European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Fertility is a complex equation of continuous hormonal changes. The present study was evaluation of ovarian volume, stromal blood flow and antral follicular count in case of infertility by spectral color doppler and transvaginal 3D ultrasonography. The present study was conducted to assess ovarian volume, stromal blood flow and antral follicular count in case of infertility by spectral color doppler and transvaginal 3d ultrasonography.
Materials & Methods: Patients between the ages of 20 and 40 years were included in both infertility (50) and pregnancy control groups (50). Basal ovarian volume and AFC are measured intravaginally. USG. Relevant clinical data and hormonal tests will be recorded for each patient. The machines used in this study are GE Voluson S8 USG-machine, Logiq p9 USG.
Results: Based on the criterion of >11 antral follicular count which gave sensitivity and specificity of 20% and 56% respectively that 43 subjects in the infertile group and 34 subjects in the control group had antral follicular count of less than 11 while seven (07) subjects in the infertile group and 34 subjects in the control group had antral follicular count of equal to or more than 11. The difference in between infertile and control group was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.03). Ovarian volume less than 11.75 cc was seen in 45 (90%) patients in infertile group and 33 (66%) patients in the control group. Ovarian volume (in cc) of more than or equal to 11.75 was seen in 05 (10%) of patients in the infertile group while 17 (34%) patients in the control group. The difference between the two group was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.004). The cut -off for ovarian volume at 11.75 cc was decided based on sensitivity and specificity of 12% and 66% respectively. PSV of less than 13 cm/sec was seen among 37 patients from infertile group while PSV of ≥13 cm/sec was seen among 13 patients from infertile group. In control group, 28 patients had PSV of <13 cm/sec while 22 patients had PSV of ≥13 cm/sec. However, the difference was not found to be statistically significant (p=0.05). The distribution was uniform across the infertile and control group and difference was not found to be statistically significant (p = 1).
Conclusion: AFC, ovarian volume, stromal blood flow (in terms of PSV and RI) can be used as predictors for determining infertility state among females of reproductive age group and further can be used in determining further management for the same. Although our study also showed that in fertile group, there was no positive correlation between AFC and ovarian volume, PSV. The mean AFC in our study population was different from that noted in other studies from different parts of the world and it could be due to racial, socio-economic and geographical factors. A cut-off value of 11 for AFC may be used as one of the factor in females undergoing infertility assessment. Other factors such as Ovarian volume, Stromal blood flow (in terms of PSV and RI) can also be used during assessment along with AFC for management of infertility among Indian women

Background:Ovary is a common site of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions. Ovarian cancer presents with non-specific symptoms and majority of these are in advanced stage. The histopathological patterns of these lesions is helpful in treatment. Hence, the present study was done to determine the prevalence and distribution of various types of lesions of ovary.
Materials and Methods: The present study was cross-sectional descriptive in nature conducted on a total of 100 samples of ovary brought to the department of pathology for histopathology. The specimens were prepared using normal histopathological procedures and findings were noted.
Results: Corpus luteal cyst was the most common non-neoplastic lesion seen (49.1%). Serous cystadenoma (41.9%) was frequent benign lesion seen while Serous adenocarcinoma (4.7%) was the most common malignant lesion. 82.5% of the lesions were benign, 12.3% were malignant and 5.3% were borderline in nature.
Conclusion: Luteal cyst was common in non-neoplastic lesions. Serous cystadenoma was commonest benign tumour, whereas serous cystadenocarcinoma was frequent in malignant ones.

Background:Ovaries are one of the commonest sites of neoplastic lesions. Ovary is complex in its embryology, histology, steroidogenesis and potential for malignancy and presents wide variation in the clinical and morphological features The clinical stage of the neoplasm per se is inadequate to evaluate the optimum mode of therapy and to compare the therapeutic results. Histological classification of ovarian tumors forms an integral part of this evaluation Determination of various histopathologic patterns of ovarian tumors is very important in diagnosis as well as prognosis of ovarian tumors.Aims and Objectives: To classify and to study the histomorphology of various types of benign, borderline and malignant ovarian tumors and their relation to age and distribution of ovarian neoplasm.
Materials and Methods: During the period of three years from June 2019 to May 2022, 150 ovarian tumors were studied in the department of Pathology ACSR Govt Medical College, Nellore, AP, India.
Results: The overall incidence of ovarian tumors was 14.83% of total hysterectomy and oophorectomy specimens. The surface epithelial tumor formed the commonest tumor type accounting for 92 (66.67%) of ovarian tumors followed by germ cell tumors with 39 (28.26%) cases. The most frequent presentation of ovarian tumors was in the age group of 21-30 year in both benign and malignant tumours. Majority, 122 (88.4%) were benign and 16 (11.59%) were malignant. 94.93%of the tumors were unilateral, of which majority (85.51%) were benign. Majority of benign tumors 84.06%cases had cystic consistency,majority of malignant tumors 7.97%had mixed consistency.Other rare tumours Transitional cell carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, immatureteratoma Haemangioma and lymphangioma were encountered.
Conclusion: A proper histological diagnosis and categorization of ovarian neoplasms in conjunction with clinical findings and recent diagnostic modalities assist in making accurate diagnosis which helps in the proper management.

Aim: To evaluate the sonographic morphology of pelvic masses and to correlate with the
histopathological diagnosis of the patients who underwent surgical intervention.
Material and Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted in the
Department of Radiology Maharishi Markandeswar Medical College and Hospital
Kumarhatti, Solan,Himachal Pradesh for the period of 1 year. Total 100 female patients with
Gynecological masses using high resolution ultrasonography and findings correlated with
histopathology or serial sonographic examination.
Results: Majority of the patients were in the age group of 40-50 years with mean age of 36.3
years. The minimum number was in the age group of below 20 years. The most common
chief complaint of female patients enrolled in our study was pelvic pain 36 (36%) followed
by pain and palpable mass 16(16%).Menstrualirregularity, menorrhagia, post-menopausal
bleeding, infertility, and amenorrhea were the other less common complaints in the female
patients of our study. Out of 100 patients evaluated by ultrasonography 25 (25%) were having
ovarian pathologies and 45(45%) were having uterine pathologies. Eleven patients presented
with localized collection in the fallopian tube pathologies. Few cases there were involvement
8(8%) of vagina. Fibroids were the most common uterine masses.
Conclusion: The USG is most commonly preferred imaging tool to evaluate gynecological
masses. It’s important to differentiate gynecological and non-gynecological masses on
sonography for accurate management of the patient.

Background: Ovarian cancer is the most frequent cause of death from gynaecological cancers and the fourth most frequent cause of death from cancer in women in Europe, United States and India. The present study was conducted to assess distribution of neoplastic and non- neoplastic ovarian lesions.
Materials & Methods: 74 patients age ranged 18- 48 years was recorded. The histological characterization of ovarian tumour was done according to the International Classification of Diseases, (WHO Classification, 1995).
Results: Age ranged 18- 28 years had 24, 28-38 years had 40 and 38-48 years had 10. Common non- neoplastic lesions were simple serous cyst in 13, luteal cyst in 20, salpingo-oophoritis in 3, hemorrhagic cyst in 8 and endometriosis in 6 patients. Common neoplastic lesions were germ cell tumor seen in 12, epithelial tumors in 6, sex cord stromal tumour in 4 and metastatic tumors in 2 patients. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Most common non- neoplastic lesions was simple serous cyst, luteal cyst and hemorrhagic cyst and neoplastic lesions was germ cell tumor.

The organophosphorus pesticide, monocrotophos induced toxicity in fish’s adobe has been studied to access the biochemical and hormonal disruption caused in the liver and ovary of the fish. Monocrotophos pose serious risk to biochemical parameters, enzyme activities and level of hormones in the fishes. A direct relationship between concentrations of monocrotophos, elevated cholesterol levels and depressed estradiol concentrations have been traced in the study. The elevated levels of cholesterol in the ovary apparently reflect the reduced rate of its utilization for steroid synthesis by the ovary as significant effect of pesticide. The decreased estradiol level causes decreased production of vitellogenin as well as hampers the development of oocytes in ovary of Cyprinus carpio communis which was also evident in the experiments