European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Introduction: Vaginitis is the most common gynaecologic clinical condition, history alone is not reliable for the diagnosis of vaginitis. A study was taken to detect the vaginitis in and around Hanumakonda district. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective study, conducted in the department of Microbiology, KMC, Hanumakonda. Study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee. Study was conducted from October 2021 to July 2022. Women aged > 18 years, complaining of vaginal discharge were included. Non cooperative individuals, those with known vaginitis, those on antibiotic treatment were not considered. The complaints of the participants were asked by face to face interview. Clinical information was recorded in the proforma. The vaginal examination was carried and various findings were recorded. Vaginal samples were collected. Bacterial vaginitis (BV) is diagnosed according to Amsel’s criteria. Yeast hyphae in KOH preparation and gram positive budding yeast cells are used to consider vulvo vaginal candidiasis (VVC); Trichomoniasis is confirmed by identifying motile trophozoites. Results: Total 50 (100%) members were recruited, mean age was 42.6 years.
Maximum (46%) were in 25 – 34 years group. Age wise, statistically there was no significant difference between infective vaginitis (IV) and non IV. Statically there was no significant difference between marital status and vaginitis. BV was detected in majority (38%) followed by VVC (28%). Conclusion: Simple microscopy such as wet mount and gram stain are useful for rapid diagnosis of IV. However small sample size, lack of risk factors analysis are the limitations of the research.

Background: Cervical carcinoma is second most common cancer in India and a major
cause of death among women.Timely diagnosis and treatment allow significant reduction
of morbidity and mortality.The present study is an attempt to screen women attending
Gynaecology OPD at Index Medical College Indore for the cervical cancer using Pap
smear studies.
Objective: To evaluate the use of Pap smear screening method for detection of precancerous
lesions of the uterine cervix.
Methodology: In this study 110 women attending the Gynae OPD with complaints of
abdominal pain, irregular menses, discharge PV and post-coital pain or bleeding were
included. Pap smear was taken after history taking and clinical examination for all women
to screen the cervical cancer. Smear stained with Papanicolaou stain and studied in the
Department of Pathology.
Results: In the study, most women were in the age range of 21 to 50 years and
multiparous.Vaginal discharge was the chief complaint,followed by irregular menses and
lower abdominal pain .After Pap smear study,the test was negative for malignancy in 23 %
of women, 40% of women had bacterial vaginosis and 18% diagnosed as having
candidiasis.ASC-US, ASC-H, LSIL and HSIL were detected in 5.5%, 2%, 5.5% and 2 % of
women respectively.Women with ASC-US, ASC-H, LSIL, HSILunderwent colposcopy and
biopsy.
Conclusion: Pap smear is a simple, non-invasive, cost-effective, highly sensitive and
specific method for diagnosing precancerous lesions of cervix.By instituting a well-planned
screening program, cervical cancer related morbidity and mortality can be reduced

Introduction: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition characterized by raised vaginal pH and milky discharge. This condition is associated with an alteration of the normal vaginal flora by a mixed flora of aerobic, anaerobic and microaerophilic species. This condition is simple to treat, however It can lead on to complications like miscarriage, pre term delivery, low birth weight baby, premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, postpartum endometritis, vaginal cuff cellulitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Objective :To find the prevalence of anaerobic organisms in women suffering from bacterial vaginosis. Methodology: Hospital based Prospective cross-sectional study has been conducted in the Department of Microbiology. Patients with Bacterial Vaginosis, Visited in Obstetrics & Gynaecology, department of Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Total number of cases included in the study was 613. A high vaginal swabs (HVS) was collected. Amsel’s criteria, Nugent score and culture were performed.
Results: The examination of 613 High Vaginal Swab of pregnant and nonpregnant reproductive age group women with symptomatic and asymptomatic vaginal discharge. The prevalence of an anaerobes in BV ware Gardnerella vaginalis 172(28.1%) based on Amsel’s criteria, Nugent score and culture. Mobiluncus Spp.384 (56.8%) based on Amsel’s criteria and Nugent score. The highest number of an anaerobes in BV cases was seen among 25-39 Years age group 216 (35.2%) and least number of an anaerobes in BV cases were seen in patients with age groups 40-59 Years 163 (26.6%) and 15-24 Years 156(25.4%). Conclusion: This finding suggests that the colonization of facultative anaerobes is also more important in vaginal ecology. So, similar studies must be carried out to improve the health status of women and preventing the risk posed towards BV. It is concluded that anaerobic bacteria are important pathogens in the causation of Bacterial Vaginosis along with other organisms.

Background: Vaginal infection is acknowledged as a significant public health issue that affects women of reproductive age and results in a number of issues. The technique of contraception that is used increases the risk of genital infection. The most frequent cause of vaginal discharge in women of reproductive age is bacterial vaginosis. Although the typical vaginal flora differs from person to person, lactobacilli are often the dominant organism. There are other aerobic and anaerobic species in the bacterial flora. These are regarded as pathogenic in some cases. It is known that pelvic inflammatory illness, preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PROM), post-operative gynecologic infections, and abnormal Papanicolaou smear can all be indicators of bacterial vaginosis.