European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: Father and mother as they are regarded as the primary care providers. Father has important role in
child health such as companion, care provider, protector moral guide, teacher, bread earner. Ultimately, the
family will be responsible for shaping a child and developing their values, skills, socialization, and security.
However, there is emerging evidence on the positive outcomes for child nutrition and development of expanding
father’s involvement beyond their traditional roles. Thus, this study explored the knowledge, attitude, and
practices of father’s and mother’s involvement in child care.
Methods: A cross-sectional, community based study was carried out among 400 under five children in field
practice area of rural health training center of Dept. of Community Medicine of Govt. Medical College,
Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India during the period of Jan. 2017 to Dec. 2018. Data was entered in MS Excel
2007 worksheet and analyzed using open Epi version 3.01.
Results: Majority 133(66.50%) of father in urban area think that the father role is important in child health care.
47(23.50%) of father of under five children residing in rural area think that the child health care is the
responsibility of mother only. However 40(20%) of father in rural area think that the father role is also important
in child health care. Father primarily see themselves as providers, not caretakers, a perception widely held by the
larger community as well.
Conclusion: Quite significant proportion of fathers had knowledge about child health and practices of taking
care of child was found but proportionately higher percentage of knowledge and practices were found in
females.

Personal hygiene among children is considered as the best tool to improve community strategies and intervention practices to tackle the many communicable and infectious diseases. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out. The participants were school children who are 10-14-year olds. A questionnaire was used to collect information about demographic characteristics, and then the children were interviewed and inspected regarding their general hygiene, including the state of their uniform or clothes, bathing, oral care, hand washing before and after eating, hand washing after use of toilet, covering one’s mouth when sneezing and coughing, appropriate disposal of solid tissue and unkempt hair or nails. The prevalence of cleanliness and neatness among school children was 76.7%. Furthermore, these improved with age. Poor oral hygiene (47.6%) and not washing hands after eating (47.1%) followed by unkempt hair (44.0%) were the main types of poor personal hygiene. Health promotion programmes and health education lectures should be implemented for children and their families. School nurses, school staff and parents also have an important role in teaching the children how to practice good personal hygiene.

Over protective attitude of parents towards children since their childhood will have a negative influence on children's social development. Children will become introverted or possess an excessive ego or grow to be arrogant towards their peers, these negative impact were caused by an unintentional over-protective approach of the parents. Being too strict in enforcing the rules might have a bad effect on a child's psychology and vice versa, excessive attitudes in expressing affection to a child can also have the same negative implications. It is, indeed, human nature when parents try to avoid actions that upset their children. They think that they have the ability to make their children happy by meeting all their needs. Though it is over protective which can damage the child's own personality. Therefore, parents must have the knowledge to educate their children so that they are truly educated into adult children, both physically and mentally or spiritually. So that later children can adapt to the environment properly. Children can be said to have good social development if they meet the following development criteria. In the social aspect, indicators of changes that occur in the childhood phase include: Children are increasingly independent and begin to move away from parents and family, They put more emphasis on the need to make friends and form groups with peers, they have a great need to be liked and accepted by peers, (4) they begin to have a sense of responsibility

Currently the case of children pornography addiction has entered a high percentage. According to Indonesian Children Protection Commission, about 65.34 percent of children aged 9 to 19 years in Indonesia access Pornography Via Gadget. The percentage makes Indonesia change its status to a sexual violence emergency. The purpose of this research is to analyze the communication model conducted by parents towards children addicted to pornography. In this research, the researcher uses qualitative approach. Data collection is conducted with in-depth interviews and participant observations. The number of informants in this research consist of three people. The data analysis in this research use the interaction model proposed by Miles and Huberman through the stages after the data was obtained and then in reduced, displayed, and verified. Meanwhile, checking the validity of data is done by triangulation of sources and method. The result of this research is the model used in this research is Permissive Communication Pattern and Militaristic Communication Pattern. Besides by communicating with children, a religious approach is also taken by parents in order to children do not more fall down and addicted to access pornography through internet media.

As early as infancy, children immerse themselves in playful activities with the purpose of making sense of the world around them. However, their effort to achieve this is most frequently halted by parents, care givers and teachers who work around with them. There have been questions surrounding the importance of play for children in Tanzania. The major question has been what children learn when they play. Lack of knowledge on the importance of play for children has led parents, care givers and pre-school teachers deny children their rights to play, instead they have placed more emphasis on reading and arithmetic. This paper is based on literature review, and presents the developmental stages of childhood and discusses the importance of play for cognitive, social, emotional and physical development of children. The paper suggests that parents, community and preschools, and society as a whole should create conducive and safe environment for children to play, so as to help children to develop their capabilities to their full potentials.