European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: To evaluate serum D-Dimer levels in carcinoma breast patients.
Materials and Methods: In this prospective comparative hospital-based study, 65 diagnosed cases of operable breast carcinoma not started on any treatment for cancer and 65 healthy women were included as cases and controls, respectively. Peripheral venous blood was analyzed for D-dimers detected by Quantitative immune-turbidimetric latex assay.
Results: It was observed that D-dimer levels significantly correlated with clinical stage (r=0.583; p<0.05), histological grade (r=0.655; p<0.05), ER/PR receptor (r=0.534; p<0.05), lymph node status (r=0.471; p<0.05) and presence of lymphovascular invasion (r=0.507; p<0.05).
Conclusion: D-dimer is a simple, non-invasive, quick laboratory investigation that may be considered a good indicator for determining the clinical stage, progression of disease and lymphovascular invasion.

Background: COVID-19 pandemic hit the world in 2019 and its successive waves have created high alerts periodically across many nations including India. At the time of successive waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, one of the key concerns among developing nations was to manage the patient burden in hospitals with limited available infrastructure.
Objective: In the present study we have analysed the role of common laboratory markers as a predictor of hospital stay in COVID-19-positive patients so that hospital resources can be managed efficiently.
Methods: We studied the data of 200 COVID-19-positive patients for TLC, LDH, D-dimer, and serum ferritin and analysed their correlation with hospital stay
Results: TLC and LDH exhibit a positive correlation with hospital stay whereas D-dimer and serum ferritin showed a negative correlation with hospital stay among COVID-19 patients. Patients with a negative CRP showed a longer duration of hospital stay with a median stay of 9 days.
Conclusion: Being a developing nation, healthcare centres in India have limited resources. In such a scenario, common laboratory markers can prove to be a promising tool in managing hospital resources by estimating the hospital stay of patients.

Background: To assess d-dimer levels among breast carcinoma patients
Materials & methods: A total of 100 breast carcinoma patients were enrolled. Complete demographic details of all the patients were obtained. Only those patients were included in which histopathologic confirmed diagnosis of breast carcinoma was present. A Performa was made and detailed clinical and medical history of all the patients was recorded. Blood samples were obtained from all the patients and serum D Dimer levels were evaluated using auto-analyser
Results: Mean D Dimer levels were found to be 2.74 μg/mL. Mean D-Dimer levels among patients with and without lymph node involvement was 2.981 μg/mL and 1.512 μg/mL respectively. Significant results were obtained while comparing the mean D-Dimer levels among patients with and without lymph node involvement.
Conclusion: D-Dimer levels are significant altered in breast cancer patients with lymph node involvement.

Aim and objectives: The present study assessed the correlation between rising levels of CRP and D-dimer with morbidity and mortality in adult Covid -19 patients.
Materials and method: This retrospective observational study was conducted at Max Super speciality Hospital I.P. Extension, Delhi a tertiary care centre in North India. CRP and D-Dimer values were collected at the time of admission and within 15 days after admission. The statistical analysis was done by independent t-test.
Results: The study population consisted of 194 (64.7%) males and 106 (35.3%) females. The mean age of the study population was 56.78±15.42 (28-94) years. The mean age of the non-survivors (58.83±15.64 years) was significantly more than survivors (54.43±14.85 years). The mean CRP and D-DIMER at the time of admission and within 15 days after admission was significantly more among non-survivors compared to survivors.
Conclusion: A high CRP and elevated D-Dimer levels among COVID-19 patients predict higher odds of mortality; however, large scale and longer-term studies are needed to validate our findings. The predictive model based upon CRP and D-DIMER levels can help the clinicians to improve individual treatment, make timely clinical decisions, and make optimal use of limited clinical resources.

Background: The ongoing worldwide Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed a huge threat to global public health¹. COVID-19 represents a spectrum of clinical severity ranged from asymptomatic to critical pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and even death. Therefore, full monitoring the severity of COVID-19 and effective early intervention are the fundamental measures for reducing mortality.
Accumulating evidence has suggested that inflammatory responses play a critical role in the progression of COVID-19 ³. Inflammatory responses induce the release of cytokines and chemokines. These cytokines and chemokines then attract immune cells and activate immune responses, leading to cytokine storms and aggravations⁴. Several inflammatory markers have some tracing and detecting accuracy for disease severity and fatality. But the results are inconclusive, with various studies giving different results. Our study intends to correlate levels of inflammatory markers with severity of Covid 19 infection and its final outcome.
Methods and materials:This is a retrospective study which includes 818 patients admitted to our hospital during the second wave of Covid 19 pandemic with confirmed Covid 19 infections by RTPCR. Admitted patients included mild disease to severe Covid 19 infections. Those patients who have received standardized treatment according to hospital protocol were included in the study. Data was collected and entered in pre-designed proforma. Results obtained will be compiled in excel sheet and will be analyzed statistically.
Results: Total of 818 patients were admitted to our hospital between May to July 2021. Of which 341 had mild disease, 241 had moderate disease, 237 patients had severe disease on presentation.While looking into the final outcome of the disease, 175 patients died due Covid 19 pneumonia or its complication, 52 patients were discharged with oxygen support.  Of 237 patients with severe disease 150 patients had CRP levels >75mg/dl. Of 175 patients who died, 121 had CRP levels >75 mg/dl. Of 237 patients with severe disease, 122 of them had D-dimer >1000 ng/ml. Of 175 patients who died with Covid 19, 103 of them had d-dimer levels >1000 ng/ml.CRP and D-dimer were significantly increased in patients with severe disease and in patients who died of Covid 19 with p value <0.0001.
Conclusion: Increasing levels of CRP and D-dimer were good predictors of severe disease in Covid 19. Also, increased levels of CRP and d-dimer were suggestive of poorer outcome of the disease in terms of mortality and morbidity in Covid 19 infection.

Aim: Predicting the mortality of COVID-19 with a spectrum of complications is a difficult task for prognostication and management. When individual level data of COVID-19 patients were not yet available, there is a need for risk predictors to support the treatment decisions. The study aims to identify the high accurate marker to measure the prognosis and outcome of COVID19.
Methods:
COVID-19 course is divided into four stages, according to chest computed tomography (C.T.) progress. The demographics, disease exposure history, clinical condition, laboratory tests, computed tomographic chest scan, and outcome data were collected and measured their correlation to assess the risk predictor.
Results:
The 10.4% mortality (n=52) was observed in total population. D-dimer (μg/dL) levels observed as 0.75 ± 0.65 in expired patients. NLR ratio observed as 17.1 in expired patients. Ferritin levels were observed as 49.8 ± 32.5 in expired patients. A D-dimer positive predictive value of 72.5% and a negative predictive value of 88% for a predictor of mortality. Ferritin positive predictive value of 35.5% and a negative predictive value of 76.5% for the predictor of mortality. Hence, the AUC of serum ferritin 0.598 represents the poor ability to discriminate the prediction for the cause of death than D-dimer levels. D‐dimer > 2 μg/dL on admission was associated with in‐hospital death. These main findings indicate that D‐dimer on admission >2.0 μg/dl was the independent predictor of hospital death in patients with Covid‐19. A D-dimer has the highest positive predictive value than serum ferritin levels.
Conclusion: The AUC for D- dimer at admission was 0.880, with an optimal cutoff of 2.2 μg/dL in predicting the cause of mortality. D‐dimer on admission > 2.0 μg/mL (fourfold increase) is the best predict in‐hospital mortality and a helpful marker to improve the management of Covid‐19.

Background:Mammography is a widely used screening approach in the detecting of breast
cancer and proved to help reduce the mortality effectively. D-dimer (or D dimer) is a fibrin
degradation product (or FDP), a small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood
clot is degraded by fibrinolysis. Hence; the present study was undertaken for assessing the
d-dimer levels in carcinoma breast.Materials & methods:A total of 25 breast carcinoma
patients were enrolled.Data was collected using self-structured Performa which consisted
of detailed history, thorough examination, investigations and results. Blood venous
samples (3 ml) were collected from all patients before any surgical intervention, and
clinical staging was done. All the results were recorded and analysed using SPSS software.
Results:Mean D Dimer levels were found to be 2.458 μg/mL.Mean D-Dimer levels among
patients with and without lymph node involvement was 2.896 μg/mL and 1.354 μg/mL
respectively. Significant results were obtained while comparing the mean D-Dimer levels
among patients with and without lymph node involvement.Conclusion:D-dimer was found
to be an independent predictive factor for lymph node metastasis. However; further studies
are recommended.