European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

The term "COVID 19" refers to the corona virus disease that first appeared in 2019 and was discovered in Wuhan, China, in December of that same year. This was a pandemic viral sickness that severely damaged the biosphere as well as the lives of all living things. It had an impact on people on all levels of devastation, including their bodily, mental, and psychological health as well as their social, economic, cultural, educational, and political lives. It also had a detrimental impact regardless of one's age, gender, socioeconomic status, etc. Every group in the human population had been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, including the elderly, the young, the young at heart, and children. In this regard, the mental, physical, and psychological health of students was impaired by the impact of COVID-19, and the education of students was also negatively impacted. This research study aims to investigate the effects of online instructions on undergraduate students. Data were gathered using a primary approach, such as a questionnaire, and secondary data were also gathered from a variety of study-related sources, including articles, journals, books, census data, etc.. In light of the fact that online classes harm students' health, result in  strengthen learners' departure from real biosphere, weaken learners' logical aptitude, and facilitate face-to-face interactive association, this study explains the detrimental effects of online education on undergraduate students

 Technology is a significant and unavoidable way for the modern world which enables the life of humans to become easier. Apart from this it enables us to explore knowledge as well as providing entertainment equally for both adults and children. Moreover, the consequence of this technology, today is that, once you have a broad wide influence, you can’t avoid the consequence. Some will be genuine, others not, but how you handle them is critical. The purpose of this study is to assess the student’s attitude of using selected devices of technology. A descriptive study was undertaken in different schools covering 200 students in Navi Mumbai. Data was collected by using a structured questionnaire consisting of a 5-point Likert Scale.
The study reveals that 26.5% of samples were agreeing while 24.2% were neutral and 20.5% were disagreeing however 14.7% had a strongly agreeing attitude and 13.9% had a strongly disagreeing attitude towards the effect of technology in their life.

Background: Deaths due to fall from height are the second leading cause of injury-related deaths. The fatalities of the injuries depend not only on the height of fall but also on the landing position and impact surface². Additionally, diversity of the injuries and the complexity of the patterns involved in these injuries, emphasizes the need for study in this area. A prospective autopsy study of deaths due to fall from heights was carried out in the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology attached to Government Kilpauk Medical College & Hospital, Chennai – 10, Tamil Nadu for the year 2021 from 01-01-2021 to 31-12-2021. Among the total 2825 cases autopsied during the study period, 84 cases (2.97 %) were deaths due to fall from height. Maximum deaths were seen in males (77.38%). Maximum number of fall from height cases were seen in the age group of31-40 Years (55.95%). Maximum case of fall from height was seen in construction workers (38.09%). Maximum cases of fall from height were seen in low socioeconomic status (73.80%). Maximum cases of death due to fall from height were married (73.80%).  Maximum cases of fall from height were seen with a distance below 20 feet which constitutes (40.47%). The impact surface was maximum with fall over a hard surface (46.42%). The cause of death in maximum cases was attributed to Cranio Spinal Injuries (44.04%). The most common manner of death was accidental in nature (80.95). We concluded that fall from heights carry a significant morbidity and mortality and to decrease the incidence of these deaths, it is important to employ certain vital strategies. These include creating awareness amongst workers, increasing parental supervision of toddlers during their play at heights and psychological counselling for students.

Background: Floating knee injuries are frequently part of polytrauma. The outcome of this injury
pattern when compared to only femur or tibia fracture is less satisfactory. The outcome is even worse
when there is presence of other associated injuries. We hypothesized that not all associated injuries
have similar bearing on the outcome thus tried to find out the impact of commonly associated injuries
on the final outcome of these complex fractures.
Methods: Study was conducted including the patients of floating knee injury operated between
September 2016 and January 2019. Total of 42 eligible patients were operated, 4 patients were
excluded to due to lack of adequate follow-up. Data relating to demography, Fraser subtype,
compounding, associated injuries and clinical outcome were collected. Statistical analysis was
performed to see the association of associated injury, Fraser subtype and presence of compounding
with clinical outcome.
Results: Mean age was 33.5 years (17-63 years) with a male preponderance. Mean follow up was 1.6
years. Twenty-seven patients (71.1%) had excellent/good outcome while outcome of 11 patients
(28.9%) was acceptable/poor. Seventeen patients (44.7%) had compound fractures. Injuries which were
significantly associated with Acceptable/Poor outcome were ligament injuries, popliteal artery injury,
abdominal injury and patella fracture. Chest injury with a p value of 0.05 was also very close to being
statistically significant.
Conclusion: The clinical outcome of these patients not only depend on proactive and optimum
management of tibial and femoral fractures but also on the management of associated injuries.

Background: Lockdown is an emergency situation which has confined people to their homes, states and country. Individuals felt insecure and worried about their financial matters and their mental health was affected at some point of time during the corona virus pandemic lockdown.
Aim: The study aimed to assess the effect of lockdown on mental health between the general population and covid-19 frontline health care workers.
Material and Methods: The survey was conducted from July to October 2020 using DSM -5 Self-Rated level 1 cross-cutting symptom measure -Adult scale, circulated through social media platform (Google forms). In this study, 180 participants were enrolled. Hindi version of the measure was used to assess the psychological impact on the participants and a score of 0 was considered as NO and was taken as a Negative response and scores 1 to 4, were considered as YES and were taken as a positive responses.
Result: A total of 180 responses were obtained during the survey, amongst them 36.67% were male and 63.33%were female. Frontline healthcare workers were 51.67% and among the Non-health care workers, unemployed were 10%, Student were 17.78%, and the remaining working were 56.67%. As per DSM 5 Crosscutting symptoms scores, the most common reported psychological symptoms were Anxiety  81.11%, Depression  52.78%, Sleep problems  29.44%, and Substance use 25%,. The comparison between both the groups was not statistically significant (p>0.001). However, non-healthcare workers experienced more psychological symptoms.
conclusion: The covid-19 lockdown was associated with poor mental health across individuals .the lockdown was observed  to be a stressful situation that could have precipitated psychological symptoms like anxiety, stress, depression, and sleep disturbance in the individuals.
 

      The COVID-19 pandemic in KSA resulted in a nationwide quarantine on March 27th, 2020. This study represents the assessment of rates of depression in the general population of KSA during the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented global crisis, necessitating drastic changes to living conditions, social life, personal freedom and economic activity.  study has yet examined the presence of depression symptoms in the KSA population under similar conditions. Patients at risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 acute respiratory syndrome are characterised by the high prevalence of pre-existing diseases (high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or cancer), most of them typically present in severely depression patients. Indeed, the biological role of adipose tissue in sustaining SARS-CoV-2 infection is not completely elucidated. Aim of the study: To assessment the awareness of the Impact of COVID-19 virus on the depression on Population at Saudi Arabia at Makkah in Saudi Arabia 2021 Method : Across-sectional study among Population residents in primary health care center in Makkah Al-Mukarramah was conducted using an online questionnaire designed during April 2021. The questionnaire collected socio-demographic characteristics, depression Symptoms in participants before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic (via the PHQ-9 patient depression questionnaire) our total participants were (200). Results: most of the participants (41.0%) were in the age group more than 60 years  follow by the (37.0%)were in the age 30-40 years, the majority of them were female (27.0%) while male(28.0%), regarding  the marital status most of participants married were(44.0%), regarding level of education the majority of participant are Primary/ Intermediate were(35.0%), regarding Chronic Medical conditions the majority of participant are Diabetes were(42.0%) while High blood pressure were(33.0%) , regarding  the Working/studying from home most of participants answer No were(74.0%)while answer Yes were(15.33%).Conclusion: The research's showed increase in the prevalence of mental health problems and depression in the early stages of the pandemic, and these problems were predicted by several specific COVID related variables. Further similar surveys, particularly of those with children at home, are required as the pandemic progresses. In addition Anxiety and depression levels amongst Population at Saudi Arabia in healthcare were found to be high when assessed during the COVID-19 pandemic

Migraine is a chronic unilateral headache associated with nausea and vomiting. According to the World Health Organization, it is listed as the 19th disabling disease. Multiple studies found an inverse relationship between the frequency of the attacks and the low quality of life score. Roughly, one-third of migraine attacks occur during workdays, with a higher incidence of reduced productivity and missed days among chronic patients (>15 headache days per month).   Migraine is a common neurological disorder with significant impact on quality of life, affecting 12% Saudi population. migraines impose significant health and financial burdens, headache is a common neurological disorder, which is associated with a significant disease burden,  headache affects work, social and leisure activities and has a tremendous impact on a person’s life also the migraine is one of the most critical concerns among healthcare providers and other relevant stakeholders in the health sector. Aim of the study: To assess the prevalence and impact of Migraine headache among physicians in PHC centers in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia, 2021. Method : Across-sectional study among physicians who works in primary health care center in Makkah Al-Mukarramah 2021, the study has been conducted physicians who works in PHC centers in Makkah city KSA. Was conducted using an online questionnaire designed during August 2021. The questionnaire collected the socio-demographic factors, a migraine screen questionnaire (MS-Q) Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire (MIDAS), our total participants were (200). Result shows that most of the participants (59%) were in the age group(25-50) years  follow by the (21.0%)were in the age (<25) years, the majority of them females was higher compared to male(66.0 and 34.0%) , regarding  the Nationality  most of participants non-Saudi were were(63.0%), regarding  the marital status most of participants married were(56.0%), regarding level of education the majority of participant are specialist were(54.0%) while general practitioner were(23.0%) Conclusion: For migraines, our study found a high prevalence of the migraine in among physicians who works in primary health care center. The physicians’ awareness of the disease was very low with one-fourth of the physicians resorting to self-medication.

Relevance: The high prevalence, high risk of social maladjustment as a result of the consequences of acute cerebrovascular accident and, accordingly, one of the main causes of mortality gives cerebrovascular pathology a special status, as evidenced by numerous publications. the task was to identify in the studied patients the entire spectrum of clinical manifestations corresponding to the lesions of the brain structures supplied by the blood vessels of VBD and to determine the presence of a statistically significant dependence of clinical manifestations of COPD. As well as the identification of risk factors and their influence on the rehabilitation of patients with stroke in the vertebrobasilar system.
Patients with IS in VBD and COPD - 62 people (group I) - 29 men and 33 women aged 50 to 74 years (59.8 ± 5.8). Patients with IS in VBD - 64 people (group II). Of these, 31 were men and 33 were women aged 51 to 80 years (62.4 ± 5.4). All patients received traditional treatment in the most acute and acute periods of IS, patients with COPD received COPD treatment in parallel with traditional IS therapy. in group I, BMI averaged 29.3 ± 5.8 kg / m2, in men - 28.9 ± 6.3 kg / m2, in women - 29.9 ± 5.1 kg / m2 (the difference is not significant, p = 0.58), while 11 patients (17.7%) had a normal BMI, 1 patient (1.6%) had a body weight deficit, 26 patients (41.9%) had preobesity, 15 patients (24, 2%) had first degree obesity, 9 patients (14.5%) had second degree obesity. Accordingly, preobesity or obesity was recorded in 50 patients of group I (80.65%) (Figure 3.3)
And in group II, BMI averaged 28.7 ± 6.1 kg / m2, in men - 27.8 ± 5.7 kg / m2, in women - 30.1 ± 5.6 kg / m2 (the difference is not significant, p = 0.6), while 17 patients (26.6%) had a normal BMI, 3 patients (4.7%) were found to be underweight, 29 patients (45.3%) had preobesity, 8 patients (12 , 5%) had first degree obesity, 7 patients (10.9%) had second degree obesity. Accordingly, preobesity or obesity was recorded in 44 patients of group II (68.8%). In patients of group I, among the clinical manifestations of IS in PBS, ataxia prevailed, which occurred in 35 patients (56.5%), including hemiataxia, which occurred in 20 patients (31.3%). Paresis and paralysis of the limbs were detected in 31 patients (50%). Complaints about a subjective feeling of unsteadiness, instability in an upright position, and imbalance occurred in 25 patients (40.3%). Dysarthria also occurred in 25 cases (40.3%). Nystagmus was detected in 22 cases (35.5%), rotational dizziness (vertigo) - in 20 cases (32.3%), depression of consciousness - in 21 cases (33.9%). Symptoms such as hemianopsia and ophthalmoparesis occurred each in 14 cases (22.6%). Sensory disorders were detected in 12 patients (19.4%), autonomic disorders - in 8 patients (12.9%), diplopia - in 8 patients (12.9%), dysphagia - in 7 patients (11.3%) , aphasia and headache - 6 patients each (9.7% each), dysphonia - 7 patients (11.3%), confusion and visual agnosia - 4 patients each (6.5% each), respiratory failure - 3 patients (4.8%). There were also 2 cases (3.2% each) of amnesia, ignorance syndrome and a feeling of generalized weakness.

Decisions are what shape actions, if decisions remain unimplemented it means that there can be no change. A decision is a best choice chosen among the alternatives. To be able to come up with a good decision, scholars have come up with a well-defined process which guides the steps that need to be taken for individuals and organisations to make the optimum decision possible. Decision making reduces uncertainty. Many decisions made by the organisations, most of the times become policies but not all decisions are policies. In Malawi, a landlocked country in south eastern region of Africa, many decisions in form of policies that are made by the department of human resource management and development never yield the results they intended and most of the policies remain unimplemented or partially implemented as shown by the persistence of the problems which were supposed to be addressed by these policies. This paper is an attempt to answer these relevant questions about the decisions made by the Malawian government over the period of time and their real grassroots level of execution in which many elements have been shown to impact the decision-making process from the will of the people to the availability of resources.

Background:
Primary health care, the basis of universal health coverage, needs to be assessed on its performance through Saudi health care quality system and future opportunities to serve the Saudi Arabian population increase the chance of desired health outcomes. Saudi Arabia has invested heavily in its health care system by establishing health care infrastructures to improve health of the nation. However, it remains to be seen whether it is efficient and effective in providing health care services needed. In spite of substantial improvements in the Saudi Arabian health services sector in the past few decades, the country is facing a number of challenges in its primary health care system. These challenges include increased demand because of rapid population growth, high costs of health care services, inequitable access, concerns about the quality and safety of care, a growing burden of chronic diseases, a less than effective electronic health system, poor cooperation and coordination between other sectors of care, and a highly centralized structure.
Aim of the study: This study aims to determine the impact of quality on the Saudi Heath care system in primary health care centers in Makkah on satisfaction of Saudi people.
 Method:A cross-sectional studydesign. The current study was conducted male and female in primary health care centers in Makkah.the study randomly sampled. The total sample size will be (300) participated. female and male.
Results:Regarding Patient satisfaction about study results showed that the majority of participants were high satisfaction proportions (65.7%) while average satisfaction were (31%) While The Range (50 – 113) Mean +SD (89.913±11.636). Regarding Patients satisfaction about Patients satisfaction about social and behavioral characteristics results show that the majority of participants were high satisfaction proportions (64.3%) while average satisfaction were (33.3%) While the Range (28 –56)Mean+SD(46.796±5.9636)
Conclusion:The Saudi Arabian health care system needs comprehensive reform with a focus on primary health care.There is substantial variation in the quality of Saudi primary care services. In order to improve quality, there is a need to improve the management and organization of primary care services. Professional development 
strategies are also needed to improve the knowledge and skills of staff.