European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: Dental clinic is a part of healthcare service. In the current scenario, there are over 13,000 registered dentists in Kerala, most of them set up independent clinics in different parts of the state. Therefore, there is high competition in the field of dental health care. Patient expectations and demand for quality services have increased, hence provision of quality services is important for patient retention referrals. Dental clinics should manage/ maintain, improve upon service quality to enhance patient satisfaction and for better patient care. An ideal clinic must quality services to its patients to improve their satisfaction. The rising literacy rate, higher levels of income, increasing awareness through media, has brought patients closer to demand quality dental health care. Thus, this study on service quality in the dental clinic provides feedback for clinicians for their patient oriented and patient-centric efforts in attracting and satisfying the patients.
Objectives: The main objectives are to identify the determinants of service quality, to assess the service quality experienced by the patient in the clinic and to identify 'gap' in expected and experienced service quality by the patients.
Methods: following are methods used in this study. Firstly ,conceptual phase,which is to  assess the service quality experienced by the patient’s questionnaire in the clinic and to assess the expectations of patients about the service quality.Secondly empirical phase,in which data collection using servqual questionnaire.Thirdly analytical phase,in which analysis of data collected and result interpretation and recommendations are also considered
Results: Service quality gap was least in the case of safety and communication aspects. Gap was minimum for behaviour of the staff instilling confidence in patients and for responsibility of the staff in providing right information to patients, also for communicating with the patients in a language they could follow.Quality gap was highest for physical facilities and convenience of operating hours

Since pain has been reported to occur in 25%–40% of patients treated for endodontics procedure, it is a major concern for dentists and their patients. Hence in dentistry, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently prescribed to treat pain and swelling. The most frequently used of these medications are ibuprofen and paracetamol. They work by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which then prevents the production of prostaglandins. All of these medications exhibit a comparable mode of action, which causes them to have comparable side effects. The present article reviews the knowledge currently available on NSAIDs with a focus on dental practice-related elements

Background: Proper use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is an integral part of infection control and prevention of cross-infection during dental treatment, which has gained momentum following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Aim: This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to assess the attitude and commitments of Dental Health Care Providers (DHCP) and students at Riyadh Elm University (REU) teaching hospitals to (PPE) during their daily practice.
Material and Method: Data was collected using an electronic, close-ended questionnaire uploaded through Google Forms and sent via email to the study population. It consisted of twenty questions targeting the health care provider at (REU) dental hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. In addition to the demographic data, the questions were directed at assessing the participants' attitudes and commitment toward (PPE) during their daily clinical work.
Results: The total number of participants was 136 (57.4% male and 42.6% female). Most of the participants used to wear surgical medical masks (63.2%). N95 masks were used by only 11.8% of the respondents. More than half of the participants (58.8%) used to wear the masks for four hours, with a statistically significant difference between males and females regarding the masks' time (P-value =.0021). 91.9% of the time, the mask was worn during the patient examination and history taking. Only 58.1% and 85.3% of respondents reported using face coverage and eye protection, respectively. A head cap was used routinely by 55.1% of the participants. Dental assistants adhered to PPE and measures better than the other groups, especially when wearing gowns and head caps (P 0.05). Only 69.9% of the respondents answered correctly about the correct sequence of wearing PPE, and only 54.1% knew the correct sequence of removing PPE.
Conclusion: The general practices and commitment to PPE among DHCPs at REU are acceptable. There was a lack of knowledge regarding proper donning and doffing sequences. Compliance with eye protection and hand hygiene practice recommendations needs improvement. Dental assistance demonstrated better commitment to eye protection, gown, and head cap-wearing and better knowledge regarding donning and doffing than other DHCPs.

Aim: To develop, apply, and evaluate a virtual learning object (VLO) for teaching undergraduate dental students and paediatric dentists to diagnose and manage molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH).
Methodology: This controlled educational intervention included 170 undergraduate dental students and 50 paediatric dentists. The student intervention group (VLOG) was trained by the VLO, the control group of students (CG) received a synchronous virtual class, and the group of paediatric dentists (PDG) was trained by the VLO. Pre-test and post-test data were analyzed with a mixed one-way and Tukey's post hoc ANOVA test (α = 0.05).
Results: The values obtained in the pre-test were significantly lower than those obtained in the post-test for all groups. The specialists showed a higher level of knowledge before and after the MIH training compared with the students (p < .001). Similarly, statistical differences were found in the level of knowledge, which increased after MIH training (p < .001). There were no differences between the CG and VLOG.
Conclusion: The level of knowledge increased in all groups after training regardless of the method used. VLOG works similar to traditional teaching approaches.

Aim:
The aim of this study is to investigate the Oral cancer knowledge, attitudes and practices of undergraduate medical and dental student at university of hail, Saudi Arabia.
Objectives:
To assess knowledge, attitudes and practices of oral cancer among medical and dental students.
Materials and Methods
Study Design Cross-sectional study. Study population clinical year’sundergraduate medical and dental student at hail university in Saudi Arabia. Sample collection Pre-validated Online questionnaire. Sample collection and processing pre-validated and translated self-administered electronic questionnaire. The sample size was calculated by using the Raosoft sample size calculator. We will be collecting a sample size of 241, with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%.Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis will be processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). 
Ethical Consent
Ethical approval obtained from the ethical committee of university of hail.
 
Rationale:
In Saudi Arabia only a few studies have been conducted to assess medical or dental undergraduate OC knowledge. And no known studies to date were done to compare between medical and dental undergraduate OC knowledge in Saudi Arabia.
Results:
A total of 241 students from hail university completed the study questionnaire. A total of 186 students (77.2%) were from college of medicine and 55 (22.8%) were from college of dentistry. A total of 141 (58.5%) students were males. As for their academic year, 120 students (49.8%) were at 4th grade, 53 (22%) were at 5th grade, 42 (17.4%) were at 6th grade while 26 (10.8%) were interns. This study showed that most of hail university undergraduates are aware and had accepted knowledge towered oral cancer

Background: Oral health maintenance is indispensable for the upkeep of overall health, and a close association has been found between oral diseases and several systemic conditions.
Aims and objectives: To assess the status of awareness of link between oral health and systemic health among undergraduate dental and medical students.
Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was performed using a standardized questionnaire, wherein 20 questions were asked related to oral hygiene care, practice done and association of potential link between oral and various other systemic diseases like diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, myocardial infarction, respiratory diseases, osteoporosis. A total of 300 subjects were randomly selected for the study, wherein 150 were third and final year medical students and the other 150 third and final year dental students.
Results: Dental students had more number of mean positive responses and less negative responses in comparison to their medical counterparts, and this difference was found to be statistically significant. Thereby, it is perceptible that dental students had more awareness with respect to the link between oral and systemic health. Moreover, it was also noted from the responses of the first six questions that dental students had better oral health behavior, knowledge and status than the medical students.
Conclusion: Our study shed some light on the lacunae that exists in the inter-field (medical and dental) training from the undergraduate level which can be rectified by modifying the regulations.

The aim of this study is to determine the understanding regarding the relationship between malocclusion and TMJ problems among dental students. The purpose of this study is to create awareness and determine the understanding of the relationship between malocclusion and TMJ problems among dental students. This study was conducted based on a questionnaire which consists of 10 questions through a web-linked application called Survey Monkey. A convenient sample size of 100 consecutive dental students who are currently practicing in Chennai participated in the study. As an overall result, most of the participants are aware of the relationship between malocclusion and TMJ problems. As a conclusion, awareness on the relationship between malocclusion and TMJ problems among dental students in Chennai is adequate but certain knowledge has to be brushed up among them for a higher level. Furthermore, they need to be trained on these grounds to help them treat their patients with more consent and awareness.

It is important, considering the wide range of orthodontic devices currently available on the market, to select the most biocompatible orthodontic implant available on the market. Current science data have shown that in vitro measurements of the toxicity of residual particles produced by various orthodontic apparatuses with oral cell lines provide accurate data. In this relation, three commercially available implants, i.e., stainless steel and titanium implants have been tested for in vitro biocompatibility. Methods: Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) have been used as the in vitro model to determine cellular morphology, viability of the cells, and cytotoxicity via a 24-hour and 72-hour test for celular implant exposure with 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-, 2-5,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MT) and LDH test. Results: The results compare implant surface structure and topography with biological, laboratory assessments related to the direct cells (genetic fibroblasts) and blood vessel toxicology (HET-CAM) trial. A relative cytototoxicity of HGF cells occurs for the stainless steel implant, while the other two tests did not produce substantial alteration in HGF cells. Conclusion: The stainless steel implant caused mild cytotoxic effects among the three orthodontic implants samples. This calls for improved alertness in their clinic usage, especially in patients with a strong sensitivity to nicke 1,2.

Dental fluorosis is a sign of prolonged high fluoride exposure. The aim of the study is to assess the severity of dental fluorosis among the patients visiting a Dental College in Chennai, Tamilnadu. A retrospective institution based study was conducted by evaluating and analysing 291 patient case records visiting a dental hospital from December(2019) to March(2020) who had signs of dental fluorosis. Data such as age, gender, type of dental fluorosis were documented from the online database of saveetha dental college - DIAS Dental Information Archiving Software. Ethical approval was obtained by the institutional ethical board at Saveetha University. The data was examined by two examiners. The data collected was reviewed and subjected to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS software version 20.0. The present study shows Females and middle aged patients with dental fluorosis visit dental hospitals more frequently.