European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Introduction :
Tooth failure generally results in a lack of bone volume in the vertical and horizontal direction. In attempts to reduce this alveolar bone resorption in order to preserve periodontal construction, implant placement is advised immediately after tooth extraction.
 
 
Materials and method :
A retrospective analysis was performed for patients attending a private hospital in Chennai, India. The aim of the study is to study the prevalence of immediate implant placement in private dental institutions. Patients who have undergone immediate implant placement from June 2019 to March 2021 were included in the study. Total sample size was 25 patients. The data was then entered into Microsoft Excel and tabulated. Following which data was imported into the SPSS software by IBM. Data analysis was performed in the statistical software SPSS and data were analyzed by descriptive analysis and chi-square correlation.
 
Results :
After statistical analysis, it is found that 13% were males and 12% were females, 9% of the immediate implant placement was in first quadrant, 15% in second quadrant and 1% in fourth quadrant. There was no incidence of immediate implant placement in the third quadrant.
 
Conclusion :
It is observed that the prevalence of immediate implant was more in males and was most common in the second quadrant.

Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) is often defined as “the
therapeutic application of manually guided forces by an Osteopathic Physician to boost
physiologic function and/or support homeostasis that has been altered by somatic
dysfunction.” The purpose of this paper was to provide an update of the current status of
OMT, to shed light on potential areas of dentistry where application of OMT is effective
and to supplement the Literature Review with a list of available centers that deliver OMT
in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A review of the literature about
the efficacy of OMT in addressing dental problems was carried between August and
December 2020. Result: Osteopathy can manage various dental conditions, such as, pain
following root canal treatment (RCT) and extraction, temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs), malocclusion and neck and back pain frequently encountered by dentists through
mobilization of soft tissues like fascia, ligaments and muscles.

A reservoir of food, chemical, and therapeutic molecules is produced by each plant through the synthesis of phytochemicals with special properties. It is crucial to extract phytochemicals using environmentally friendly solvents rather than conventional, non-ecofriendly solvents in tandem with the development of green technologies. Traditional methods use large amounts of organic solvents, a lot of time, and a lot of energy, which has generated interest in newly developed clean or ecologically friendly methods. These might reduce or completely stop the use of dangerous solvents, safeguarding the environment and its resources. A green solvent called hydrotrope makes hydrophobic or hardly water-soluble substances, such sulphate, sulfonate, and carboxylate, more soluble in aqueous solutions. Additionally, it increases the solubility of phytoconstituents such diosgenin from dioscorea rhizomes, vanillin from vanilla beans, citral from lemongrass, piperine from black pepper, and limonin from sour orange herbs. Complexes of hydrotrope-solute are produced when hydrotropes and solutes interact strongly. Interjecting itself into the structure of liquid water and acting as a structure creator also affects the solvent's composition. As a result, it can self-associate and form aggregates that can function as micelles at the lowest hydrotrope concentration. Contrary to these technologies, hydrotropy is a tried-and-true technique for dealing with solubility issues. Due to their unique qualities, ease of accessibility, excellent recovery, lack of fire risks, eco-friendliness, and high separation factors, hydrotropic solutions are in high demand in the industry. It has been shown that switching to green technology instead of traditional techniques may increase extraction yields, speed up processing, and lessen the harm that hazardous solvents cause to the environment. Additionally, it will help scientists better understand hydrotropy and enhance herbal medications.

Objectives:-The objective of this retrospective study is to evaluate the skeletal maxillomandibular changes after orthodontic treatment through Steiner’s cephalometric analysis. Materials & Methods:-Pre and post treatment cephalometric radiographs of 50 orthodontic patients were used for this retrospective study, where they have been divided into two groups (25 Extraction and 25 Non extraction cases). Evaluation of Steiners - SNA, SNB and ANB angles in both the Pre and Post treatment cephalogram were done. Statistics:The data was tabulated and computed using SPSS software version 21.0.The Pre and Post cephalometric parameter were analysed through paired sample T tests, by calculating the mean difference, Standard deviation and Standard error and paired differences. Results:-ANB angle showed a decrease of 1.12° among the patients treated with extraction procedures, and the ANB angle showed increase of 0.2° among patients treated with non extraction procedures.
Conclusion:- The result of the above study suggested that the ANB reduced in patients who underwent extraction orthodontic therapy and the patients treated as non extraction did not show much significant difference

Objective: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the changes in the soft tissue profile of Class II division 1 malocclusion patients treated with and without extraction.
Methods: Databases were searched and supplemented by hand searching as well. Studies with prospective or retrospective and randomized or non-randomized design and Class II division 1 malocclusion patients receiving orthodontic treatment with extraction compared to patients treated without extraction were included. Outcomes assessed were changes in soft tissue linear and angular cephalometric measurements. Included studies were retrieved and assessed for Risk of Bias based on a validated checklist. Meta-analyses were done to summarize the overall effects and a Random-effects model was applied.
Results: Ten studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and seven were eligible for quantitative synthesis. Meta-analysis showed a significant increase in Nasolabial angle in both extraction groups (four premolar and two premolar), a significant decrease in overjet in the non-extraction group compared to four premolar extraction, and significant a decrease in overjet in the non-extraction group compared to two premolar extraction. While there was no significant difference regarding the upper lip to E line and lower lip to E line.
Conclusion: A significant increase in the nasolabial angle is associated with both extraction (four premolar and two premolar) protocols while the decrease in overjet and overbite was significant in non-extraction protocols when compared to four and two premolar extraction respectively.

Dry socket is an unavoidable complication of dental extraction facing the dental practitioners on a regular basis. We performed a brief systemic review of the etiopathogenesis, prevention and management of dry socket. The inclusion criteria for including articles were that all the studies discussed the dry socket etiopathogenesis, prevention and management and the exclusion criteria were all the studies that included other complications of tooth extraction. The method used for this systemic review was to search in the PubMed database using MeSH terms “dry socket”, “alveolar ostitis” for etiopathogenesis, prevention and management and published in the English language, 86 articles were identified by abstract for relevance to etiopathogenesis, prevention and management of dry socket and a total of 24 publications were included in the final systematic review according to the specific keywords and materials mentioned above. The audit of the literature showed that the prevention methods include avoiding smoking after surgery, atraumatic extraction, the use of antibiotics and other preventive measures such as use of chlorhexidine rinse or gel to reduce the incidence of dry socket. For management of dry socket, wide range of treatment options are being suggested including using chlorhexidine or saline solution irrigation, placement of non- absorbable obtundent dressing(zinc oxide eugenol dressing) or absorbable dressing(alveogyl dressing) and instruction of home rinsing with chlorhexidine mouthwash. There are also new agents in the field being tried that accelerates the healing of the socket such as PRF and GECB as well as combination of PRF with chlorhexidine gel. This paper is a brief review of the literature on etiopathogenesis, prevention and management of dry socket, in order to best guide clinical practice based on current available evidence

Feature Extraction assumes a significant function in the region of picture handling. Before getting Features, different picture pre-processing strategies like binarization, thresholding, resizing, standardization and so forth are applied on the inspected picture. From that point onward, Feature extraction methods are applied to get Features that will be helpful in arranging and acknowledgment of pictures. Feature extraction strategies are useful in different picture handling applications for example character acknowledgment. As Features characterize the conduct of a picture, they show its place regarding capacity taken, proficiency in arrangement and clearly in time utilization moreover. Here in this paper, we will talk about different kinds of Features, include extraction procedures and clarifying in what situation, which Features extraction method, will be better. Thus, in this paper, we will mention Features and Feature extraction strategies if there should be an occurrence of character identification application.

Objectives:-The objective of this retrospective study is to evaluate the skeletal maxillomandibular
changes after orthodontic treatment through Steiner’s cephalometric analysis. Materials &
Methods:-Pre and post treatment cephalometric radiographs of 50 orthodontic patients were used
for this retrospective study, where they have been divided into two groups (25 Extraction and 25
Non extraction cases). Evaluation of Steiners - SNA, SNB and ANB angles in both the Pre and
Post treatment cephalogram were done. Statistics:The data was tabulated and computed using
SPSS software version 21.0.The Pre and Post cephalometric parameter were analysed through
paired sample T tests, by calculating the mean difference, Standard deviation and Standard error
and paired differences. Results:-ANB angle showed a decrease of 1.12° among the patients treated
with extraction procedures, and the ANB angle showed increase of 0.2° among patients treated
with non extraction procedures.
Conclusion:- The result of the above study suggested that the ANB reduced in patients who
underwent extraction orthodontic therapy and the patients treated as non extraction did not show
much significant difference.

Conditions for the analysis of albendazole by spectral methods: UV-spectrophotometry and thermal desorption surface ionization spectroscopy (TDSIS) were developed. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of albendazole isolated from biological fluids was performed under the developed analysis conditions. According to the results, 38.74% of albendazole was isolated from blood by UV spectrophotometry, and 43.00% from urine, while 47.46% from blood and 64.72% from urine by TDSIS.

Extractions are the most common surgical procedures carried out and postextraction bleeding is most commonly seen complication. The aim of this review was to determine the effectiveness of topical hemocoagulase as a hemostatic agent and its role in reducing postextraction bleeding and its comparison to routine saline pressure pack after tooth extraction. Various differences was present between the hemostatic agent and saline pressure pack in relation to pain, swelling, wound healing, bleeding time, and other complications. Topical hemocoagulase is effective in reducing bleeding, pain, and swelling after extraction when compared to saline pressure packs. It also act as a promoter of wound healing.

Hyperglycemia is a condition in which there is an increase in the blood glucose level of the person. It is one of the most common systemic conditions in middle aged Indians. It is important for a dentist and dental students to be aware of the condition especially while performing invasive procedures as delayed wound healing, coma and hypoglycemic shock are some of the most common complications encountered in some patients. Hence, it is important to know about this condition to prevent any kind of medical emergency on a dental chair. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of dental students while managing hyperglycemic patients indicated for extraction. This study was carried out in a self administered questionnaire format among the students of a dental university. The questionnaire was created on an online platform called “Survey Planet” and was filled by 100 students. The questionnaire consisted of the major aspects of knowledge on hyperglycemia and how students will manage the patient before performing the extraction procedure on them. Based on the tabulated results, it was seen that dental students have greater knowledge towards dealing with hyperglycemic patients indicated for extraction. 64% said that they can perform extraction on a hyperglycemic patient. 93% said that they would test an elderly patient to check their blood glucose level before the procedure. 72% were aware of the management of hyperglycemia. 45% of the participants said that they would do the treatment only after the patient consulted a physician. 11% said that they would deny the treatment. 82% of the participants said that they would keep the appointment for the extraction in the morning. Thus we can conclude that dental students have good knowledge and attitude toward managing hyperglycemic patients indicated for extraction

Changes in alveolar ridge in terms of volume, height and morphological features tend to be clinically significant and may result in difficulty for the placement of a conventional bridge or an implant-supported crown. Bone deformities or resorption from tooth removal can be prevented by a procedure called socket preservation. Studies have discussed the rationale of performing socket preservation as a therapeutic procedure following tooth extraction which includes the procedure done during or after the removal of tooth in order to reduce the risk of external ridge resorption and increase the formation of bone with the socket. This study aims to evaluate the site predilection for socket preservation in maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth following extraction. It is a retrospective study conducted by reviewing 86,000 patient case records of the Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India. A total of 25 consecutive case records of patients for a period of October 2019 to March 2020 with signed informed consent were selected from the Departments of Prosthodontics and Implantology based on the inclusion criteria of patients who have undergone socket preservation procedure indicated for implant placement. Information such as patient’s name, patient’s identification number (PID), age, gender and area of socket preservation were retrieved from the patients’ case records. Datas were entered in Excel and analyzed using SPSS software version 23.0. Descriptive analysis was done for the assessment of age, gender and area of socket preservation. Chi-square test was used to evaluate the association of socket preservation with age and gender. Significant level test was set at less than or equal to 0.05 (p≤0.05). In this study, higher prevalence of socket preservation was seen in the upper anterior region (60%) than the other sites. Most cases of socket preservation were seen in males (80%) as compared to females (20%). Socket preservation was done mainly in individuals within the 21-30 years age group.Within the limits of the study, socket preservation is done mainly in individuals within the 21-30 years age group with higher predilection in males compared to females. Most of the socket preservation procedures are done in the upper anterior region, followed by upper posterior, both upper anterior and posterior and lower posterior. However, there is no significant association between the area of socket preservation with age and gender.

Impaction denotes a tooth failing to attain its normal position to reach the occlusal table with third molars impaction being common in the mandible. The conventional radiographic views such as peri-apical, panoramic radiograph are two dimensional representations of three dimensional structure. Absence of information on relation of vital anatomical structures to impacted teeth, bone quality is a drawback for the operating surgeon which could lead to pre or post operative complications. CBCT imaging fills the lacunae of two dimensional imaging and holds a key role in impaction assessment.A retrospective analysis of 45 patients who underwent CBCT imaging prior to extraction of impacted third molars were included in the study and the data was analysed using SPSS.Among the 45 patients, 20 were males (44.4%) and 25 were females (55.5%) and the age group commonly affected with impaction was between 25-30 years (35.5%).The frequency of impacted third molars was more in mandible (80.0%) compared to maxilla (20%).There was significant correlation between nerve involvement and angulation of impacted third molars.CBCT imaging modality provides a three dimensional view to help in better treatment planning, anticipating possible complications post surgery. CBCT must be recommended as the only imaging modality in impaction assessment.

Dental caries in the form of early childhood caries is more prevalent in children. Severe form of caries extending throughout the coronal structure in the root can result in tooth pain. These kinds of teeth with caries extending to the pulp may require pulpectomy or extraction. Pulpectomy is a restorative treatment done in primary teeth which is used to extirpate the coronal and radicular pulp and seal the entire root canal using an obturating material. The obturating material is of different types. The commonly used material is the Metapex, which helps in the natural resorption of the roots, exfoliation and does not irritate the periapical region. Extraction in children can be due to trauma or grossly decayed teeth in children due to caries extending subgingivally or presence root stumps. Children presenting with class 2 caries have been exposed to caries involving the pulp. Early childhood caries is one of the most infectious diseases of childhood having a chronic progression rate resulting in the destruction of tooth structure. They are of different types and patterns being rampant caries, nursing bottle caries. This is generally associated with unusual dietary patterns and improper feeding patterns in children with prolonged use of baby bottles for milk feeding. Caries in children are mainly caused by the bacteria Streptococcus mutans. The aim of this study is to evaluate the primary teeth with caries requiring pulpectomy and extraction in children between 5-7 years old. A retrospective study was carried out using digital records of 903 subjects. These data were collected from DIAS and coded in MS Excel sheets. The collected data was analysed by computer software SPSS version 21 using Chi square test and graphical illustration was done. From the above study, it was found that extraction and pulpectomy was common in males, with prevalence of extraction in the maxillary arch among children of 7 years and pulpectomy in children of 5 years , and seen in the mandibular posterior region.

Impaction of the third molars has been established as a factor with the potential to damage temporomandibular joints. Furthermore, the trauma resulting from the surgery of third molars has been reported to be a predisposing factor in the progression of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) symptoms. The high frequency of third molar surgery can result in an increased number of patients who suffer from chronic oral and facial pains. Thus, it is important to identify those patients who have pre‐existing pain or any signs of dysfunction in their temporomandibular joints and masticatory structures, prior to third molar surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between impacted teeth and temporomandibular joint disorders. A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the case records of patients who underwent treatment in Saveetha Dental College and Hospital from June 2019 - March 2020. The study population included 96 patients diagnosed with temporomandibular joint disorders and 98 patients without TMD. Thus the sample size included a total of 194 patients who were evaluated for the presence of impacted teeth. Data was collected and statistical analysis was performed. Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft office 10) data spreadsheet was used to collect data and later exported to SPSS IBM (version 23.0). Descriptive statistics and chi square test were employed with a level of significance set at p<0.05. The most prevalent age group among the patients was 21 - 30 years (34.39%), followed by 31 - 40 years (29.29%). 60.8% were male patients and 39.2% were females. TMD was predominantly present (29.38%) in patients with impacted teeth than in patients without impacted teeth (20.1%) and the results were statistically significant (p=0.003). Within the limits of this study, there is a significant association between the presence of impacted teeth and temporomandibular joint disorders. Therefore, it is important to include an assessment of the temporomandibular apparatus in the pre‐operative evaluation of patients with impacted third molars.

Introduction:
The permanent first molar teeth are the most caries prone teeth in mixed dentition. Reasons for permanent molar teeth loss include poor prognosis, caries,orthodontic and periodontal reasons. This study was done with the aim to assess the common reasons for extraction of first permanent molars in children between 6-17 years of age.
Materials and methods:
A total of 89000 case sheets were reviewed and cross verified from June 2019 to March 2020. Data related to permanent molar extractions were retrieved by searching with Patient ID, age, gender ,tooth number and treatment relevant to the study. Data was tabulated in the excel sheet. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software(version 9.0.3). Results were statistically analysed using association analysis.
Results:
Higher number of males (64.47%) had first permanent molar extractions when compared to females (35.53%). In males, dental caries with pulpitis (22.37%) was the most common reason for extraction of permanent molars. In females, root stumps(13.16%) was the most common reason for extraction of permanent molars. In both 8-12 years age group and 13-17 years age group, dental caries with pulpitis (34.21%) was the most common reason for extraction of permanent molars.
Conclusion:
Within the limitations of the current study, first permanent molars were commonly extracted among males and dental caries with pulpitis was the most common reason for extraction of first permanent molars.

Stem cells harvested from exfoliated deciduous teeth are a type of mesenchymal cells, serving its main purpose for regenerative treatment. They have lots of clinical applications. They are studied for their distinct proliferative properties. It helps in regeneration of tissues in the site of an injury and also helps in reducing the healing time of an injury. It also serves as the research interest for many because of its easy source of availability, extensive regenerative capacity and multiple lineage properties. This article is in the narrative format of previous research articles on stem cells exfoliated from deciduous teeth, which discusses various complex procedures associated with SHED - like extraction, isolation, post extraction and banking of it mentioned from other articles as well. SHED has a lot of branches to be studied and understood deeply. So that they can be implemented for many human uses. It is used for future as well as diagnosis.

Alveolar osteitis which is also known as dry socket, is an inflammation of the alveolar bone. Usually, this occurs after a postoperative complication of tooth extraction.Alveolar osteitis can occur where the blood clot fails to form or is lost from the socket and this leaves the empty socket where bone is exposed to the oral cavity, causing a localized alveolar osteitis limited to the lamina dura . This most specific type is known as dry socket and is associated with increased pain and delayed healing time.The aim of the study is to compare the prevalence of dry socket and age as a risk factor in patients who visited Saveetha Dental College.The objective was to find the base in Saveetha Dental college by the data collected for the theoretical framework for research proposal.In materials and methods , there are certain requirements that were necessary such as case control study for a better understanding , patients details who visited saveetha dental college for a background check , data obtained from the outpatient record was to ensure that the data can be supported , followed by analytics of dry socket patients to know the total number of patients involved ,the sample size obtained and the tabulation of data was done in excel sheet and finally a satisfied analysis is done with the proper data.The majority of patients that are with dry socket were around the age range from 28 years to 47 years and is more common in females than in males and majority of them are non-smokers.Even in the gender prevalence , the total number of females are more than males by numbers and it is obtained with the confirmed data.The mean age group from the age range of 28 years to 47 years is the age group 50 years and the positive statistically significant correlation between the age and dry sockets.The type of test used in this study is this chi square test and the P value of the test is <0.05 which is significant.We can observe the graph showing distributions such as age where the age group from 28 years to 47 years has a total value of (9 with 53.1%) and we also can conclude that the age group from 55 years to 74 years have a total value of 46.9%.In gender we can tell from the graph that the male group has a total value of (8 with 47.1%) and that the female group has a total value of (52.9%).From smoking we can conclude that a total of (76.5%) of the obtained patients are non-smokers and a total of (23.5%) of the obtained patients are smokers