European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Acinetobacter which grow in a moist environment aerobic, gram negative, non-fermenting, non-fastidious, non-motile, catalase-positive, and oxidase negative coccobacilli. Antimicrobial resistance has significantly increased among Acinetobacter species. Resistance to ⩾3 categories of antimicrobials or carbapenem resistance are two of the most prevalent definitions of multidrug resistance. A. baumannii has been known majorly, as responsible for spreading diseases throughout the world's hospitals, especially in intensive care units (ICUs). They are known as "super bugs" because they cause a significant amount of infections in certain patient populations in modern hospitals, notably in critically ill patients in the ICU. There are several ways to detect this, including the Tissue Culture Plate (TCP), Tube methodology (TM), acid-base indicator method (CRP), light assay, electricity sensors, and fluorescent examinations. To emphasise how they are immune to the deadly effects of antibiotics, this species is recognised as one of the six complex pathogens known as "ESKAPE". This Multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter Sp. has emerged as a very important healthcare facility pathogen.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity encountered in clinical practice. Emerging resistance of the uropathogens to the antimicrobial agents due to biofilm formation is a matter of concern while treating symptomatic UTI which leads to longer stay in hospital and increased cost of treatment. Detection of biofilm producer strains will guide the clinician in modifying antibiotic therapy for better clinical management and also help in designing adequate control measures as the isolates are also resistant to variety of disinfectants.
Aim: The present study was conducted to compare three methods Tissue Culture Plate (TCP) method, Tube method (TM) and Congo red agar (CRA) to detect biofilm formation by uropathogens and to correlate their susceptibility pattern with biofilm formation.
Materials and methods: A total of 150 culture positive significant isolates from urine samples were subjected to biofilm detection by TCP method, Tube method and CRA method. TCP was considered as gold standard method. Impact of biofilm production was correlated with the antibiotic resistant pattern.
Results: Out of 150 culture positive significant bacterial isolates, Gram negative organisms were isolated from 122 (81.33%) specimens and Gram positive growth was seen in 28 (18.67%) samples. Escherichia coli was the commonest Gram negative organism isolated (42.66%) while among Gram positive isolates, maximum biofilm production was shown by Enterococcus faecalis (66.66%). The gold standard TCP method detected 51 (34%) isolates as strong and 11(7.33%) isolates as moderate biofilm producers and remaining 88 (58.67%) isolates were weak/non-biofilm producing bacteria.
Conclusion: From our study we can conclude that TCP is the most reliable method for detection of biofilm formation in comparison to TM and CRA.

Orthopaedic implant site infection is one of the major surgical site infection in orthopaedic surgery with high morbidity and mortality. Due to the use of implants, which are foreign to the body, orthopaedic trauma surgery is at the grave risk of microbial contamination. Overall 5% of the internal fixation devises get infected. The incidence of infection after internal fixation of closed fractures is generally lower (0.5-1%), where as in case of internal fixation of open fractures, the incidence is still higher and may exceed 30%. The prevalence of orthopaedic implant site infection reported in India is about 2.6%.

Aim: Insilico Interaction of Bioactive Compounds from Clove againstOral Candida albicans biofilm drug targets. Materials and methods: All the 3D models were obtained from PubMed and the final analysis was produced by two systems, mainly chemsketch and GOLD protein-ligand docking. Results : Here in this study we have tried to find the best compatible bio active compound of clove towards the target. Out of 5 Bioactive compounds from clove Eugenol acetate O4,O3 showed the highest docking score having h bond score to be 2.888(O4) , 2.653(O3). Conclusion: In most of the cases the docking the H bond value must be considered must be considered because the hydrogen bonds are stronger than van-der-walls bond and weaker than covalent bond as H bonds have the ability to create a bond or break a bond easily in this study we r trying to read the compatibility between the bioactive compounds and the target compound in this case its Candida albicans biofilm. Further the the research can be extended to wet lab work for further details.

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aeruginosa) is one of the most commonbacteria capable of forming biofilms which are important in the establishment of P. aeruginosa infections on different host tissues includingpostoperative wounds. P. aeruginosa possesses at least two well-defined, interrelated QS systems, las and rhl that control the production of different virulence factors including biofilm development.Objectives: To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, biofilm producing ability and the presence of QS lasR gene in isolated P. aeruginosa strains from patients withpost-operative wound infections.Methodology:The study was conducted on Fifty-four clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa from infected postoperative wounds in patients admitted in Zagazig university hospitals, Egypt. Isolates from all patients were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using
disk diffusion method, in vitro formation of biofilm in microtiter plates containing TryptoneSoya Broth (TSB) medium and detection of QS lasR gene using conventional PCR technique. Results: P. aeruginosa isolates showed high prevalence of resistance against ceftazidimeand aztreonam (74.1%), while they showed the lowest resistance to ceftolozan/tazobactam (7.4%). Biofilm formation was detected in 38 (70.4%) of P. aeruginosa isolates; 14.8%, 46.3% , 9.3% and 29.6% of isolates were strong, moderate, weak and non-biofilm producers, respectively. The lasR gene was detected in 42 (77.8%) of P. aeruginosa isolates. There was significant relation between biofilm formation and presence of lasR gene. Conclusion:Postoperative wound infection may serve as a reservoir for multidrug resistant biofilm forming P. aeruginosa. The QS lasR gene is strongly associated with biofilm formation,which can help in identifying lasR gene as a useful diagnostic marker for biofilm producing P. aeruginosa
strains isolated from infected wounds.