conducted over a period of 3 months i.e. from June to August 2021. Mouth mirrors, caries explorers and periodontal probes were used for oral examination with proper aseptic precautions. All the findings were recorded in the data sheet after thorough examination. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were applied using SPSS-17 version. Results: In the present study, prevalence of malocclusion was found to be 28.4%. Epidemiological studies on malocclusion not only help in orthodontic treatment needs and evaluation of dental health services but also offer a valid research tool for assessing distinct environmental and genetic factors in the aetiology of malocclusion. Conclusion: Drastic efforts are being taken by developing countries like India to eradicate many medical and dental diseases. Extensive multi centric studies are required to obtain a countrywide representative data.

Physicians are exposed to many stressors, such as the burden imposed by expectations of a high degree of professionalism, responsibility for patient well-being and maintenance of relationships with patients and health workers, depression among physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Saudi Arabia are not well described and their modifiable causes are poorly understood. During their first year of medical residency (internship), of training physicians in the Saudi Arabia suffer at least one depression episode whether there is a similar increase of depression among first year residents Saudi Arabia as well as concerns about medical errors and malpractice litigation. Depression is an emotional disturbance that leads to deterioration of abilities and daily activities; and it is considered to be a major public health problem and a leading predictor of functional disability and mortality. Physicians’ work is characterized by long working hours. Some studies have reported that lengthy working hours can be associated with depression in particular occupational settings. Aim of study: To Prevalence of depression among physicians in major hospitals in Makkah Al-Mukarramah Saudi Arabia 2021. Methods this was a Cross-sectional study among physicians in major hospitals in Makkah Al-Mukarramah Saudi Arabia , this study has be conducted only 3 major hospitals in ministry of health inside the Makkah Al-Mukarramah city (in King Abdul-Aziz Specialist Hospital, King Faisal Hospital and Ajyad General Hospital), a sample size through the epi program was (291) doctors. The researcher has been using a questionnaire covering socio-demographic data and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The socio-demographic data contains 15 multiple-choice questions It has been written in English language and will be valid from 3 consultant.

Dietary supplements (DSs) are popular in many countries, and their use among individuals is increasing worldwide. Dietary supplements are considered as food products that contain dietary ingredients intended to supplement nutritional value to a diet. It encompasses specific vitamins, multivitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids, and herbs. As a balanced diet is essential for development and maintenance of the human body, dietary supplement usage has become commonplace to improve overall health and well-being, and to reduce the risk of certain diseases . Dietary supplements use has become very common in the KSA, and GCC countries. however, there are limited studies examining the characteristics of people who take supplements. The economic boom in Saudi Arabia indirectly, prompted the use of dietary supplements in the last two decades. must to investigate the prevalence of dietary supplement use and its association with socio demographic/lifestyle characteristics among Saudi female students .The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a fast growing economic country that has affected its general population in various ways including a transition in daily lifestyle patterns and dietary intake habits

Anemia is defined as a hemoglobin concentration of less than 11 g/dL in children. Anemia was found to be prevalent in 56.6 percent of the population. The significant prevalence of anemia shows that it might be a contributing factor in hospitalization, especially given the short length of stay and the likelihood that the patient was anemic at the time of enrollment. According to the World Health Organization, Iron Deficiency Anemia is a global dietary problem. At least one third of the population has been anemic at some point in their lives. Since children are more susceptible to anemia, this is particularly crucial. It could be attributed to the patients' poor overall dietary condition, including their microelement intake. Increased penetration of supplements and fortifying programs, as well as other measures aimed at preventing and controlling anemia, are strongly advised.  Anemia is a global problem that can affect the neurodevelopment and behaviour of infants. A study shows that 52% of infants attending well-baby clinics in Saudi Arabia had iron deficiency anaemia. Aim of the study: To assessment of Prevalence and Determinants of Anaemia among Infants attending well-baby clinic at Primary Health Care Centres, Makkah Al-Mokarramah, 2021.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Makkah Al-Mokarramah primary healthcare centers (Al-Ka’akyah) in January, 2021. Infants who visited the well-baby clinic for vaccination/routine follow-up were selected through convenience sampling technique. A questionnaire filled out by the researcher through an interview with the mother of infants was utilized for data collection. Results. Ninety-nine ( 1 year old) infants have included in the study wherein males represent 54.5% of them . All were of Saudi- nationality and majority of them (94.9%) live with both parents. Slightly more than one-quarter of them (27.3%) were first birth order. More than three-fourth (83.8%) had weight of >3 kg. For their respective mothers, all (99%) except one were Saudis, having the age to range between 23 and 45 years with a mean of 28.8 years (SD=3.7). Conclusion. This study provides evidence of a gap in assessment to anaemia is a common problem among infants aged one year in Makkah Al-Mokarramah as it affects almost one-quarter of them also iron deficiency anemia(IDA) is still the most prevalent type of anemia; however, it was found in only 6.3% participants

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma, including intra-and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,
is a rare but highly lethal cancer. Despite effort in finding the risk factors of
cholangiocarcinoma, the causes of most cholangiocarcinoma remain unknown.There are
considerable geographic and demographic variations in the incidence of
cholangiocarcinoma. Although it comprises only 10-15% of hepatobiliary neoplasms, its
incidence is increasing. There are several established risk factors for CC and few are
modifiable which will help in reducing the incidence.
Aims and Objectives: To study the Prevalence and risk factors of cholangiocarcinoma at
GMC Budaun.
Material and Methods: All types of cholangiocarcinoma cases above age of 40 years
admitted to Department of Surgery, GMC Budaun U.P., were studied for risk factors over a
period of two years.
Results: An incidence of cholangiocarcinoma was 0.032% in present study. Peak incidence
of cholangiocarcinoma was 4th to 6th decade of life with mean age of 61.92 years. out of
26 patients 13 patients (50%) were smoker and in those 13 patients 12 (92%) were smoking
for more than 10 years and 13 patients (100%) were smoking more than 10 cigarettes or
bidi per day. 18 patients were using chulha (69%) for cooking meals with coal as a primary
fuel.
Conclusion: In conclusion, we found associations with PSC, smoking and alcohol
consumption; however, further studies are needed to establish the risk factors in our
country Long term exposure to pesticides in patients, who are chronic smoker and exposed
to smoke from chulha are at higher risk of developing CCA than others in this socioeconomic
scenario.

Migraine is a chronic unilateral headache associated with nausea and vomiting. According to the World Health Organization, it is listed as the 19th disabling disease. Multiple studies found an inverse relationship between the frequency of the attacks and the low quality of life score. Roughly, one-third of migraine attacks occur during workdays, with a higher incidence of reduced productivity and missed days among chronic patients (>15 headache days per month).   Migraine is a common neurological disorder with significant impact on quality of life, affecting 12% Saudi population. migraines impose significant health and financial burdens, headache is a common neurological disorder, which is associated with a significant disease burden,  headache affects work, social and leisure activities and has a tremendous impact on a person’s life also the migraine is one of the most critical concerns among healthcare providers and other relevant stakeholders in the health sector. Aim of the study: To assess the prevalence and impact of Migraine headache among physicians in PHC centers in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia, 2021. Method : Across-sectional study among physicians who works in primary health care center in Makkah Al-Mukarramah 2021, the study has been conducted physicians who works in PHC centers in Makkah city KSA. Was conducted using an online questionnaire designed during August 2021. The questionnaire collected the socio-demographic factors, a migraine screen questionnaire (MS-Q) Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire (MIDAS), our total participants were (200). Result shows that most of the participants (59%) were in the age group(25-50) years  follow by the (21.0%)were in the age (<25) years, the majority of them females was higher compared to male(66.0 and 34.0%) , regarding  the Nationality  most of participants non-Saudi were were(63.0%), regarding  the marital status most of participants married were(56.0%), regarding level of education the majority of participant are specialist were(54.0%) while general practitioner were(23.0%) Conclusion: For migraines, our study found a high prevalence of the migraine in among physicians who works in primary health care center. The physicians’ awareness of the disease was very low with one-fourth of the physicians resorting to self-medication.

: Overall health status of an individual is greatly influenced by the oral cavity. Periodontal disease (PDD) and dental caries are the biggest threats to oral health among the various oral diseases. Despite increasing awareness and improvement in oral health, the global epidemiological data suggests that a worldwide prevalence of periodontal disease is 11.2%. It is a complex chronic disease which can lead to chronic inflammation, destruction of tooth supporting structures, and tooth loss in adults. With this background the study was planned to determine the prevalence of periodontal disease and perceptions towards oral health among the community in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 2151 subjects in Aurangabad district, being the capital of Marathwada region by Rural Health Training Center, Paithan under Govt. Medical College, Aurangabad. The standard pro-forma was designed and house to house survey was conducted over a period of 3 months i.e. from June to August 2021. Mouth mirrors, caries explorers and periodontal probes were used for oral examination with proper aseptic precautions. All the findings were recorded in the data sheet and descriptive statistics and chi-square test were applied using SPSS-17 version. Results: Prevalence of periodontal disease in the present study was found to be 31.06%. It was observed that various factors act as predicators for periodontal disease. Conclusion: For reducing the disease Burdon and its impact on the community, school and community based oral health awareness programs should be implemented.

Shoulder disorders are the most common complaint in general population and have an unfavorable outcome in many patients. Shoulder pain is the third most common cause of musculoskeletal consultation in primary care. Degenerative rotator cuff tear is the characteristic cause of shoulder pain and most often involves the supraspinatus tendon (SSP tendon). These tears can cause the significant impact on patient’s life, marking the functional impairment of shoulder joints. Plain radiography, ultrasonography, MRI, are the imaging modalities used for the assessment of rotator cuff-related pathologies. Ultrasonography of shoulder is accepted as the investigation of choice for rotator cuff abnormality mainly because it is non-invasive, cost effective, time consuming and well tolerated imaging modality that uses high frequency transducers to diagnose rotator cuff tears.This research deals with the study of prevalence of asymptomatic rotator cuff tears and their correlation with respect to age, sex, hand dominance and diabetes mellitus.

Background: Vaginal infection is acknowledged as a significant public health issue that affects women of reproductive age and results in a number of issues. The technique of contraception that is used increases the risk of genital infection. The most frequent cause of vaginal discharge in women of reproductive age is bacterial vaginosis. Although the typical vaginal flora differs from person to person, lactobacilli are often the dominant organism. There are other aerobic and anaerobic species in the bacterial flora. These are regarded as pathogenic in some cases. It is known that pelvic inflammatory illness, preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PROM), post-operative gynecologic infections, and abnormal Papanicolaou smear can all be indicators of bacterial vaginosis.

Background and Aim: Post operative bleeding is very common post operative complication seen in extraction cases. Anti coagulant therapies are employed to manage several clinical conditions. Patients those who are already on anti coagulant therapy, can show different patterns of post extraction hemorrhage. Anti coagulant makes blood flow via veins more easily. So, blood will be less likely to make a dangerous blood clot (like thrombosis or embolism). The sole endeavor of present study was to evaluate the correlation of post extraction hemorrhage and anti coagulant therapies in younger population. This study was retrospectively performed to assess the related prevalence also in the studied population. Materials & Methods: Patients case history, follow up case sheet and discharge summaries were explored. Younger age group patients those had undergone single tooth atraumatic extraction for different reasons, were selected for study. Patients who reported to be on anticoagulant therapy for more than one year, were studied in group one. Patients who reported to be on anticoagulant therapy for six to twelve months, were segregated in group two. Patients who reported to be on anticoagulant therapy for less than six months, were studied in group three. Patients not receiving this therapy were served as control group or group four. Post operative bleeding was studied under five categories in each group. These were mild, moderate, severe, uncategorized and no bleeding. Statistical Analysis and Results: Statistical analysis was done by statistical software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). P ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Total 84 male and 36 female patients were studied in this study. Therefore, majority of the studied patients were male. In group I, 9 out of 30 patients had no bleeding. However, 8 patients showed severe post operative bleeding. 5 patients showed only mild bleeding. In this group (group I), P value was significant for all five severities of bleeding. In group IV, 23 patients had no post operative bleeding. Nevertheless, only 1 patient showed severe post operative bleeding. Only 1 patient showed mild bleeding. In this group (group IV), P value was significant for patients with no post operative bleeding (0.03). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, authors concluded that anti coagulant therapies are significantly affecting post operative bleeding in extraction cases. The relative severity and prevalence of bleeding are also exaggerated by time period of anti coagulant therapy. Patients those who were on anti coagulant therapy for more than one year, showed maximum prevalence and severity of bleeding.

This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and distinguish kinds and related factors
of Mental Disorders among elderly people attending Geriatric Clinic, Baghdad, Iraq.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study conducted and a systematic random sampling technique
was used to select 320 elderly people. We collected data on basic demographics and associated
risk factors using a questionnaire filled through self-reported questionnaire. Mental disorders
(MDs) were defined according to Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) with a cutoff score
of 20+. Accredited tools used by WHO were utilized to identify mental disorders kinds. Results:
The prevalence of MDs in the study sample was 24.4%. The prevalence of MDs types were:
Depression 16.6%, anxiety 12.8%, dementia 5.3%, substance abuse 2.5%, suicide thoughts
5.6%, and suicide attempts 2.5%. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the
determinant factors of elderly MDs revealed the following significant factors: Aging, smokers,
living depends on others, loneliness and social isolation, visual impairment, economic state
deterioration, neglect and mishandling, and chronic diseases are the determinant factors of
elderly MDs. Conclusions: Mental disorders are wide spread among elderly people and
enhanced elderly mental health care services should be provided

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence and association of psychosocial concomitants with
dental fear and anxiety (DFA) in children aged 3-18 years in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
STUDY DESIGN: This observational study was conducted among children aged 3-18years
who visited the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry at Babu Banarasi Das
College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow. A clearance for the study was obtained by the
Institutional Research Committee. DFA levels for prevalence were assessed using Children
Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS). Psychosocial concomitants were recorded
with the help of semi structured designed questionnaires separately for patients and parents by
the psychologist. It dealt with socioeconomic factors, family situation, medical and
psychosocial history, child’s daily life, adjustments and interactions. Parent’s questionnaire
included the reason for visit, awareness about milk teeth, brushing schedule, family living
style (nuclear or joint, number of children, education and occupation of parents). Obtained
answers from the questionnaire were graded using the semantic scale and some with the
dichotomized answers (yes or no).

To determine the prevalence of refractive errors among the type 2 diabetic population through a community-based study conducted in Lucknow.
Background of the study: Diabetes prevalence is on the increase rapidly the epidemic proportions during development as well as the world developed. Refractive error in the diabetic population is considered a leading cause of visual impairment.
Methods: A total of 437 patients (> 40 years old) with type 2 diabetes were examined via complete eye screening tests, including objective autorefraction. Spherical equivalent refractions of both eyes were reported. Data collected include age, gender, general medical information, and serum biochemistry.
Results: The mean refraction was −0.84 ± 2.59 D. Prevalence rates were determined for astigmatism (63.8%), hyperopia (1.4%) & myopia (0.2%). 34.6% of the patients were emmetropic. Age is an essential factor for all refractive errors. Correlation showed that every increase of one year of age and one percent of HbA1c is associated with 0.05 D (P = 0.003) and 0.14D (P = 0.04) shift in hyperopia, respectively.
Conclusions: This study provides epidemiological data on refractive errors in a North Indian diabetic population in Lucknow, India. The astigmatism prevalence is higher than the reported rates in the diabetic population compared to hyperopia and myopia. The second major finding was emmetropia.Refractive errors, Type 2 diabetes, Prevalence, Community-based stud

The aim was to study the prevalence and risk factors of dental disease development in
pregnant women living in different Uzbekistan regions. The prevalence and intensity of dental
caries among pregnant women are 1.3 times higher in the Urgenchdistrict of the Khorezm
region compared to the Kibray district of the Tashkent region. These figures increase with
each subsequent pregnancy. The same pattern is observed for periodontal and oral mucosa
diseases. The most significant medical and biological factors contributing to the development
of dental diseases in pregnant women were age, several pregnancies, intergenerational period,
course and terms of pregnancy, the presence of extragenital diseases. Among medical and
social risk factors, the most significant were education, living conditions, oral hygiene,
sanitary culture, and medical activity of pregnant women.

Background of study: Soft tissue injuries include pain, weakness, numbness, and tingling sensations involving the muscles, ligaments and tendons. The etiological factors of these injuries can be professional, personal, environmental, and psychosocial. These disorders in musicians are designated as playing related soft tissue injuries. Aim of Study: To investigate the disability and severity of playing related soft tissue injuries among professional guitar players. Methodology The cross sectional survey was conducted from February 2017 to June 2018 after taking ethical approval from institutional ethical committee. The participants fulfilling the inclusion criteria were recruited through convenient sampling technique and informed consent was taken. A structured anonymous questionnaire and validated scales like Disability Arm Shoulder and Hand Scale (DASH), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were used for data collection. The results was assessed by using IBM SPSS Version 20.0. Results: In this study 98 participants were included constituting 50 (51 %) females and 48 (49 %) males. The highest prevalence site of pain was wrist 57% followed by back 26 %, shoulder 22 % and elbow 21 % while least pain was reported in neck 7 %. Likewise, When Compared with DASH score was more than to ODI and NDI score was lower with significant difference assessed at 95% confidence interval (p < 0.05) Conclusion: This study concludes severity of soft tissue injuries are more prone in guitar players. The common sites was in wrist, shoulder, back. Proper technique, postural education, warm up and cool down will benefit in reducing the risk of injuries.

Introduction:The neonatal period comprising the first 4 weeks (28 days) of a child's life after birth is critical and dangerous events might occur. Structural, functional changes occur rapidly in this period. It is very important for mothers to be aware of the danger signs in neonates during this period. This study was done to find the prevalence of knowledge and awareness of danger signs among mothers of children aged less than 1 year.
Methods: A Community based cross-sectional study was carried out in United Arab Emirates from June 2020 to August 2020. Simple random sampling method was used and the sample size was calculated as 150. Mothers of children aged below 1 year were included in the study. A semi-structured pre-tested questionnaire was used in this study for interview purposes. Informed oral consent in common languages- English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam was obtained.
Results: The prevalence of good knowledge of danger signs among mothers of children aged less than 1 year in this study was found out to be 28.6%. 91.2% of the mothers have reported having sought medical care when any of the mentioned Danger signs occurred whereas 8.7% of them had opted to treat at home.
Conclusion:In spite of extensive coverage of maternal and child health services, the knowledge and awareness of the danger signs in neonates are fairly low in the mothers. Therefore more awareness and health education campaigns need to be implemented.

Dental caries(DC) is one of the most prevalent oral diseases of health concern often affecting adolescents.Dental caries is a biofilm mediated,diet modulated, multifactorial, non communicable,dynamic disease resulting in net mineral loss of hard fissure of the oral cavity. It is determined by biological, physiological, behavioural and environmental factors of an individual. As a consequence a carious lesion is produced. People of all ages are affected by dental caries.Adolescents are individuals between 10-19 years old and proven to have a high caries experience. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence of Dental caries among 10-19 years old patients visiting Saveetha Dental college between june 2019-april 2020. A total of 5445 patients data was analysed from their case records and analysed for incidence among gender,correlation with age.It was found that out of 5445 patients,3021 patients(73%) were male and 2412 patients(25%) were female and 2 patients(2%) were transgenders.Patients of the age group of 13-19 years had more incidence and the age group of 14-15 year old had least incidence. Within the limitations of this study it can be concluded that male patients have more DC than female patients among the 10-19 years age group in an outpatient population of a Dental College.

Pregnancy has some physiological changes which complicate the process of diagnosis and treatment. Over 200 million people suffer from anaemia especially among women of reproductive age. Anaemia is a major health problem among pregnant and non-pregnant women. Anaemia during pregnancy is considered as a public health problem especially in developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined anaemia during pregnancy as a haemoglobin concentration of less than 11g/dl. In severe anaemia, the haemoglobin level is 6g/dl. Anaemia threatens both mother and foetus. The causes may be multifactorial, such as nutrient deficiency, parasitic infections or chronic infections. It may also be due to acute blood loss. It may also depend on geographical location and economic status. The effects of anaemia on mothers are tiredness, weakness, dizziness and affects the immune system. In children, it may cause preterm delivery, low birth weight. On both the mother and the fetus it can cause mortality and morbidity. Intake of balanced diet and awareness programmes on anaemia is a measure to prevent anaemia. This study is to evaluate the awareness and prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women. A cross-sectional survey was conducted containing a set of self-developed questionnaires. The data was collected and analysed using SPSS software. The results are analysed and tabulated. The result was gained as follows, 25% of the participated population‟s haemoglobin level is less than 11, 75.89% of the population participated are aware that anaemia can affect pregnant women, 66.07% of the population agree that haemoglobin level less than 11 can cause anaemia. From the study, it is obvious that there is an awareness between the effects of anaemia during pregnancy.

Background: at a global level and among child bearing age women, the first leading disease burden cause is the depression. Nationally, scarce published data was related to the depression prevalence among pregnant especially with hyperemesis gravidarum women. Aim: to assess the depression extent among hyperemesis gravidarum pregnant Thi-Qarnian women. Methodology: A cross sectional, hospital based, analytical study was carried out in two teaching hospitals (Bent Al Huda and Al Habobi teaching hospitals) in from first week of September /2015 to end of July 2016. All attendants sufferer pregnant from HG to the obstetric outpatients included in this study. Based on previous Iraqi study (37.2%) for of depressive symptoms prevalence in pregnant women sample size had been calculated such prevalence rate with precision of 5%, confidence level of 95%, and added extra sample of 10%, to reach to 322. Beck depression inventory-II (Arabic version) (BDI –II score of > 20 depression was considered) had been used as a specialized questionnaire designed for the achieve the aim of the study. SPSS version 23 had been used for data analysis, P

Dental injuries result in functional , esthetic and psychological disturbance accompanied by great concern.Traumatic dental injuries are due to the physical impact on a tooth and its surrounding tissues which may be direct or indirect trauma to the teeth may result either injury of pulp, with or without damage of crown or root displacement of the tooth from the socket. The most frequent causes of these injuries are falls, sport activities, bicycling, traffic accidents. A cross sectional retrospective study of, study population will 100 adult patients visiting Saveetha Dental College and Hospital with tooth fracture . Data was gathered and analyzed. The data was tabulated and Chi square analysis done using IBM SPSS software version 20. With the limited population and parameters of this study, there is a more prevalence of tooth fracture in male over females .The most common tooth involved in fracture is 21.Traumatic dental injuries are recognized as a public dental health problem worldwide.

patients who underwent frenectomy/ frenotomy for high frenal attachment in a dental hospital from June 2019 to March 2020. No gender or age restrictions were. 99 patients were included in the study. Digital case sheets were reviewed and the following data including the details like patients gender, age, site of high frenal attachment, reason for frenectomy were extracted, tabulated and analysed statistically with Chi square test using SPSS version 20. Among those 99 frenectomy cases. The males were ( 43.4%) and females were (56.6%). The prevalence of frenectomy was more in female gender as compared to male gender. The common reason behind frenectomy was spacing (61.6%) and the more common site of high frenal attachment was S2 (Maxillary anterior sextant) (55.5%) compared to S5 (Mandibular anterior sextant). There was a significant difference in the reasons for frenectomy between site(p < 0.05 )and sites underwent frenectomy and age of the patient(p < 0.05).No significant difference in the reasons for frenectomy between males and females (p > 0.05). From the study it can be concluded that the common reason for frenectomy is diastema and the reasons for frenectomy is influenced by the site of high frenal attachment and the age of the patients.

It has been established that smoking is a very different addiction to break. Many smokers persist in
tobacco use for several years and cycle through multiple periods of remission and relapse Smoking is not a
single event process and relapse is an ordinary component of this process. International guidelines have
greatly emphasized on relapse prevention. Very few studies examine the association between the number
of cigarettes smokers consume per month and their response to cues derived from peer and physiological
distress. This study aims to evaluate association between peer pressure and relapses during tobacco quit. A
retrospective study was conducted by reviewing 75,000 patient records of University hospital for a period
of nine months from June 2019 to March 2020. About 150 case reports containing information on tobacco
dependence and quit rate (in terms of number of relapses) were retrieved and analysed. Descriptive
statistics was done to present the sociodemographic details. Chi-square association was done to find the
association. Most of the participants (34%) were in the age group 29-38 years, followed by 49-59 years
(26%), 19-28 years (24%) and 39-49 years (16%). About 13.3%, 20%, 4%, 10% of 19-28 yrs, 29-38 yrs,
39-48 yrs and 49-59 yrs of patients respectively had peer pressure during their quitting process.About
11.3% 20%, 8.67 and 13.3% of patients in the age group 19-28 yrs, 29-38 yrs, 39-48 yrs and 49-59 yrs had
no relapses during the quitting process.No significant association between age and number of relapses
(p=0.746; not significant). Hence proving no influence of age on relapse during quitting process. About
28% of patients with peer pressure and 25.3% without peer pressure had no relapse during quitting.
However 19.3% and 27.3% with and without peer pressure had >1 number of relapses. during their
quitting process,No significant association of peer pressure in relapse (p=0.295, not significant). No
influence of peer pressure on relapse during the quitting process. Peer pressure is not much influencing the
number of relapses during the quitting process, however a watch over this factor to be taken in account
during cessation counselling

Rubber dam was introduced by Dr.Barnum in the 1860 s, the main advantage of using rubber dams in endodontics include patient protection from medicaments, aspiration of endodontic instruments, tooth debris, and irrigating solutions. The aim of the study to determine the prevalence and frequency of rubber dam usage during endodontic procedures among dentists in the state of TamilNadu, India.A survey was conducted among 101 dentists in the state of Tamil Nadu, India by preparing a set of questions, and the answers were collected through an online survey method.In this survey, 82.2% feel comfortable to use a rubber dam,36.6% never use a rubber dam to pediatric patients,89% always use a rubber dam to adult patients,61.4% not using rubber dam for all cases of RCT,73.8% need to gain knowledge about rubber dams through training programs,23.8 % told patients discomfort was a reason for not using a rubber dam, 80.2% not using rubber dam while taking X- rays,45.5% take more than 5 mins for applying a rubber dam to patients,63.4% told it is easily available for clinical usage.The present survey shows there is a low prevalence of its usage during endodontic treatment. Greater emphasis should be placed on the advantages of using rubber dams in clinical dentistry at dental school and through continuing dental education for practitioners to update their knowledge

Introduction:
The permanent first molar teeth are the most caries prone teeth in mixed dentition. Reasons for permanent molar teeth loss include poor prognosis, caries,orthodontic and periodontal reasons. This study was done with the aim to assess the common reasons for extraction of first permanent molars in children between 6-17 years of age.
Materials and methods:
A total of 89000 case sheets were reviewed and cross verified from June 2019 to March 2020. Data related to permanent molar extractions were retrieved by searching with Patient ID, age, gender ,tooth number and treatment relevant to the study. Data was tabulated in the excel sheet. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software(version 9.0.3). Results were statistically analysed using association analysis.
Results:
Higher number of males (64.47%) had first permanent molar extractions when compared to females (35.53%). In males, dental caries with pulpitis (22.37%) was the most common reason for extraction of permanent molars. In females, root stumps(13.16%) was the most common reason for extraction of permanent molars. In both 8-12 years age group and 13-17 years age group, dental caries with pulpitis (34.21%) was the most common reason for extraction of permanent molars.
Conclusion:
Within the limitations of the current study, first permanent molars were commonly extracted among males and dental caries with pulpitis was the most common reason for extraction of first permanent molars.

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of missing permanent first molars in the South Indian population who reported for orthodontic treatment to a dental hospital. A total of 550 OPGs of patients who reported for orthodontic treatment to the hospital were assessed for missing permanent first molars.The data was retrieved from the extensive electronic database record of the hospital. Descriptive analysis was done to represent the data. Prevalence of missing permanent first molars was found to be 5.8%. A significant percentage of the orthodontic population have missing permanent first molars. A thorough clinical examination, from an orthodontic perspective will help formulate a better treatment plan.

Dental erosion is a public health problem as it may affect various age groups and gender. It may lead to dentin hypersensitivity and eventually pulpal exposure if the erosion is severe and not treated which causes pain. Therefore, the study was done to find the association of gender with dental erosion. A retrospective study was conducted using University hospital patient records from July 2019 - March 2020. A total of 149 case sheets were reviewed. The data variables such as socio-demographic data, presence of dental erosion and number of teeth involved with dental erosion were retrieved and analyzed. Results were present with frequency distribution and chi-square test for association. Dental erosion was prevalent in males (64.4%) than females (35.6%). The age range of the patients included in the study was 21-80 years old out of which 21-40 years (14.8%), 41-60 years (57%) and 61-80 years (28.2%). Erosion in maxillary teeth involving 0-5 (85.8%) was the highest followed by 6-10 (14.1%) and erosion in mandibular teeth involving 0-5 (87.9%) was the highest followed by 6-10 (11.4%) and 11-15 (0.7%). There was no statistically significant association between gender, age with dental erosion in maxillary and mandibular teeth (p>0.05). Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that dental erosion was prevalent in males of early 60’s and there was no association between gender, age with dental erosion in maxillary and mandibular teeth.

Orofacial infections of odontogenic origin have long plagued mankind. The discovery of the miracle drug
by fleming in the year 1928 and the routine use of penicillin after the landmark discovery of the powder
form of the antibiotic by florey and chain leading to significant change in the management of odontogenic
infection .The spread of infection is governed by factors such as impaired host defence, the virulence of
microorganism, functional abnormalities of the host and a lack of or delayed treatment. the microbiology
of odontogenic infections in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals has been found to be variable. Though
the effects of diabetes can affect infection severity , length of hospital stay, susceptibility to antibiotics
and outcome of treatment is unassured . Differentiation in antibiotics prescribed is also observed.The aim
of the study was to analyse the prevalence of the use of antibiotics among diabetic and non-diabetic
patients in a south indian dental university clinic . The list of all diabetics and non diabetics patients
treated for pain, dental infections , swelling were retrieved by reviewing 86000 patient records who have
visited the hospital during the study periods from june 2019 to march 2020 from the university
database.Data tabulation was carried out in Excel. The data was imported and transcribed in Statistical
Package for Social sciences version 16(SPSS,IBM corporation). Descriptive analysis was carried out.A
total of 9128 patients were included in the study based on treatment done of which 580 patients(6.3%) had
diabetes mellitus. Only 3.5 % of the male population and 2.8% of the female population has
diabetes.Amoxicillin 93.2% was found to be the most frequently prescribed antibiotics among nondiabetic
patients and diabetics patients 1.6% .A combination of metronidazole and amoxicillin was
prescribed to 0.5% of the whole study population .A combination clavulanic acid and
amoxicillin(augmentin )was prescribed to 4 % of the total diabetic study population and 0.4% of the nondiabetic
study population that is about.The relation between the diabetic status of a patient and the
antibiotic prescribed showed a significant statistical relationship in a Pearson's Chi square test with p value
of 0.001(p<0.005).The prescribing practises in dental offices can be improved by increasing awareness
among dental practitioners about the recommended guidelines for prescribing antibiotics . The most
commonly prescribed antibiotics among diabetic patients was Augmentin (4.08%) and for non diabetics it
was amoxicillin (93.25%). .

Background:
     Physical activity (PA) is defined as any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase in caloric requirements over resting energy expenditure. According to the World Health Organization(WHO), physical inactivity is considered the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality. Physical inactivity is associated with excess weight and adverse health outcomes. In particular, office-based screening of activity levels and physical activity counseling coupled with regular follow-ups and community support and referrals for physical activity, have been proven effective in increasing physical activity levels. In addition, the cost of integrating physical activity counseling and referral schemes into primary health care teams has been found feasible and cost-effective Physical activity can be defined as any movement of the body that requires energy expenditure.
 
Aim of this study: To Assessment of the Prevalence of Physical Activity among Adult Patients attend primary health care centers in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia.
 
 Methodology: Cross sectional design has been adopted. The study has been conducted in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. The present study was conducted at primary health care centres in Makkah city. Systematic random sampling was being adopted to select persons during the March to June, 2019.The sample (300).
 Results: Exercise milieu these study results showed that Positive Exercise milieu proportions (62.0%), and Negative Exercise milieu proportions (38.0% ) while  the Range  (8-22)  Mean +SD (13.254±3.215) while Time expenditure the most of them negative were(69.0%)but positive (31.0%)while the Range (6-13) Mean +SD (10.812±2.77)
 
Conclusion: Physical inactivity among Arab adults and children/adolescents is high. Studies using harmonized approaches, rigorous analytic techniques and a deeper examination of context are needed to design appropriate interventions. Physical activity likely has a greater role in promoting health in disease populations than previously thought and may confer substantial reductions in disease burden Primary health care centers in Makkah should be active and able to provide health advice and behaviour to their patients. There will a strong intention to increase physical activity among physically inactive primary care physicians (PHCPs).

Background: Lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary incontinence are very common in the general population and increase in prevalence in association with age. Urinary incontinence in particular is still seldom discussed by patients, many of whom delay seeking healthcare for the condition. Urinary symptoms have a considerable impact on morbidity and quality of life. Older people encounter multiple barriers in gaining treatment for their problem and are unfortunately less likely to be given evidence-based treatment than younger people. Urinary incontinence means a person leaks urine by accident. While it may happen to anyone, urinary incontinence is more common in older people, especially women. Incontinence can often be cured or controlled. The body stores urine in the bladder. During urination, muscles in the bladder tighten to move urine into a tube called the urethra. At the same time, the muscles around the urethra relax and let the urine pass out of the body. When the muscles in and around the bladder don’t work the way they should, urine can leak. Incontinence typically occurs if the muscles relax without warning.
Aim of the study: This study aims to assessment the prevalence of urinary incontinence among elderly patients attending the primary health care centers in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, KSA.
 Method: A cross-sectional study will be conducted to estimate the prevalence of self-reported UI among elderly patients attending primary health care centers in Makkah Al-Mukarramah in date collection period. Our total of simple is (400) elderly patients
Results : A total of is (400) elderly patients .The majority of the respondents were females (57.14% ), Malays (42.86 %), The age of the respondents ranged from 25-65 years, with a mean of 37.87±12.088 years showed positive correlations between degree of symptoms and signs of diagnosis of incontinence and degree the Frequency of symptoms Where (r = 0.578) and have statistical  a significant relation where p < 0.001).
 Conclusion:Urinary incontinence is common and often disturbing Saudi elderly, our study found that the prevalence was it adversely impaired their quality of life (QOL). Elderly age and parity were significantly related to impaired QOL. We acknowledge the fact that urinary incontinence is a common and poorly understood problem in our community.  Another problem in the elderly age group is cognitive impairment, which also contributes to urinary incontinence. Prevalence of urinary incontinence is most likely underestimated.

Background
Antibiotics are the most commonly used drug group in hospitalized patients and primary health clinics as they are all over the world. Inappropriate or unnecessary use of antibiotics leads to adverse effects related with antibiotics, occurrence of resistant microorganisms, and increased therapeutic cost. With the Budgeting Application Instruction, which entered into force in 2003 for controlling antibiotic use, approval of an infectious disease specialist (IDS) was required for use of some differences in antibiotic knowledge and attitudes between parents of Medicaid-insured. It is unknown whether understanding has improved and whether previously identified differences persist.Efforts to reduce antibiotic misuse and overuse are necessary to curb additional increases in antibiotic resistance in developed and developing countries also in KSA saw increases in antibiotic use for children during the last 2 decades, no educational campaigns for patients and professionals, and introduction of new vaccines. ​
Aim of the study: To assessment of prevalence of antibiotic use for pediatric acute viral gastroenteritis attending the primary health clinics in Makah city in Saudi Arabia 2019.
Method: This is a cross-sectional study, thirty questions of children years of age who had suffered from acute gastroenteritis during the March to June, 2019 was conducted attending the primary health care centers in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. our total participants were (80).
Results:Oral antibiotics were preferred by 45.0% followed by intravenous route (30.0%), and intramuscular route in 8.75%. Antibiotics less than week were prescribed in about 43.0%. Duration from 7-14 days was recorded by 20%. Long-term antibiotics were prescribed by 3.0%. Questioning about the seasonal break out of viral gastroenteritis as stated by study individuals.
Conclusion: must be Antibiotic use based on consultation with an infectious diseases specialist decreased inappropriate antibiotic use. Acute gastroenteritis is a major source of morbidity and mortality among young children in developed and developing countries. Enter pathogenic viruses are regarded as particularly relevant causative agents.

background: Most health care providers are aware of e-cigarettes, but the information is scarce regarding the magnitude of this newly emerged habit in Saudi Arabia, since introduction in the early 2000s, e-cigarette use has rapidly increased among adolescents worldwide. then adult  However, little is known about e-cigarette uptake among adolescents in Saudi Arabia. Tobacco smoking is highly prevalent in Saudi Arabia, and there is a need to reduce the resultant health burden via patient-oriented smoking cessation interventions. Primary care physicians (PCPs) have a significant role in providing counseling and advice to quit smoking.
World Health Organization (WHO) reported tobacco use as one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, mentioned that in 2015, over one billion people smoked tobacco. This study aimed to assess Prevalence of Electronic Cigarettes Use Among health care providers in the Primary Health Care in Makkah, Although it is declining worldwide in many countries, the prevalence of tobacco smoking appears to be increasing in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
.Aim of the study
This study aimed to assess Prevalence of Electronic Cigarettes Use Among health care providers in the Primary Health Care in Makkah 2019.
methods:Cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, including a random representative sample of health care providersin the Primary Health Care in Makkah.A self-administered validated questionnaire was adopted and modified. The Sample size of medical practitioners . Our total participants were (500)
Results: showed that the majority of the participant were (52.0%) smoker regarding smoking period the majority while <5 were (35.0%), Current use of e-cigarettes were(72.0%) and (30.0%) of the participant knew that the electronic cigarettes contain nicotine whereas 56.15% did not know if e-cigarettes contain nicotine or not. Most of the students (75.0%) thought that the electronic cigarette is harmful to health.
Conclusion:The prevalence of e-cigarettes smoking among health care providers in the Primary Health Care in Makkah. was found relatively high and most common reasons to smoke e-cigarettes were similar taste to conventional cigarettes, adequate nicotine, helping in control of smoking behavior, perceived less harmful effects than conventional cigarettes, and low cost. E-cigarettes have been tried and currently used by a considerable proportion of health care providers. Some associated factors were identified.

Background:
Psychiatric disorders in Saudi Arabia, mainly depression are estimated to have high prevalence. More than 6 decades ago, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as “a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Bircher, 2005 defined health as “a dynamic state of well-being characterized by a physical and mental potential, which satisfies the demands of life commensurate with age, culture, and personal responsibility”. Health has been defined by various authors, who have always emphasized its mental component.In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the number of older persons worldwide. Globally, more than 350 million people of all ages suffer from depression. Elderly persons are more vulnerable to depression. By the year 2020 depression would be the second major cause of disability adjusted life years lost, as reported by the World Health Organization. depressive symptoms are common among older people and are associated with disability, morbidity and mortality. Depression is a mental illness which causes persistent low mood, a sense of despair, and has multiple risk factors.
 Aim of the study: To assessment the determinant and prevalence of depression among elderly attendees in primary health Care center in Makkah Al-Mukarramah.
Methods:Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among elderly patients attending to clinic in PHC at Makkah, Saudi Arabia, during the October to December, 2019, validated questionnaires concerning demographic data and knowledge scores on depression among elderly. Our total participants were (400). Results:show that the Family history of depression (70.0%) is the most common clinical variables also show that of the(45.0%) participants have negative depression , (23.0%) have moderate depression,  and the data ranged from(0to 16)by mean+ SD (7.254+2.88).
Conclusion:Depression is associated with a deficiency in the cognitive state, with familial partner risk being an influential factor that may be preventable. Depression constitutes a health problem among Saudi geriatrics in in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, especially among elderly, those having history of chronic diseases and those having sensory impairment. These results provide insight for all health care workers caring for the elderly, researchers in the field of Geriatrics, and health educators into the particular care needs of elderly patients in Makkah, KSA.

Background:
      Influenza is a seasonal epidemic with main symptoms that include fever, cough and muscle aches. Fever is a big distinguishing component between a cold and influenza. Some other common symptoms which may or may not be seen with a cold as well are headache, chills, loss of appetite, fatigue and sore throat. diabetes, influenza is a significant burden on the healthcare systems. A significant issue and a significant big health concern happen every year is looking how we could mitigate and manage it and obviously take the burden off the health care system. Diabetic patients, as other chronic diseases patients, could catch the influenza infection, which is a respiratory infection caused primarily by influenza A and Influenza B. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major health problem worldwide. It is a number of metabolic disturbances that is characterized and identified by the presence of hyperglycemia in the absence of treatment.
Aim of the study: to assessment of the Prevalence of Influenza Immunization among Diabetic Patients attending Primary Health Care Center In Makkah Al-Mokarramah,2019.
 Methods: A Cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in the city of Makkah among diabetic patients attending  Primary Health Care Center during  the October to December 2019, the Sample size patients participants.  Our total participants were (300).
Results: shows the majority of participant (39.5%) have average level of total attitude of diabetic patients towards seasonal influenza vaccination followed by (29.5%) of participant weak while Range(7-19) and Mean ±SD(13.065±3.822), X²11.59 P=0.003.Conclusion: Undermining the effect of influenza and misconceptions on the effectiveness of the vaccine could much be improved by increasing awareness and knowledge, seasonal vaccination among diabetics in KSA is low. Level of knowledge and perception are the main barriers to vaccination. Health care provider’s advice may be an important key predictor of previous influenza vaccination and they should continue to educate and encourage all diabetics to get vaccinated for influenza at least once yearly.

Background:  Workplace violence (WPV) is a serious worldwide concern, especially for health care professionals when compared with workers in other industries. Violence in the health care sector harms both patients and health care professionals and causes enormous economic losses. Victims of WPV show signs of anxiety, depression, and low efficiency in their work performance, which may decrease the quality of the service that they provide. Among health care professionals, nurses who have direct contact with patients face numerous risks related to WPV. Therefore, it is important to recognize risk factors that can be used to reduce the incidence of WPV against nurses. Emergency healthcare workers (HCWs) have a high risk of exposure to violence with negative personal consequences. Violence is an occupational hazard in hospitals. Occupational researches have gradually shifted focus from traditional, visible environmental risk factors, such as physical, chemical, biological exposure or ergonomic problems, to the invisible, psychological harm that maybe present in the workplace.
Aim of the study: To assessment of Prevalence  of Workplace Violence among  and Nurses and Physicians at Emergency Department in  Primary Health Care Centers and confirm the factors influencing such violence.
Method: Cross-sectional analytical study has been conducted at emergency departments (EDs), Primary Health Care Centers in
Makkah city, during data collection period 2019, the total sample has been (400) nurses and physicians.
Results: Regarding the age the highest age were (35.0%) were (30-40) years and the data ranged from (22-57) by mean ±SD (38.315±9.816), were females (57.0%)while males. The majority of the participated nurse were(67.0%), followed by doctor were(33.0%). Regarding the qualification, the majority of participated heave Bachelor were (28.0%) followed by Resident (21.0%), the participated experience in from 6-10 years were (31. 0%).More than half of the participants were yes to physical or verbal violence and their percentage was (75. 0%).Conclusion: Workplace violence was prevalent, and verbal abuse was the commonest type among HCWs in emergency departments of PHC.  Workplace violence, a possible cause of job stress, has recently become an important concern in occupational health. Almost half of the ED nurses and physicians experienced one or more WPV incident.

. Background
Migraine poses a significant burden for patients, and it has multiple diagnostic and management challenges, particularly among primary health-care workers ( physicians, nurse, administrative). Migraine is a public health problem and it is the third most common cause of disability among individuals below the age of 50. In spite of the multiplicity of the studies concerned with exploring the disease epidemiology and nature worldwide, data from Saudi Arabia are lacking.  Migraine is one of the most critical concerns among healthcare providers and other relevant stakeholders in the health sector. It is one of the significant causes of disability among older patients (aged 50-years and above). Saudi Arabia has had its share of the health issue with the ever-increasing prevalence of migraine in the country. Despite the concerted and collaborative efforts among major stakeholders on the provision of the assessment of the identified health problem, data from Saudi Arabia mostly lack, especially on the epidemiology of the health condition. According to the recent reports from the Global Burden Disease (GBD), migraine ranks third among the leading cause of disability globally. The prevalence rate varies significantly within the Arabian countries; Saudi Arabia (12%), Qatar (72%), and Oman (83%).
 Aim of the study: To assessment the levels of knowledge of the prevalence  Migraine headache among healthcare providers in PHC centers in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia, 201
9 Method:Across-sectional study among healthcare providers who works in primary health care center in Makkah Al-Mukarramah 2019, the study has been conducted healthcare providers who works in PHC centers in Makkah city KSA. Was conducted using questionnaire designed during August 2019. The questionnaire collected the socio-demographic factors, a migraine screen questionnaire (MS-Q) Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire (MIDAS), our total participants were (200)
Result:Conclusion:Knowledge regarding migraines diagnosis and treatment was inadequate among healthcare providers , which could detrimentally influence the patterns of referral to secondary health-care facilities, severity of symptoms was accompanied by poor quality of life in terms of social and professional aspects. There was a lack of awareness in majority of subjects about migraine leading to underdiagnosed, under treatment and with high use of over the counter medications. There is a need for proper awareness campaigns in Saudi population and also healthcare providers.

Background:
Adequate nutrition is essential for maintaining health and well-being. Apart from nutrition intake through diet, supplement use is prevalent worldwide, supplements are commonly used to replenish the body with essential nutrients that are important in regulating the body’s metabolic processes, The use of supplements, which may be defined as multi-vitamins, single vitamins, single minerals, herbal supplements, oil supplements and any other dietary supplementation, the economic boom in Saudi Arabia indirectly, prompted the use of dietary supplements in the last two decades. Must to investigate the prevalence of dietary supplement use and its association with socio demographic. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a fast growing economic country that has affected its general population in various ways including a transition in daily lifestyle patterns and dietary intake habits.
Aim of thestudy: to Assessment of the prevalence of Using Dietary Supplements Among Physically Active Adults in Makkah ALMukarramah 2019.
 Method:Cross-sectional study design. The current study was conducted at   Sports and Physiotherapy Center and fitness time centers at Holy Capital of Makkah, during the October to December, 2019,Our total participants were (400).
 Results: that a significant difference between age and using supplements in the study while Chi-square 24.413& p-value= 0.001. Most age of participants use supplements from 23-35years were constitute (30.0 %), the gender that no significant difference between using supplements and gender in the study while Chi-square 1.437& p-value 0.911 less than 0.05 , regarding education show that significant difference between education status and using supplements in the study while Chi-square 14.827& p-value more than P=0.022.
.Conclusion: Supplements were commonly used among female students, The prevalence of dietary supplement use was high and was significantly associated with socio demographic and lifestyle factors.A substantial proportion of populations take supplements. Further investigation into the social, psychological and economic determinants that motivate the use of supplements is required, to ensure appropriate use of supplements among adults and the most commonly used supplements.

Background:Asthma, the most common chronic illness in children is responsible for more school absenteeism than any other single chronic childhood condition. Acute asthma attacks while at school can cause considerable disruption to scheduled school activities, broadening its impact on school participation. Children with asthma face multiple challenges that encompass learning how to cope with. Bronchial asthma (BA) is a public health problem in all countries irrespective of their level of development, being generally under-diagnosed and undertreated, and most asthma-related death commonly occurs in low-income and lower-middle income countries. As for Saudi Arabia, it is estimated that more than 2 million Saudis have asthma, and the percentages range from 8% to 25% in Saudi children. In 2004, the highest prevalence of asthma was reported by physicians in Saudi Arabia (25%). Bronchial asthma is a serious disease since it is very common disease in Saudi Arabia, and it doesn’t only affect the individual physiologically, however it also affects the individual’s quality of life, leading to missing days from school or work, emergency hospital visits, hospitalization, and caregivers and parents’ time and effort. Consecutively, it affects the whole community.
Aim of the study:To assessment the knowledge of the regarding childhood asthma at Makah city in Saudi Arabia. 2019.
Method:A cross-sectional study was conducted   attending the primary health care centers in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. An asthma knowledge questionnaire was used to measure the knowledge. during the April to June, 2019, participants were (800).
Results: Regarding awareness of the participant toward asthma study results show the majority of participant had average information were(59.0%) while weak awareness were(22.0%) the data ranged from(6-28) by mean ±SD(16.577±5.87).
Conclusion:The bronchial asthma knowledge in the Saudi Arabian population is insufficient, and efforts should be carried out to spread asthma knowledge to the people. Bronchial asthma management should include patients, parents, and public awareness regarding the disease, its symptoms, medications.

Background
Obesity is emerging as a serious problem throughout the world, not only among adults, but also health care worker and children, teenagers and young adults. Of the factors contributing to obesity, stress seems to be particularly important as stressful condition leads to irregularity in worker in work, lack of exercise and addiction also considered independent and factors leading to stress. Workers in the health care is stressful throughout the whole work time. The amount of material to be absorbed, social isolation, pressure of examination, discrepancies between expectation and reality all can be anticipated to bring psychological stress. Prevalence of Stress and its Association with Body Weight Among health care worker,
Prevalence of stress and its Association with Body Weight Among health care worker fears related to stress have affected a considerable number of health care worker, especially the nursing category,studies have shown that healthcare workers managing patients have been experiencing worse psychological issues such as stress than the public because they are more likely to get infected and transmit the infection to their relatives and friends.
Aim of the study: To assessment of the prevalence of stress and its association with Body Weight Among health care workerin Primary Health Care Centers in makkah 2019
Method:Cross-sectional analytical study has been conducted health care workers at Primary Health Care Centers in Makkah city, that included all health care worker during data collection period 2019 the perceived stress scale-10 questionnaire used to measure the stress score. Weight and height were collected based on self-reported value.  the total sample has been (400) nurses, physicians and other
Result:the majority of the respondents were married status were (75.0%) while other were (14.0%).  The association between the stress and stress score most of the participant moderate Stress were constitutes (47.75%) followed by low stress the were constitutes (44.75%) while a statistically significant (P-value =0.001) and Chi-square (120.665), the Range (5-45) (Mean ± SD (25.441±6.125).
 Conclusion:Stress is prevalent among health care worker at Primary Health Care Centers, Makkah we found a positive correlation between BMI and stress but no statistically significant association between gender and stress level. Preventive measures should be implanted to reduce the level of stress and interventional studies are needed among health care worker at Primary Health Care Centers.

Background
Workplace violence (WPV) is a serious worldwide concern, especially for health care professionals when
compared with workers in other industries. Violence in the health care sector harms both patients and health
care professionals and causes enormous economic losses. Victims of WPV show signs of anxiety, depression,
and low efficiency in their work performance, which may decrease the quality of the service that they provide.
Among health care professionals, nurses who have direct contact with patients face numerous risks related to
WPV. Therefore, it is important to recognize risk factors that can be used to reduce the incidence of WPV
against nurses. Emergency healthcare workers (HCWs) have a high risk of exposure to violence with negative
personal consequences. Violence is an occupational hazard in hospitals. Occupational researches have gradually
shifted focus from traditional, visible environmental risk factors, such as physical, chemical, biological exposure
or ergonomic problems, to the invisible, psychological harm that maybe present in the workplace.
Aim of the study: To assessment of Prevalence of Workplace Violence among and Nurses and Physicians at
Emergency Department in Primary Health Care Centers and confirm the factors influencing such violence.
Method: Cross-sectional analytical study has been conducted at emergency departments (EDs), Primary Health
Care Centers in Makkah city, during data collection period 2019, the total sample has been (400) nurses and
physicians.
Results: Regarding the age the highest age were (35.0%) were (30-40) years and the data ranged from (22-57)
by mean ±SD (38.315±9.816), were females (57.0%)while males. The majority of the participated nurse were
(67.0%), followed by doctor were (33.0%). Regarding the qualification, the majority of participated heave
Bachelor were (28.0%) followed by Resident (21.0%), the participated experience in from 6-10 years were (31.
0%).More than half of the participants were yes to physical or verbal violence and their percentage was (75.
0%).Conclusion: Workplace violence was prevalent, and verbal abuse was the commonest type among HCWs in
emergency departments of PHC. Workplace violence, a possible cause of job stress, has recently become an
important concern in occupational health. Almost half of the ED nurses and physicians experienced one or more
WPV incident.