European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

BACKGROUND
In India Urothelial carcinoma of bladder  constitutes about 7% of all male cancers. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality.Current grading system in application by WHO/ISUP divides Urothelial malignancies as  low and high grade tumors by morphological criteria. Grading Urothelial carcinomas depending on morphological criteria alone is some times difficult in limited tissue. In such cases tumor grading by alternative  methods like IHC expression is useful. In the present study we have evaluated the diagnostic utility of p53  in grading Urothelial carcinomas.
MATERIALS AND METHODS :
The present study is an observational study conducted at department of Pathology, Gandhi Medical College/Hospital, Secunderabad for over a period of two years from June 2016 to May 2018. A total of 30 TURBT  and  Cystectomy specimens diagnosed as Urothelial carcinoma on routine H&E were included in the study. These tissues were later subjected to IHC markers for  p53. The slides are reviewed and expression of these markers was evaluated and  correlated with grade. The results were statistically analyzed.

Background:Periampullary tumours are one of the most common cause of cancer
related deaths. They have least survival rates. As most of the periampullary tumours
are malignat tumours, early diagnosis and management improves the survival.
Ampullary adenocarcinomas shows distinct morphologies with specific
immunohistochemistry profile.
Materials and Methods: This study was done over a period of three years in the
department of pathology. Rsectedspecimens (Whipple’s procedure and excision
biopsies) received in the department were adequately grossed, sectioned and stained
with H&E. CK20 and MUC 1 immunohistochemistry markers were applied for
ampullary adenocarcinomas.
Results: Out of 26 cases, 15 were of ampullary adenocarcinomas. Out of ampullary
adenocarcinomas, eight were intestinal type, five were pancreaticobiliary type and two
were mixed type. On IHC with CK20 and MUC1,four cases came out to be intestinal
type adenocarcinomas. Follow up was done in some of these cases to assess the survival
rates.
Conclusion: Prognosis varies among tumour subtypes. Histological subclassification still
holds good for assessing the prognosis in periampullary tumours

Aim: To analyze the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of primary central
nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) cases occurring in Indian patients and also study the utility
of the crush smear preparation in intraoperative diagnosis.
Material & Methods: 40 cases of PCNSL diagnosed in the Department of Histopathology, were
included in this study. Haematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) stained slides and
immunohistochemistry slides (which included a minimum of Leucocyte common antigen (LCA),
CD20 and CD79aof all these cases were retrieved.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 51.4 years and the median was 50 years (range 30-72
years). The male: female ratio in our study is 1:1. Of the 40 cases, one was a known case of
sarcoidosis (in remission). The only T-cell lymphoma case in our series had a prior history of
treatment for ulcerative colitis (in remission).
Conclusion: Our study shows that PCNSL is seen predominantly in immunocompetent patients
in India. The age of presentation is relatively young. Our study also stresses the utility of crush
smear preparation in establishing an intraoperative diagnosis.

Oral mucosa is affected by various papillary lesions. Any oral lesion raises concern because of its clinical appearance. This case report describes the management of an 8-year-old girl with an exophytic papillary growth on the palatal aspect of 64. The lesion clinically resembled an oral squamous papilloma but did not show any signs of a virally infected lesion histopathologic ally or on immunohistochemistry analysis which was unique with this case.

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic relapsing, immune-mediated inflammatoryskin disease of unknown etiology. The role of thrombomodulin (TM) in different autoimmune inflammatory diseases was explored previously in some studies. Thus; the aim of this study was to assess TM expression in the affected skin of patients with psoriasis.
Methods: This prospective case-control study was carried out on 30 patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and 30 age and gender matched apparently normal subjects as a control group. Skin biopsies were taken for immunohistochemical evaluation of TM expression.
Results: There was a highly significant difference between the two studied groups regarding the expression of TM in the skin. Patients group had a higher expression of TM in both epidermis and dermis compared to controls with a highly statistically significant difference, P-value< 0.01.

Introduction: Interleukin 6 is a proinflammatory cytokine indicated in many types of cancer.
Increased cytokine levels are found in oral submucous fibrosis which is a premalignant
condition. Immunohistochemical evaluation of interleukin 6 will help in better understanding
of progression of OSF and OSCC
Materials and methods: Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded oral submucous fibrosis tissue
blocks were obtained from departmental archives. 40 samples each of early, moderately
advanced and severe OSF were randomly selected. 20 samples of normal mucosa and 20
samples of OSCC were selected. Immunohistochemistry was performed, quantitatively and
qualitatively assessed for expression of IL 6.
Results: The test results demonstrated a significant difference in the percentage of expression
in the IL-6 expression between 3 groups ( P<0.001).. Higher intensity and percentage of
expression was found in OSCC and the expression was cytoplasmic. Despite having an
increasing trend in the expression of IL-6 based on tumour grade, there was no statistically
significant difference noted. OSF group showed higher mean Q scores as compared to control
group but the difference was not statistically significant. Despite having an increasing trend in
the expression of IL-6 based on tumour grade, there was no statistically significant difference
noted.
Conclusion: Interleukin 6 is consistently expressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma but not in
OSF tissues. Immunohistochemical marking of interleukin-6 in surgically excised oral
squamous cell carcinoma specimen may help in understanding prognosis.

Background: Skin innervation in ruminants has received less attention than other animal skins. The objective was to compare the tissue layers of the skin and detect the expression of nociceptive nerve endings and axons within the neck region of these animals. Methods: Sections of neck (cervical) region of three domestic ruminants involved sheep, goat and bull slaughtered at Kerkuk Slaughter House were studied for both histological, using routine stain, hematoxylene and eosin (H&E) and immune- histochemically using substance-P primary antibody. Results: No conspicuous fundamental differences in the skin layers between these three animals do exist except the bull skin was much thicker than that of sheep and goat, respectively; while more adipose tissue was deposited in sheep in comparison with goat and bull with abundant loose hypodermis in all. Immunohistochemical examinations showed scanty expression of substance-P nerve endings in the epidermis and nerve fibers in the submucosa and hypodermis of all three animals except a few at hair follicles were detectable. Conclusion: The neck skin is charcterised either scanty nerve endings and fibers supplied or run perpendicular to skin surface which could be advantageous for such commercially used meat productive animals to minimize pain during the Islamic manner of slaughtering used to eliminate pain during slaughtering in comparison with other painful methods used in Western society

This study aimed to compare two methods of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using the intercalating SYBR Green dye and TaqMan hybridization probes to determine the amount of the HER2 gene (human epidermal receptor) in breast tumours.
Methods--- The experiments were carried out with 32 validated samples of breast cancer and two gastric cancer cell lines. An immunohistochemical (IHC) assay was used to evaluate the accuracy of the RT-PCR methods.
Results--- The obtained results show that real-time PCR with the TaqMan probes allows the use of a small amount of DNA (≥0.4 ng/μl) to determine the overexpression of the HER2 gene. Real-time PCR with SYBR Green allowed us to determine the minimum number of false negatives resulting from the absence of marker expression in tumour tissue.
Conclusions--- The full correspondence of the results of the RTPCR and immunohistochemistry methods obtained for the cell line samples makes it possible to introduce the qPCR method into clinical practice for use in detecting the HER2/neu gene content.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy with a high mortality in females worldwide. Tumor suppressor genes had significant role to maintain genome integrity and the cell cycle. In particular PTEN is a candidate tumor suppressor gene, It has a negative regulator of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway which has a major role in carcinogenesis and dysregulation of it occurs repeatedly in breast cancer. Aim: this article aimed to appraise the associations between PTEN expression in patient had breast cancer with clinic pathological parameters including: age, histological types, and status of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER-2/nue receptor, to check the impact of its expression on clinical outcome. Materials and methods: in this case-control study, formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue from sixty patients with breast carcinoma and twenty patients without cancer (as control groups). Labeled Streptavidin -Biotin (LSAB+) method used to detect PTEN protein expression, HER2/neu, ER and PR receptors by immunohistochemical assay, and then we correlate PTEN expression with each biomarkers and clinic pathological characteristics. Results: 29/60 (45.3%) of cases decreased PTEN expression while its expression retained in 31/60 (51%) of cases. Loss of expression significantly associated: with lymph node metastasis ( p-value=0.0008 ), high grade (p< 0.05 ) , high stage (p-value=0.0001 ) and with triple negative breast cancer (p-value=0.03) . However, loss of PTEN protein expression did not correlate with age, histological types, estrogen, progesterone and HER-2 receptors status. Conclusion: PTEN loss can predict aggressive behavior and worse outcome in patients had breast cancer.