European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

One of the most difficult and dangerous pregnancy problems is acute kidney injury (AKI). We discuss our observations regarding the clinical characteristics and results of 60 patients who had AKI due to pregnancy who were seen throughout the research period. Examining the prevalence, characteristics, and effects of acute kidney injury (AKI) during pregnancy in the Indian population was the aim of this study. Materials and Method: in the study the patients were women who were pregnant with AKI.Patients were examined using demographic data, a detailed history, a clinical examination, and laboratory tests. The main result was a change in maternal renal function, including progression to chronic kidney disease and restoration to normal renal function (CKD). The delivery method, pregnancy-related issues and maternal mortality were all regarded as secondary outcomes. Results: The present study included 60 patients in total, with an average age of 26 years. 41.2% of the individuals were primigravida, and 49.9% had severe anaemia. AKI was primarily brought on by pre-eclampsia and postpartum haemorrhage. During the three-month follow-up period, it was noted that the renal outcome had significantly improved, with 30 patients achieving full renal recovery and remaining patients developing CKD with mild to no recovery. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels were increased in all individuals but later recovered to normal. Conclusion: According to our study, women with AKI due to pregnancy frequently experience multi-organ problems and need mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapy. As a result, managing AKI caused by pregnancy offers a challenge that necessitates an accurate assessment of the contributing factors to enable effective therapy

Background: Acute renal failure (ARF) is a generic term for an abrupt and sustained decrease in renal function resulting in retention of nitrogenous (urea and creatinine) and non-nitrogenous waste products. To determine the cause, prognosis and outcome in patients of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) admitted in a tertiary care hospital.
Materials and Methods: A Hospital based Prospective study was conducted in Department of Medicine, NRI Medical College for a 1 year period (From Septembet 2021 to Aug 2022). Universal Sampling Technique was used for selection of study subjects. All the patients coming to medicine department during the study period and fulfilling the xiii inclusion criteria were taken for study after taking prior informed consent. Final sample size was 138 subjects of Acute Kidney Injury of varied etiology.
Results: Mean of study subjects was 48.9 years (range from 19-87 years) with M:F ratio of 4.75:1. Most common etiology for AKI was Sepsis (14.5%) and Malaria infection (14.5%) followed by Dengue, AGI and Leptospirosis (11.6% each). Multi organ dysfunction (14.5%) was observed in patients of Sepsis and Lepto. Out of total patients, 92 (66.7% %) had stage II AKI, while 46 (33.3 %) had stage III AKI according to AKIN staging.A total of 11.6% patients were on dialysis. Two out of 46 patients of AKI stage III (8.7%) and one patient out of 92 (2.2%) belonging to AKI stage II died during the study.
Conclusion: AKI was observed at a relatively younger age in present study with male preponderance. Most common etiologies were Sepsis and Malaria. Most of the patient of Sepsis, MODS and Leptospirosis were having stage III AKI. Overall mortality observed was 4.34%.

Background
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is not a newly discovered syndrome. The adverse outcomes of
the renal impairment in patients with Heart failure were known since long. Our aim in this
study was to evaluate the occurrence of AKI, to determine the outcome (morbidity and
mortality) in patients suffering with AKI.
Methods
The present observational prospective study was conducted for a duration of 1 yearamong
100 patients (age 18 years or more) admitted to hospital with acute decompensated heart
failure.A written informed consent taken from each patient and were then screened for
cardiac dysfunction by a detailed history, clinical examination and
echocardiography.Univariate logistic regression was used to find out association of various
outcomes with AKI. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The mean age of the study population was 58.98 ± 17.16 years. The mean Boston criteria for
the population was 9.87 ± 1.36. Baseline S. creatinine, eGFR and even B. Urea were strongly
associated with the occurrence of AKI. Presence of diastolic dysfunction was associated with
AKI. Mortality and readmission were significantly higher in AKI group as compared to non-
AKI group.The predictive value of AKI was maximum with the baseline S. creatinine.
Conclusion
Cardio-renal syndrome is a commonly seen in patients admitted in hospital. AKI can lead to
poor cardiac output or pre-renal failure as a result of overuse of diuretics. The mechanism
involved is complex. AKI in patients admitted with ADHF has poor prognosis with increased
mortality and longer duration of hospital stay.

Background: The etiology of AKI in children varies in developed and developing countries. in the former, AKI follows major surgeries, complications associated with malignancies, and the use of nephrotoxic drugs. Objectives: to identify the risk factors of AKI and to see the outcome of children affected with AKI.
Material & Methods: This Prospective, observational study was conducted among 250 children aged between 1 month-12 years, admitted in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in Government General Hospital; Siddhartha Medical College; Vijayawada Results: The minimum age at enrollment was one month to 12 years of age. The comparison between the two groups based on gender was not significant (P=0.1873). None of the patients in the non-AKI group required dialysis, but in the AKI group, of the 44cases, nine case needed dialysis. The number of dialysis is highly significant, with P

Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a protean syndrome of varied severity. It is characterized by a rapid (hours to weeks) decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and retention of nitrogenous waste products such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine.1,2 The RIFLE criteria, proposed by the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) group, aid in the staging of patients with AKI.
Materials and methods: A prospective study was conducted at the Shaheed Nirmal Mahato Medical College (SNMMCH), Dhanbad from January 2021 to December 2021 (1 year). Type  2 diabetic  patients  30  years  or  above,  irrespective  of gender, diagnosed to have acute kidney injury using KDIGO criteria, admitted to ICU or wards under the Shaheed Nirmal Mahato Medical College (SNMMCH), Dhanbad were included. Patients with preexisting renal disease and those who received renal transplantation. Type 2 diabetic patients  admitted  in  the  ICU  and wards under Shaheed Nirmal Mahato Medical College (SNMMCH), Dhanbad were evaluated  in  detail  after  taking  prior  consent. Evaluation includes detailed history taking and physical examination. Acute kidney injury will  be  assessed  on  the basis  of  their  serum  creatinine  and/or  urine output fulfilling the KDIGO criteria.
 
Results: The study  was  conducted  in  a  total  of  75  diabetic  patients who developed acute kidney injury. There were 47 males and 28 females. The aetiology and outcome of acute kidney injury in the above patients were found out. Blood urea, serum creatinine, serum electrolytes, fasting and post-prandial blood sugar, WBC count, platelet count and haemoglobin were included as the baseline parameters.
Conclusion: Infection  was  the  most  common  cause  of  AKI  in  Type  2diabetes patients  in  our  study. Among  drug  induced  renal  failure  patients, NSAIDS  were noted  to  be  most  common  cause. Age >60 and male gender were prevalent in the majority of AKI patients. About 52.66% of the total patients recovered to normal renal function, 13.3% recovered partially, with 14% of the total patients progressed for maintenance hemodialysis. Crude mortality rate among patients with AKI in the study group was 20%.

Introduction: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) following surgery for congenital heart disease
with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB-AKI) is fairly common. Limited studies have compared
newer definitions of AKI in relation to early non-invasive urinary biomarkers for
prediction of post CPB AKI. We sought to evaluate a) incidence using pediatric RIFLE,
AKIN and KDIGO criteria, b) utility of urinary protein creatinine ratio (UPCR), modified
urine microscopy score and NGAL as predictive early AKI biomarkers and c) risk factors
for post CPB-AKI in children with CHD.
Material & Methods: Serial blood and urine samples were collected for all children (2 mo-
18 y) undergoing congenital heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass between Nov
2017 to Apr 2019 at pre surgery,6,24, 48 hrs and day 7, day 30. Incidence of AKI was
calculated as per standard definitions. Urine samples were analysed for UPCR
and NGAL in the supernatant and the sediments were microscopically analysed to derive a
modified urine microscopy score. Risk factors predisposing to AKI were analysed by
multivariate analysis. ROC analysis was done for urinary biomarkers taking KDIGO as
gold standard definition of AKI.
Results: Amongst 76 children with CHD, incidence of AKI was 51% with AKIN/KDIGO
criteria and 55% with pRIFLE criteria. Urinary NGAL rose within 6 hrs of CPB. A cut-off
>84 ng/ml had 95% specificity with only 45% sensitivity (AUC-ROC 0.71). At 24 hrs, urine
PCR was significantly high (AUC-ROC 0.7686) while urine microscopy score was similar
in cases who developed AKI. Ventilation >48 hrs, exposure to multiple antibiotics and
sepsis were significantly associated with AKI.
Conclusion: Combination of pRIFLE with AKIN/KDIGO increased detection of post CPB
AKI by 4%. In our cohort urinary NGAL at 6 hours and UPCR at 24 hours had a moderate
predictive value.

Background: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) is a member of the
matrix metalloproteinase family, inducer of G1 cell cycle arrest, it is a marker of
cellular stress in the early phase of tubular cell injury caused by a wide variety of
insults
Aim and objectives: The aim of this work was to study if urinary TIMP-2 can be used
as one of early biomarkers of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery.
Subjects and Methods: This was cross sectional study was conducted in collaboration
between the Internal Medicine, Cardiothorathic and Clinical pathology departments,
Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Hospitals. A total number of 50 patients
were included and classified into two main groups: Group I : included 25 patients
who undergone coronary artery bypass graft. Group II: included 25 patients who
undergone valve replacement surgery. The patients were reclassified after the
procedure into two groups: AKI group: defined on 24 h creatinine level elevation
either by 25% of the basal level or by 0.3 mg/dl above the basal level. No AKI group:
No rise of the serum creatinine level after 24 hours of the operation. The duration of
the study ranged from12- 18 months.

Acute kidney injury is a common complication of myocardial infarction (MI) and
scarce data were available on the effect of vitamin D3 on heart and kidney functions in MI. In
this study, we investigated the potential protective effect of vitamin D3 on cardiorenal
functions in isoproterenol-induced MI in rats and the possible mechanisms involved. It was
shown that in MI rats, there was a significant increase in serum levels of (creatine kinase
myoglobin binding, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, malondialdehyde, interlukin-6 and
tumor necrosis factor alpha) and urine levels of (total protein and albumin), with a significant
decrease in urine creatinine level, creatinine clearance and serum levels of [reduced
glutathione and 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D] in comparison with the control rats. On treatment
of rats with vitamin D3 prior to induction of MI, these changes were significantly improved in
comparison with the MI rats. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations of
heart and kidney in MI rats reflected the deterioration in their structures with presence of
marked apoptosis which were ameliorated on treatment of rats with vitamin D3 prior to
induction of MI. In conclusion, vitamin D3 has a protective effect on heart and kidney
functions in the rat model of myocardial infarction and this beneficial effect could be related
to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptoticactions

Acute kidney injury is a common complication of myocardial infarction (MI) and scarce data were available on the effect of vitamin D3 on heart and kidney functions in MI. In this study, we investigated the potential protective effect of vitamin D3 on cardiorenal functions in isoproterenol-induced MI in rats and the possible mechanisms involved. It was shown that in MI rats, there was a significant increase in serum levels of (creatine kinase myoglobin binding, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, malondialdehyde, interlukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) and urine levels of (total protein and albumin), with a significant decrease in urine creatinine level, creatinine clearance and serum levels of [reduced glutathione and 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D] in comparison with
the control rats. On treatment of rats with vitamin D3 prior to induction of MI, thesebchanges were significantly improved in comparison with the MI rats. Histopathologicalband immunohistochemical examinations of heart and kidney in MI rats reflected the deterioration in their structures with presence of marked apoptosis which were ameliorated on treatment of rats with vitamin D3 prior to induction of MI. In conclusion, vitamin D has a protective effect on heart and kidney functions in the rat model of myocardial infarction and this beneficial effect could be related to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptoticactions.