European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: To assess type of headache in children.
Materials and Methods: One hundred ten children age ranged 4 years to 10 years of both genders were selected. A thorough clinical examination and type of headache was recorded in case history proforma. A detailed neurological examination including ophthalmoscopy was performed on children with headache.
Results: Out of 110 patients, boys were 50 (45.4%) and girls were 60 (54.6%). Age group 4-6 years had 38, 6-8 years had 32 and 8-10 years had 40 patients. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Type of headache was tension headache in 10, migraine in 46, migraine-like headache in 42, and non-specific headache in 12 patients. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: The most common type of headache was migraine. Maximum number of pediatric headache was seen in 8-10 years of age.

Headache is a commonly reported complaint among Covid19 patients, and cases of chronic head aching have lately been documented several weeks after illness recovery. Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) plays a key role in the causation of head ache, Raised ICP if not timely treated leads to brain complications. The study aims to compare the incidence of elevated ICP in post-covid populations to that of the general population, and the objective of study is to assess the features of raised intracranial pressure in post covid and in general population by using CT
Method:
Current study was conducted on 150 subjects who have headache symptoms, in which 75 had Covid history and other 75 from general population. The brain CT image of this 150 subjects evaluated to assess ICP And for identifying the comparison between post covid subject with normal subject. This is study done at DR. PSIMS&RF,Gannavaram,AndhraPradesh.CT brain examinations were performed on 16slice SEIMENS CT machine in the department of radiodiagnosis. CT brain images of patients with headache complaints were evaluated.
Results:
CT Brain images of 150 subjects who came with complaints of headache were evaluated.75 patients among them had past covid history, rest 75 were taken as general population group. In the post covid group 32 patients (42%) had raised ICP features&18 patients (24%) in general population had raised ICP features. Bilateral tortuous optic nerve sheaths were found in 34 patients (45%) in post covid group as opposed to 21 patients (28%) in the general population group. Partial empty sella was found in 35 patients (46%) of post covid group as opposed to patients 21(28%)in the general population group. Patients who had both partial empty sella and bilateral optic nerve sheath dilatation were considered to be of raised ICP to rule out other etiologies

Rhino cerebral Mucormycosis and aspergillosis are uncommon but lethal diseases in people with immunocompromised persons. These infections typically spread through inhalation , but they can also enter through ingestion and trauma. Here, presenting a case of mucormycosis and aspergillosis in a 24-year-old immunocompetent male patient with no known co-morbidities who presented initially with complaints of headache and on subsequent investigations revealed both mucormycosis and aspergillosis involving the paranasal sinuses, nose, and cerebrum. The patient was treated with amphotericin B and Posaconazole.

The study was conducted to see the relationship of headache with sinusitis. Sinus headaches are a very common complaint that are encountered by ENT surgeons. A structured questionnaire consisting of 16 questions which evaluates the type and severity of headaches and associated factors in people with sinusitis was used in the study.
Sinus headache is not included in any classification of headache as an independent entity. Most people tend to self-diagnose wrongly. Therefore, unless there is any evidence or diagnosis of rhinosinusitis sinus headaches are mostly misinterpreted for migraine headaches.
METHODOLOGY: Patients visiting ENT OPD with headache were interviewed using a structured questionnaire consisting of 16 questions. Results were analysed using EpiInfo v7.2.4.
RESULTS: Majority of the people (61%) having headache were unsure that their headache was due to sinusitis. 34.48% had associated complaints of nasal obstructions and 40.35% had facial pain. While only 31.03% had taken antibiotics, 93.10% of the participants were taking analgesics.

The relationship between Post-Dural puncture headache (PDPH) and body mass index (BMI) in individuals who have just given birth has been the subject of contentious studies in the past. As a result, we decided to survey this complication in a group of patients who had cesarean sections performed under spinal anesthesia. It was predicted that people with greater BMIs would experience PDPH less frequently.The demographic data was retrieved and documented after looking over the patient files and phoning the patients. Additionally, a headache score based on a 0–10 verbal numeric rating scale (NRS) and the development of PDPH up to three days after a cesarean section in the present delivery were documented.At the Kakatiya Medical College in Warangal, 76 women who had undergone spinal anesthesia for a cesarean section participated in this study (March 2021 to February 2022). The subjects ranged in age from 20 to 40 years old (28.24 ± 3.27). The average BMI (kg/m2) before a cesarean section was 30.21 ± 2.82. 38 (50%) of the 76 parturient patients were not obese, and the remaining (50%) were (BMI > 30 kg/m2); 97.90% were non-smokers, and 92 percent had no prior history of PDPH during the previous neuro-axial anesthesia/analgesia. Only 13 participants (17.10 %) in this study experienced headaches following the current spinal anesthetic. 31 patients (81.57%) and 32 patients (84.21%) of the patients who did not develop PDPH had BMIs below 30 and over 30 respectively (P = 0.386). We concluded that increased BMI at the time of cesarean section decreased the incidence of PDPH. Increased BMI lowers the risk of PDPH because obese patients' increased intra-abdominal pressure reduces CSF leakage from the dural puncture point. Additionally, this study demonstrated that neither BMI nor weight gain during pregnancy, nor any other characteristics looked at, had a significant impact on the severity of PDPH.

Migraine is a chronic unilateral headache associated with nausea and vomiting. According to the World Health Organization, it is listed as the 19th disabling disease. Multiple studies found an inverse relationship between the frequency of the attacks and the low quality of life score. Roughly, one-third of migraine attacks occur during workdays, with a higher incidence of reduced productivity and missed days among chronic patients (>15 headache days per month).   Migraine is a common neurological disorder with significant impact on quality of life, affecting 12% Saudi population. migraines impose significant health and financial burdens, headache is a common neurological disorder, which is associated with a significant disease burden,  headache affects work, social and leisure activities and has a tremendous impact on a person’s life also the migraine is one of the most critical concerns among healthcare providers and other relevant stakeholders in the health sector. Aim of the study: To assess the prevalence and impact of Migraine headache among physicians in PHC centers in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia, 2021. Method : Across-sectional study among physicians who works in primary health care center in Makkah Al-Mukarramah 2021, the study has been conducted physicians who works in PHC centers in Makkah city KSA. Was conducted using an online questionnaire designed during August 2021. The questionnaire collected the socio-demographic factors, a migraine screen questionnaire (MS-Q) Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire (MIDAS), our total participants were (200). Result shows that most of the participants (59%) were in the age group(25-50) years  follow by the (21.0%)were in the age (<25) years, the majority of them females was higher compared to male(66.0 and 34.0%) , regarding  the Nationality  most of participants non-Saudi were were(63.0%), regarding  the marital status most of participants married were(56.0%), regarding level of education the majority of participant are specialist were(54.0%) while general practitioner were(23.0%) Conclusion: For migraines, our study found a high prevalence of the migraine in among physicians who works in primary health care center. The physicians’ awareness of the disease was very low with one-fourth of the physicians resorting to self-medication.

Background: Dysmenorrhea is a cyclical lower abdominal or pelvic pain which may also radiate to the back and thighs; it occurs before or during menstruation, or both. The present study was conducted to assess severity of pain among primary dysmenorrhea in medical and nursing students.
Materials & Methods: 176 medical and nursing students age ranged 18- 26 years were included. Menstrual pain, intensity of pain, pain characteristics, menstrual symptoms, impact of dysmenorrhea and symptoms, menstrual pain management methods and socio- economic status (SES) was recorded. The numerical pain scale was used for assessing pain intensity.
Results: Age group 18-20 years had 65, 21-23 years had 70 and 24-26 years had 41 patients. Pain length was 1-2 days seen in 82, 2-3 days in 64 and entire period in 30. Pain intensity was mild in 41, moderate in 75 and severe in 60. Menstrual symptoms was seen in 90. Frequency of dysmenorrhea occurrence was more frequently (every month) in 102 and less frequently (once in 3 month) in 74. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Self- medication was seen in 50 and sickness absenteeism such as normal daily life in 86 and college absenteeism was seen in 90. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Most of students had moderate pain in dysmenorrhea.

BACKGROUND-One of the most common cause for headache among patients attending
ophthalmic OPD is uncorrected refractive errors. The purpose of this study is to evaluate
the role of refractive errors in the etiology of headache.
MATERIALS AND METHODS-450 patients with headache attending eye OPD in GMC
Jammu were included in the study. It was a crosssectional study. They were subjected to
visual acuity examination, refraction, slit lamp examination, fundus examination and
retinoscopy wherever required
RESULTS- Out of the total patients 40% were males and 60% were females. 41.1% of the
patients had astigmatism, 31.1% of the patients had hypermetropia. chronic type of
headache was more common (46.7%) followed by subacute 33% and acute in 20.3%. We
found that headache was seen more commonly in frontal area (57.8%) followed by
occipital (32%) and combined (10.2%). The most common type of refractive error in these
patients was astigmatism 41.1% followed by hypermetropia 31.1% followed by presbyopia
16.7% followed by myopia 11.1%. Amount of refractive error between 1.25D -1.5D was
seen in 40% of the patients, followed by 1.5 -2D seen in 24.4%, followed by refractive error
less than 1.25D seen in 20 % of the patients, followed by refractive error more than 2D
seen in 15.6% of the patients. After optical correction there was improvement in headache
of patients.
CONCLUSION- Refractive errors play a major role in the Etiology of headache, which
can be managed by appropriate correction of these refractive errors. So, early Diagnosis
and adequate treatment is important.

The article presents research data from 60 patients with vascular dementia. All subjects were divided into 2 groups: 1st group - 30 patients who received choline alfoscerate on the background of basic therapy; and group 2 - 30 patients who received only basic therapy. The effectiveness of therapy was evaluated twice: before treatment and on day 40 of treatment. The status was assessed using the VAS scale (visual-analogue scale for pain), according to the questionnaire for identifying vegetative disorders and determining the vegetative dystonia syndrome (VDS), according to the severity of vegetative reactivity according to the Danyini-Ashner test, and the Hamilton anxiety and depression test. A reliable nootropic effect of the drug was revealed, as well as its effect on cerebrosthenic and somatovegetative manifestations. There were no serious adverse events requiring additional measures.