European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: Medical education is the most stressful compared to any other courses. Every student who enters medical school must come across a lot of hardships. Aims and objectives: The present study was undertaken to assess the mental well-being of the students so that can offer counselling to them with management strategies. Materials and methods: A total of 90 second-year MBBS students were part of the study after obtaining written informed consent. Depression, anxiety, and stress were assessed using a standard questionnaire called DASS. This is a self-administered questionnaire and is freely available online. Spatial and verbal memory test was used to assess the participants’ cognitive functions. These are standard tests available in the literature.

Suicidal behaviour in medical students might be brought on by mental pressures and the adoption of inadequate coping mechanisms.
Objective: The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and effects of coping strategy elements on suicidal behaviour among medical students.
 Methodology:Medical College students participated in a three-month institution-based cross-sectional survey from October to December 2022. Using the stratified random sampling procedure, a total of 350 study participants were chosen and then distributed proportionally to each academic year. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised, and sociodemographic information were then included in a self-administered questionnaire that the participants were required to complete (SBQ-R). The risk factors and their correlation with suicidal conduct were identified using the chi-square test and the student t test.
Results: A total of 62 (17.7%) respondents reported having suicidal behaviour and an SBQ-R cutoff score greater than 7. The age range of the participants was 18 to 35 years, with a mean age of 22.28±  1.87 years . Depression, academic performance dissatisfaction, smoking and alcohol use were the found risk variables substantially linked to greater suicide conduct. (P<0.05) In the study population, psychological resilience (68.6%), religion, and humour (60.3%) were the coping mechanisms that were employed more frequently than supportive techniques (54%). Coping with mental disengagement and coping with supportive techniques were examined as a protective factor for suicide behaviour. Mental disengagement (denial, drug use, venting, behavioural disengagement, and self-blame) was a seldom employed coping strategy (21.7%) among medical students. ( (P<0.05)
 Conclusion: The prevalence of suicidal conduct among medical students is worrying, and research has shown that risk factors include depression, alcohol and tobacco use, as well as inadequate coping mechanisms. The data suggests that the initial steps in preventing suicidal conduct should be quantification of the problems, early treatment, and proactive student counselling to assist them adopt the proper coping mechanisms.

Background and objectives:Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADR) is vital for pharmacovigilance. It is important to gain knowledge regarding adverse drug reaction in the undergraduate level. The present study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of ADR reporting among medical students both undergraduate and Post Graduates. Materials & Methods:This was a cross sectional questionnaire-based study conducted among medical students in a teaching hospital, of south India. There was a total of 24 questions of which 10, 8 and 6 were related to Knowledge, Attitude and Practice respectively. Data was analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) version 28 for descriptive and analytical statistics.

The number of medical graduates opting for psychiatry as a career has been observed to be evidently less compared to those choosing other specialties. This study was undertaken to find out the attitudes of newly entrant medical students towards psychiatry and compared with the attitude of students in their internship. A total of 220 students were given the ATP 30 questionnaire. 112 1st year students and 91 interns completed the questionnaire. The scores obtained from both the groups indicated a more positive attitude towards psychiatry among the interns but the number of 1st years willing to become psychiatrists was larger. A conscious effort in trying to make psychiatry an active and interesting component of medical education via curriculum and training and destigmatising the medical society at large shall reduce stigma associated with it. It will help create immense interest in psychiatry among the undergraduate medical students and pave the way for more psychiatrists in the country

It has been over two decades since the World Health Organisation has removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders. However, evidence has shown that discrimination and negative encounters with healthcare workers affect frequency and type of healthcare sought by LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) members. Attitudes of medical professionals towards LGBT community can influence their willingness to provide these persons with medical help. Studies have shown that Indian medical students have a negative attitude toward LGBT people as they have little knowledge about these people.
Aim: To assess the knowledge and attitude of medical students and residents towards LGBT individuals.
Materials and Methods: Convenient and non-probable sample of 680 medical students and residents was taken in 4 months via Google Forms, who anonymously completed the survey. The “Survey on California State University, Northridge (CSUN) attitude towards LGBT” was the survey tool. Data was analysed using SPSS for descriptive and analytic calculations.
Results: Study was conducted among 680 medical students and residents. The majority percentage of students and residents disagree with the traditional gender roles without any significant gender differences. It was also found that as compared to females, more percentage of males are uncomfortable in interacting with LGBT people. The results show that the participants have better knowledge about LGBT people; however, the change from “neutral” and “agreement” to “disagreement” is not much significant. The students have a positive attitude toward the LGBT people.
Conclusion: This study concludes that there is adequate knowledge and positive attitude among medical students and residents towards LGBT individuals.

Context/Background: COVID-19 is an emerging and rapidly evolving situation. Though several vaccines have been developed and brought into general use, vaccine hesitancy still exists among the public. Assessing the awareness toward COVID vaccine among medical students is important since their perception and practice will have a significant impact on their family members, friends and relatives.
Aims/Objectives: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices toward COVID vaccine among medical students.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out among the undergraduate medical students of a medical college in Belagavi between May - June 2021. A total of 802 students participated in the study. A framed questionnaire assessing their knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID vaccine was distributed to each participant.
Results: Most of the study participants were female (51%), and most of them were in the first year of their course at the time of the study (23.6%). Majority of them received COVID-19 related information from healthcare workers (72.7%). 92.8% and 92.6% of the participants responded that the vaccines control COVID-19 and it was by developing antibodies, respectively. 70.5% said that the vaccines should not be given to immunocompromised individuals. 82.2% of the participants have taken 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccination. Almost all participants (98.8%) felt that even after vaccination other measures like social distancing, wearing mask and avoiding social gathering are to be followed.
Conclusions: The findings in the present study show good knowledge, positive attitude and practice towards COVID-19. It is necessary to keep on with further education and training strategies to get a better understanding and positive attitude toward the pandemic for all medical students.

Background: Hepatitis B viral disease is highly infectious and once infected, the individual remains lifelong infected. There is no complete cure at present, so prevention is the mainstay of treatment. Being transmitted through the parenteral route, health care workers, medical students, pregnant mothers, and newborn babies are particularly at risk of the diseases.
Objective: To determine knowledge, attitude and practice of HCWs and medical students towards Hepatitis B infection and vaccination.
Methods: In the cross-sectional quantitative descriptive survey 202 HCWs and medical students participated. A self-administered, 22 items questionnaire comprising four sections. 5 Questions regarding demographic data, 7 questions assessing knowledge, 7 questions assessing an attitude, 3 questions assessing practices towards Hepatitis B. Respondents answered in limited as well as multiple choice formats.
Results: A total of 202 responded to the questionnaire; 74.75% were in the 15-25 age range with the highest female respondents (52.48%). While assessing their knowledge about Hepatitis 53.96% were fully vaccinated, 32.18 % were partially vaccinated and 13.86% were non-vaccinated. 94.04% of participants correctly identified the HBV infection (P = 0.008). The overall KAP scores of HCWs and medical students were found to be 87.20%, 90.20%, and 82.50%, respectively. It was observed lacking in practice toward HBV.
Conclusion: The study points satisfactory knowledge, attitude score but lack in practice towards HBV. Many participants are not fully vaccinated and so strong awareness is required on the significance of vaccination as a successful strategy for reducing Hepatitis infection

Background: Premenstrual Disorders (PMDs) are characterized by physical, emotional, and behavioural symptoms that start after ovulation and subsequently increase during the luteal phase, with a peak of symptoms occurring during the last five premenstrual days, and resolving in 3-4 days following the onset of menstrual bleeding. The symptoms of PMD might lead to impairment in school functions and social interactions. Under reporting of symptoms by women and difficulty in differentiating PMD from normal premenstrual symptoms by clinicians is common. Medical and paramedical students have to face issues like difficulty of course, staying away from home and family, thus lack of social support, which makes them highly vulnerable for stress related mental health issues. The literature suggests inadequate reporting of symptoms of PMDs even in this population which might explain the low prevalence rates of PMDs in this population. Thus it is important to find true prevalence rates of PMDs in this population.To assess prevalence of Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) and pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) among medical & paramedical students. To assess pattern and functional impairment PMS and PMDD among medical & paramedical students.
Materials and Methods: Cross sectional study carried out in a tertiary care center. A total of 532 students participated in study. Premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST) was applied on the participants to assess prevalence, pattern and functional impairment.
Results: The prevalence of PMDs was 50% out of which moderate to severe PMS was 38% and that of PMDD was 12%. More than 90% of students reported at least 1 premenstrual symptom in the last 2 cycles. The most common symptom was fatigue (93%) followed by anger/irritability (92%). The maximum impairment was in domain of college studies or work (79%) followed by impairment in social life (77%).
Conclusion: The high rate of prevalence highlights the need of adequate reporting and diagnosing PMDs so that a proper & timely treatment can be provided to reduce the distress and functional impairments

Objective: To determine the prevalence of nicotine usage among medical and paramedical students at Alrayan medical colleges at Al Madinah Munawara and assess the association between nicotine usage and socio-economic factors, smoking contacts, reasons for smoking, and attempts to quit. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional survey in which an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was used to survey the nicotine usage habits of medical and paramedical students at Alrayan medical collages medical college at Al Madinah Munawara January 2022. Results: Upon our study with a total of 313 participants, 7%(23) refused to be participating in the survey by saying (no) while 93%(290) agreed to be participating. The participant's gender was 34% female and 66%, male. Almost half of the participants had an experiment with cigarette smoking. The mean age of starting cigarette smoking is 16 years old or older (49% of smoking students). Smokeless tobacco product usage is prevalent among students as 20% are using them. Health warnings on cigarette packages are very useful as they led 60% of the students to think about quitting smoking or not starting smoking. The main group which provides help or advice for smokers to quit smoking is friends while the least is the professionals such as doctors. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent among medical and paramedical students at Alrayan medical College. Electronic cigarettes or also known as vape-pens, hookah-pens, and electronic hookahs (e-hookahs) are incredibly known among students as 66% of them know them. Close contact advice and health considerations are important reasons for not smoking, quitting, or attempting to quit. These findings can be of help in designing future intervention strategies

This study was interventional education research aiming to assess the effectiveness of the project method of teaching when compared to traditional teaching methods in Medical Microbiology to undergraduate medical students.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A total of 162 students volunteered to get enrolled in this study. The students were broadly divided into Group A and Group B. Each of the groups was further divided into 20 small groups. Group A students worked on one topic and Group B students worked on another topic. Each project had 30 – 35 slides in Microsoft PowerPoint format. The topics assigned for project work were taught again by didactic lecture after the completion and submission of projects. Assessment for the topic was conducted by MCQs and feedback from students was collected regarding their experience during the project.
RESULTS:
Out of 208 students, a total of 162 (77.88%) students volunteered to get enrolled. A total of 40 projects were submitted, out of which 16 groups scored between 61 to 80 points, 19 groups scored between 41 to 60 points and 5 groups scored between 21 to 40 points. The topics for project work were taught again by didactic lecture and the average marks obtained by students who participated in the project were higher than students who did not participate in the project. The feedback displayed that 92% of students who participated in the project enjoyed being part of it and that it helped them in gaining knowledge.
 
 
DISCUSSION:
There was a significant difference in marks of students who participated in the project and also attended lectures when compared to students who did not participate in the project or class. The students who agreed that they enjoyed being part of the project did not find any difficulty in finding material on the internet and were willing to participate in similar projects in the future. To conclude, project-based teaching and learning methods will aid in increasing interest and knowledge in the subject of Microbiology in medical students.

Study of examination related anxiety levels in first year medical students during university examination

Background:This study was an interventional education research aiming to assess the effectiveness of project method of teaching when compared to traditional teaching methods in Medical Microbiology to undergraduate medical students.
Materials and Methods: A total of 162 students volunteered to get enrolled in this study.The students were broadly divided into Group A and Group B. Each of the groups was further divided into 20 small groups. Group A students worked on onetopic and Group B students worked on another topic. Each project had 30 – 35 slides in Microsoft PowerPoint format.The topics assigned for project work were taught again by didactic lecture after completion and submission of projects. Assessment for the topic was conducted by MCQs and feedback from students was collected regarding their experience during the project.
Results: Out of 208 students, total of 162 (77.88%) students volunteered to get enrolled.A total of 40 projects were submitted, out of which 16 groups scored between 61 to 80 points, 19 groups scored between 41 to 60 points and 5 groups scored between 21 to 40 points.The topics for project work were taught again by didactic lecture and average marks obtained by students who participated in project were higher than students who did not participate in project.The feedback displayed that 92% of students who participated in project enjoyed being part of it and that it helped them in gaining knowledge.
Conclusion: There was significant difference in marks of students who participated in project and also attended lecture when compared to students who did not participate in project or class. The students who agreed that they enjoyed being part of project did not find any difficulty in finding material on internet, and were willing to participate in similar projects in future. To conclude, project-based teaching and learning methods will aid in increasing interest and knowledge in the subject of Microbiology in medical students.

Context: Social media use is a two-edged sword with its pros and cons. Its excessive use contributes to misuse and addiction and affects physical and mental health. According to a report by the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), 66% of the 180 million internet users in urban India regularly access social media platforms. A study on Facebook use among medical students found a positive correlation between its excess use and adverse health effects. With increasing internet and social media use, more research requires on their uses and impact on health. The data regarding its use and the effect on students' health at our medical college has not yet been documented.
Aims: To evaluate the effect of social media use on the health of medical and paramedical undergraduate students.
Settings and Design: At Government Medical, Nursing and Physiotherapy College. The questionnaire-based cross-sectional study
Methods and Material: The questionnaire-based cross-sectional study conducted among students of MBBS, B.Sc. Nursing and physiotherapy at a government medical college for over one month. Questionnaires were distributed among the students and were filled by the students anonymously. Descriptive statistical analysis was done by using Microsoft Excel.
Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistical analysis is done by using Microsoft Excel.
Results: A total of 375 responses were obtained. Among them, 77.7% use WhatsApp, followed by 54.7% use Instagram. Social media is mostly used for entertainment (65.8%) and contact with family and friends (62.8%).1-3 hours spent daily on social media by 53.9% of students, more in the evening (56.5%) and at night (56.5%). Physical symptoms like burning eyes (43.6%), headache (34.8%), neck pain (17.9%) and back pain (10.9%) are common within 1 month of use. Reduced concentration in a study (63.2%) and disturbed sleep (35.4%) are reported. (39.6%) students postpone their meals.
Conclusions: Unwisely, use of social media is linked with a negative effect on physical health and health-related behaviours.

Aim: To determine the Knowledge, attitudes and practices of medical students
concerning hepatitis B and hepatitis C
Methods: A questionnaire-based research was carried out among medical students. The
questions focused on knowledge and attitudes of Hepatitis B and C infections. The
research included 100 MBBS students in total. To measure Knowledge, Attitude, and
Practices Regarding Hepatitis B and C, a pretested proforma incorporating a
questionnaire was employed.
Results: This questionare research included 100 MBBS students in total. Respondents
were knowledgeable with hepatitis B risk factors, including contaminated blood
transfusions (98 percent), needle sharing (97 percent), infected mother-to-child
transmission (88 percent), unsafe sexual intercourse (94 percent), and tattooing/piercing
(85 percent). Hepatitis B may be transferred by a needle stick injury, according to 87
percent of pupils. None of the pupils had ever been harmed by a needle poke. Only 35
pupils (35%) were aware of universal safety requirements. Respondents were aware of
Hepatitis C risk factors, such as contaminated blood transfusions. 88 percent were
aware of needle sharing, 81 percent were aware of sick mother to child transmission, 63
percent were aware of risky sexual contact, and 64 percent were aware of
tattooing/piercing.
Conclusion: The medical students' knowledge and attitude toward Hepatitis B and C
are adequate. To limit the spread of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C, medical students must
be sensitised to the many features of the illness and vaccinated via an active health
education campaign.

Aim:
The aim of this study is to investigate the Oral cancer knowledge, attitudes and practices of undergraduate medical and dental student at university of hail, Saudi Arabia.
Objectives:
To assess knowledge, attitudes and practices of oral cancer among medical and dental students.
Materials and Methods
Study Design Cross-sectional study. Study population clinical year’sundergraduate medical and dental student at hail university in Saudi Arabia. Sample collection Pre-validated Online questionnaire. Sample collection and processing pre-validated and translated self-administered electronic questionnaire. The sample size was calculated by using the Raosoft sample size calculator. We will be collecting a sample size of 241, with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%.Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis will be processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). 
Ethical Consent
Ethical approval obtained from the ethical committee of university of hail.
 
Rationale:
In Saudi Arabia only a few studies have been conducted to assess medical or dental undergraduate OC knowledge. And no known studies to date were done to compare between medical and dental undergraduate OC knowledge in Saudi Arabia.
Results:
A total of 241 students from hail university completed the study questionnaire. A total of 186 students (77.2%) were from college of medicine and 55 (22.8%) were from college of dentistry. A total of 141 (58.5%) students were males. As for their academic year, 120 students (49.8%) were at 4th grade, 53 (22%) were at 5th grade, 42 (17.4%) were at 6th grade while 26 (10.8%) were interns. This study showed that most of hail university undergraduates are aware and had accepted knowledge towered oral cancer

Introduction: Internet was developed to make communication easier, quicker, and to facilitate
safe exchange of information. With ever increasing presence of internet in our work and leisure
related activities the boundaries between functional and dysfunctional internet usage have
become blurred. This study was conducted among medical students in a medical college in North
India with the objective to assess internet behavior pattern, to estimate the prevalence of internet
addiction and whether internet addiction impacts their academic performance. Methods:This
was a cross-sectional study conducted among medical students from a medical college in North
India. Internet Addiction was assessed using Internet Addiction Diagnostic Questionnaire,
developed by K. Young in 1997. This contains 20 questions that examine the symptoms of
internet addiction based upon a five-point Likert scale. Academic performance was assessed on
the basis of Internal & University marks obtained in last one year. Results: The study shows that
internet addiction is very common among medical students with 44.2% of medical students
having some level of addiction. Mild addiction was observed in 21.9% students with 13.1% &
9.2% of them having moderate and severe internet addiction respectively. Being Male, using
internet mostly for entertainment, starting to use internet at younger age, longer hours of internet
usage & more frequent use of it everyday were found to significantly impact levels of internet
addiction. It also had a significantly detrimental impact on academic performance.Conclusion: A
substantial number of students had internet addiction with negative impact on academic
performance. Immediate measures such as early diagnosis and management need to be taken to
safeguard their educational progress and long-term career goals

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Alcohol is the number one toxic substance consumed by people of all age groups, which makes its use a public health problem. The overall trend shows that university students are those who suffer the most pressure. Aims-The aim was to find out perception of alcohol intake regarding global positive transformation among medical students. Objective - assess the perception of alcohol intake regarding global positive transformation among medical students. To explore the alcohol related habits among medical students. Materials and Method-A work site cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted amongst 300 medical students at selected medical colleges of Pune City.Data was collected by screening questionnaire related to alcoholIntake. Result:In this study demographical data showed that majority of the student 152(50.6) from the age group of 18-21 years. Majority of students 208(69.33) are male.Related to the screening questionnaire of alcohol Intake among medical Students data showed majority of the students 185(61.66%) students’ parents does not drink alcohol, 185(61.66%) students doesn’t drink alcohol, 253(84.33%) students friend’s drink alcohol, 185(61.66%) of students not applicable for 1st Drink, for the circumstances of drunk alcohol or May drunk alcohol 115(38.33%) of students said for Enjoy Partying, For the spending on alcohol per month in that 185(61.66%) Not applicable, 185(61.66%) are not applicable for control their interest on drinking alcohol and 185(61.66%) says never drink alcohol.In that majority 52.86% medical students are showing Alcohol is a powerful agent that makes global positive transformation. Mean responses are 158.6 for true and 141.4% are for false responses. Which interpret that alcohol drinking make you positive at global transformation.
Conclusion: The present study conclude that medical students are showing Alcohol is a powerful agent that makes global positive transformation.

Objective: This study was initiated with an aim to recognize the various perspectives, attitudes and beliefs of the undergraduate medical students of Hayat Medical college to human cadaver dissection. Their physical and emotional responses for coping with cadavers were also recognized. Students were also asked for their opinion regarding utilization of alternative digital methods for understanding human body. A structured questionnaire was administered to 220 students (PC1, PC2, C1 and C2) all at the same time in August 2016. The mean age for males was considered as 23.9±0.9 and for females as 22.7±0.7 years respectively. Results: Out of 22(11.5%) students who did not perform dissection their reason was found to be low motivation in 3.6%, fear in 2.1% and the irritating odor of the preserving chemical in 1.6%. 39.1 percent of the subjects felt considerable anxiety and stress in the dissection room during their initial exposure. Many students did not report any abnormal reaction after being exposed to cadavers for the first time, however; eye irritation was a common symptom experienced. 133 students (69.3%) strongly supported cadaver dissection and refuted its role in hampering their ethnicity and culture. 71.9% students deny any benefits of other digital instructional materials like videos and models over cadavers. Conclusion: This study found that eye irritation, nausea and, fear and stress are some of the symptoms reported by MBBS students when they are first exposed to a cadaver in the dissecting room. It is, therefore, very important that anatomy instructors bring up new ideas/strategies to reduce such problems in the dissecting room. Pointing out such problems faced by students should also urge medical professors and tutors to indulge into new innovational strategies for teaching anatomy. (1)