European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

In India, adolescents account for more than one-fifth of the population. Many of them drop out of school, marry young, work in dangerous jobs, are sexually active, and are subjected to peer pressure. These variables have significant economic and public health ramifications. More over half of the adolescent girls were between the ages of 15 and 16. The majority of them (50.82%) were from the lower socioeconomic level, 78% were Hindus, 5.31% were married, and 17.55% of their moms were illiterate. Around 9.6% of adolescent girls had dropped out, with the primary reasons being marriage (38%) and not being interested (25%). Adolescent girls were married at a rate of about 5.31%. The average age of menarche, marriage and pregnancy was 13.54+ years, 17.5 1.29 years and 18.23 + 0.9 years, respectively. Majority of adolescent girls (53.06%) were underweight followed by normal (45.51 %), overweight (1.02 %) and obese (0.41%). About 95.31% of adolescent xii girls were anaemic. Around 69.59% of adolescent girls had mild anaemia and only 1.84% were severely anaemic.

One of the key ways The Joint Commission establishes standards for sustaining The National Patient Safety Goals are used to ensure patient safety throughout all healthcare settings (NPSGs). The Joint Commission reviews the NPSGs on a regular basis to verify that health-care organizations are focusing on avoiding significant causes of patient harm. Surgical infection prevention, prescription mistakes, inpatient suicide, and particular clinical difficulties like as falls and persistent wounds are also areas of study’s. Along with accessibility, acceptability, efficacy, efficiency, and people centeredness, one of the features of high-quality treatment is patient safety. It includes a variety of factors that are critical to providing high-quality health care. It's about safe surgical treatment and delivery, as well as safe injections, blood, pharmaceutical, medical device, and organ, tissue, and cell transit and donation. It also covers biomedical waste management, infection control in hospital settings, and much more. Objective to determine how well staff nurses understand patient safety objectives. And to determine whether there is a link between education level and certain demographic characteristics. Methodology: A non-experimental Descriptive design carried out among 100 staff nurses. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used and was statically analyzed after collecting the data through structured questionnaire was prepared for data collection. Ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional ethics committee. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Results The goal of this study was to determine how much information people had of staff nurses in a chosen hospital in Pune about patient safety objectives. The major findings are 67 (67%) of staff nurse having average knowledge, the remaining 33 (33%) had good knowledge and 0(0%) had poor knowledge. There was no statistically significant relationship between staff nurse understanding of safety objectives and selected socio demographic characteristics

Context: Monkey pox is an emerging infectious disease caused by virus transmitted to humans from infected animals mostly rodents.
Aim: To assess and improve the knowledge among nursing students particularly about monkey pox its management and prevention.
Methods and materials: This is a pre-experimental study conducted at nursing college between July -September 2022.a total of 60 nursing students were enrolled in the study. All the enrolled nursing students were subjected to a detailed questionnaire consisting of various components which includes general information, causes, clinical features and diagnosis, management and its prevention.
Results: The mean age of the study group was 51.7, among Nursing students. Most of the nursing students were having lack of proper knowledge regarding monkey pox was seen. The level of knowledge show that 76.7% are having poor knowledge among nursing students, average score was observed is 23.3% among nursing students. The mean difference between pre-test knowledge and post-test knowledge score 8.78. This indicates an increase in knowledge score after undergoing structured teaching programme.to find the significance of gain in knowledge paired in ‘t’ test was computed and the obtained value of ‘t’(59): 19:54 was found to be significant at 0.05 level of significance.
Conclusion: monkey pox is a viral zoonotic ailment in children. Studies have continually determined that health professionals with adequate education and training have better knowledge and inclined ness to provide care.

Background and objectives:Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADR) is vital for pharmacovigilance. It is important to gain knowledge regarding adverse drug reaction in the undergraduate level. The present study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of ADR reporting among medical students both undergraduate and Post Graduates. Materials & Methods:This was a cross sectional questionnaire-based study conducted among medical students in a teaching hospital, of south India. There was a total of 24 questions of which 10, 8 and 6 were related to Knowledge, Attitude and Practice respectively. Data was analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) version 28 for descriptive and analytical statistics.

The viral virus transmitted by mosquitoes that can be fatal, dengue, has been a public health issue. Despite being lethal, dengue is an illness that can be avoided. Health education, mosquito eradication, and immunization are the three basic forms of preventive that are frequently used in tandem.
Method: Quantitative research design was used for study. A practical simple random sampling procedure was used to select 60 mothers in total. Questionnaire methods were used to gather the data. Age, religion, degree of education, and other socio-demographic characteristics were taken into account when formulating the questions.
Results: In this study, the majority of participants, 36 (60%) had average knowledge about dengue fever, followed by 13 (21.7%) who had bad knowledge and just 11 (18.3%) who had strong knowledge. The majority of 28 (46.7%) were between the ages of 18 and 25, and the majority of 45 (75%) were Hindus, according to other results. Of the relationship between mother and selected socio-demographic factors and their level of understanding regarding their dengue fever. The results indicated that while religion and educational status are significant at the p0.05 level, socio-demographic variables like the mother's age, residence, employment status, earning members of the family, family monthly income, marital status, family type are not significant at that level.
Conclusion: It is important to give mothers enough information about prevention of dengue fever so that they can help and encourage other mothers.

Antibiotics primarily used in treating the bacterial infections when administered unnecessarily can cause antibiotic resistance making the bacteria non responsive against antimicrobials. Analgesics that are used to relieve pain are one of the routinely used medications. Hence, the aim of this study was to check the knowledge and awareness regarding use of both antibiotics and analgesics amongst dental undergraduates. Total 324 participants from different profs and interns submitted their responses for the online questionnaire. A highly statistically significant difference was observed in the knowledge of participants for both analgesics and antibiotics. It can be concluded that the knowledge and awareness on the use of antibiotics and analgesics among dental undergraduates is low indicating lack of basic understanding of oral dose, indications and risks of both medications.

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate parents’ and caregivers’ knowledge and perception of the use of fluoridated toothpaste, as well as the importance of their involvement in the child’s oral hygiene practices, and the amount of fluoridated toothpaste dispensed. A self-developed questionnaire was distributed to 388 parents/ caregivers.
Results: Low levels of perception and knowledge were observed in a high percentage of the participants. About 51% of the parents were unsure whether the toothpaste was fluoridated, and 87% were unaware of the fluoride concentration. Furthermore, 42% of parents never got involved in tooth brushing, 13% brush their children's teeth by themselves, and only 4.9% check their child's teeth after brushing. Almost 86% of children reported rinsing after brushing, while 3.1% spit without rinsing, and 4.9% of the participants were unsure. Mothers have higher knowledge and perception levels compared to fathers.
Conclusion: Even though parents are involved in their children’s toothbrushing, they do not know how much toothpaste should be dispensed for each specific age. Such findings suggest that there is a lack of awareness of proper guidelines for the selection and usage of toothpastes in children. Parents should be motivated to supervise and assist their children’s brushing using the proper toothpaste appropriate for their age

Aim: The devastating consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak have forced security personnel to alter their methods and behaviors. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, functioning and future implications  of COVID-19 on the lives of security guards.
Methodology: A cross sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among the 296 security guards of Bhubaneswar city. A 18-item, closed-ended, self-structured questionnaire was designed to gather data. The questionnaire was designed on a 2 point likert scale. Data were analysed using IBM's SPSS version 26.0 for the Social Sciences. The frequency and percentages were used to describe categorical values. Chi-Square test and ANOVA were employed. The level of significance was fixed at 0.05.
 
Results: The majority of participants were between the ages of 31 and 40 (n=132, 44.6%) and that between 13,000 and 15,000 was the average monthly income for the security guards. All the participants were aware about the COVID -19 pandemic and its affect on human body. Sixty three personnel had been detected positive for COVID-19 and none of them used any preventive measures. About 97% of the guards agreed that the pandemic had an influence on their work. Only 3% of the guards had taken on other jobs as a secondary source of income.
Conclusion: Security guards are an essential group of front-line healthcare providers offering additional services in the management of COVID-19.COVID-19 had a great impact on the economic lives of the security guards.

It has been over two decades since the World Health Organisation has removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders. However, evidence has shown that discrimination and negative encounters with healthcare workers affect frequency and type of healthcare sought by LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) members. Attitudes of medical professionals towards LGBT community can influence their willingness to provide these persons with medical help. Studies have shown that Indian medical students have a negative attitude toward LGBT people as they have little knowledge about these people.
Aim: To assess the knowledge and attitude of medical students and residents towards LGBT individuals.
Materials and Methods: Convenient and non-probable sample of 680 medical students and residents was taken in 4 months via Google Forms, who anonymously completed the survey. The “Survey on California State University, Northridge (CSUN) attitude towards LGBT” was the survey tool. Data was analysed using SPSS for descriptive and analytic calculations.
Results: Study was conducted among 680 medical students and residents. The majority percentage of students and residents disagree with the traditional gender roles without any significant gender differences. It was also found that as compared to females, more percentage of males are uncomfortable in interacting with LGBT people. The results show that the participants have better knowledge about LGBT people; however, the change from “neutral” and “agreement” to “disagreement” is not much significant. The students have a positive attitude toward the LGBT people.
Conclusion: This study concludes that there is adequate knowledge and positive attitude among medical students and residents towards LGBT individuals.

 Food labeling is a topical issue and an important tool influencing consumer food choices. It could be an efficient tool to prevent consumer vulnerability to diet-related illnesses such as cancer, high blood pressure, hypertension and obesity, etc.This study seeks to examine the impact of Knowledge, Attitude and practice on food labeling among sports players and non-sports players in India. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) in four cities of Tamil Nadu- Chennai, Madurai, Ramanathapuram, Dindigul. Data were gathered using an online KAP Pretest questionnaire from hundred respondents which included 50 sports players and 50 non-sports players. An educational session was conducted for all the respondents and the impact of the intervention was analyzed through a posttest questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviorsof the respondents regarding food labels and Independent t- test was used to examine the significant relationship between pre and post test results among sports and non-sports players and the result 

Background: In the current study, we surveyed nursing students who were in their first year of the Basic Bachelor of Science programme to determine how much they knew about the use of plastic and the negative effects it has on both the environment and human health. Our goal was to compile this information into a booklet.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive survey research design was used to assess the knowledge of one hundred students in the first year of a basic Bachelor of Science in nursing programme regarding the use of plastic and the adverse effects it has on both the environment and human health. In this particular study, the selection of the sample was accomplished by the use of the convenient sampling technique. In addition to receiving ethical clearance from the Ethical committee at the Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed to Be University in Karad, we also received informed consent from all of the subjects. A well-structured questionnaire was given to respondents in order to evaluate their level of awareness concerning the use of plastic and the negative effects it has on both the environment and human health. The findings indicated that the majority of students, 61%, have average knowledge, 23% possessed good knowledge and 16% possessed bad awareness on the use of plastic and the adverse effects it has on both the environment and human health. There was no significant association found between demographic variables such as age, sex, religion, parent education, family income, Diet and parent occupation and knowledge score, with the exception of the opinion of the participant regarding awareness regarding plastic can cause severe health problem. Chi-square = 95.902, p<0.001.
Conclusion: The outcomes of the study indicate that the majority of the students possessed knowledge that was on par with the national average about the use of plastic and the negative effects it has on the environment. As a result, there is an urgent requirement to create an information booklet

Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer among Indian women, accounting for 6-29% of all cancers among Indian women. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the disease-causing agent. Recent technological advancements have led to the development of a vaccination to prevent HPV infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of knowledge about human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and vaccination among female medical personnel at a tertiary teaching hospital.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among female medical personnel of a teaching hospital of a tertiary care. They were assured confidentiality and given a questionnaire regarding HPV infection and HPV vaccine.
Results: About 94.3% of participants identified HPV as the cause of cervical cancer, whereas 5.7% of participants were unaware of the association. About 72.1% were aware of the availability of the vaccination to prevent HPV infection, while 3.3% answered incorrectly and 24.6% were unaware. 31% of participants understood the correct age of vaccine initiation, 23% answered incorrectly, and 45.9% of participants did not know the answer. Only 4.1% of participants have had the HPV vaccination. 63.9 percent of participants did not agree to get vaccinated against HPV because they believed it would give them a false feeling of security, and 68.8 percent of participants were opposed to the systematic vaccination of the young Indian population against HPV because sexual exposure happens at a later age. 73% of participants cited a vaccination age of >25 years.
Conclusion: Insufficient medical personnel understanding leads to ignorance among public. Therefore, health personnel must be educated on the numerous components of HPV, cervical malignancies, and their prevention.

Personal listening devices (PLDs) include all electronic gadgets that allow users to listen to audio uninterrupted for prolonged periods without disturbing the people around. PLDs are used by youngsters not only to listen to recreational music, but also to hear audio books, online videos and for online educational programs specifically in the current COVID 19 pandemic scenario.
Objectives: To assess the pattern of usage of personal listening devices and the knowledge of its harmful effects among students of professional colleges in central Kerala.
Materials & Method: A cross sectional study was conducted on 363 students of a   private medical and engineering college in central Kerala using a semi-structured questionnaire.
Result: Out of total 363 students who gave consent for study, 77% of medical students and 56% of engineering students were PLD users. The students used PLDs for both educational and recreational purposes (mainly gaming). Earphones/in ear devices were used by 52% of the students. There is predominance in the number of students who have been using PLDs for 2-5 years (54.3% medical and 37.2% engineering) and currently using it 3-5 days per week for more than 4 hours per day. 63% of students listen to more than 50% volume of the device and 80% of the users increase the volume in a noisy environment.  35% of the medical students and 37% of engineering students clean their PLDs frequently.  Only a few students (13%) share their earphones, but most students (60%) do not clean it before sharing.
Although medical students were able to correctly answer most of the knowledge questions better than the engineering students, it was found that only 24.4% of the medical and 10.1% of the engineering students knew that the highest safe exposure level is 85dB of sound up to a maximum of 8 hours.

     In resource-constrained settings, primary health centers (PHCs) are critical for universal health coverage. Laboratory service is one of its important components. While PHC and its performance are focused, its laboratory service has been neglected in developing countries.
A routine checkup is a general physical evaluation and is not performed for a specific injury, illness or condition. A routine checkup in laboratory service is one of its important components are beneficial for detecting diseases in early stages when treatments are most effective. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), free-of-charge healthcare services including the analysis to be carried out in laboratories are offered to citizens.  However, studies are consistently finding that Saudi people are not taking advantage of the free routine checkups. 

Cardiac rehabilitation is the restoration of a person to optimal state of function in 6 areas; physiologic, Mental, Spiritual, Economic and Vocational. Objectives: To assess the level of knowledge of staff nurses regarding cardiac rehabilitation.To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme (STP) on knowledge regarding cardiac rehabilitation program.To find out the relationship between the Pre-test knowledge score and Post-test knowledge scores Material & Methods: An evaluative approach and one group pre test post test design was used to evaluate the knowledge regarding cardiac rehabilitation program among staff nurses in selected hospitals, Karad. The study was carried out in Krishna Hoapital & Medical Research Center, Karad and 60 staff nurses were selected by non probability purposive sampling technique. statistics. Reliability of the tool was tested and validity was ensured in consultation with guides and experts in the fields of medicine and nursing.
 Results: In pre test, out of 60 subjects, majority 39(65%) of the respondents had inadequate knowledge, only 21(35%) had moderate knowledge but none of them had adequate knowledge.
In post test, majority of them 39(65%) of the respondents had adequate knowledge regarding cardiac rehabilitation program among staff nurses, 21(35%) had moderate knowledge but none of them had inadequate knowledge.
Conclusion: The findings revealed that there is adequate level of knowledge of staff nurses regarding cardiac rehabilitation program.

Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculi. The disease primarily affect the lungs and cause Pulmonary Tuberculosis. In India, Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem. So the present study aimed to assess knowledge regarding Tuberculosis and importance of drug regimen.
Objective- To assessknowledge regarding Tuberculosis and importance of drug regimen among Tuberculosis patients attending clinic.
Design: A quantitative approach using pre experimental one group pre-test post-test design. 
Methodology:  A community Based study was conducted in rural area of Karad Taluka, Maharashtra. Data was collected from 60 subjects selected with Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select the respondents. A structured knowledge questionnaire was administered to assess knowledge of tuberculosis and importance of drug regimen among tuberculosis patients .Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results:  Overall knowledge score of sample was 14 (23.3%) are having good knowledge , 33 (55 %). average knowledge and 13 (21.6 %) samples were having poor knowledge regarding tuberculosis and importance of drug regimen The mean pre-test knowledge score (10.6 ± 1.1).
 Conclusion: There is need for TB awareness campaign , use of mass media and social media and awareness workshops should be held in schools and colleges so that the young generation is well informed about the disease.

The act of burping a baby after they have been fed is an essential step in the process. Burping helps to expel some of the air that babies have a propensity to swallow while they are being fed, which in turn improves their ability to take in food and prevents difficulties. The purpose of this research was to determine whether or not watching a demonstration improved participants' knowledge of proper burping techniques and whether or not such knowledge was connected with demographic factors.
Methodology: Methodology for this study consisted of administering a pre-test to one group and then a post-test to the same group. 60 first-time and/or postpartum mothers were chosen for this study using a straightforward random sample method. The preliminary examination was carried out by means of an organised questionnaire, and a demonstration was carried out for each sample.
Result:  The findings showed that none of the moms had good knowledge prior to the exam, but 60% (n=36) of the women had average knowledge, and 40% (n=24) of the mothers had low knowledge. Following the demonstration and the post-test, it was discovered that 34 (56.67%) of the participants had good knowledge. There were 26 people with average knowledge and 0 people with bad knowledge out of the total population. There was no correlation whatsoever between the scores on the knowledge and practise tests and age, religion, domicile, occupation, education, socioeconomic level, the age of the infant, or the type of diet.
Conclusion: On the basis of the findings and the results of the study, it is possible to draw the conclusion that the level of knowledge and practise among primipara postnatal moms on the burping technique employed for the newborns significantly improved

Aims & Objectives: COVID-19 clinical waste management has become a concern with increasing number of medical practitioners in India. Being health care professionals, one should be aware regarding safe disposal of biomedical waste and recycling of the materials to minimize biohazards to the environment. The aim of the present study was to assess awareness regarding biomedical waste management among medical practitioners.
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among medial practitioners belonging from all medical colleges and private practitioners in Khorda district, Odisha (India) from February 2022 to April 2022. A total of 100 doctors (58 males and 42 females) participated in the study, which was conducted in two phases. A form was distributed to assess the attention of COVID-19 clinical waste management and information of effective utilisation of materials, and picked up knowledge was examined on a 5-point unipolar scale in percentages to assess the relative awareness relating to these 2 totally different categorizes.  The applied math Package for Social Sciences was accustomed analyzed collected data.

In India, nearly 1,392,179 cancer cases by the year 2020, and the most common 5 leading
sites are breast, lung, mouth, cervix, and tongue. Trends in cancer incidence rates showed
an increase in cancer in both sexes. Small and repeated exposure to chemotherapeutic
agents was also dangerous because chemotherapeutic drugs are carcinogenic, mutagenic,
and/or teratogenic. They can cause toxicity to multiple organs depending on the type of
chemotherapeutic drug or site of exposure and can also be inhaled in a vaporous form.
So, this research mainly focuses on preventing unintentional exposure and causing cancer
from the exposure due to less knowledge and practice level. To assess the effectiveness
of planned teaching program on knowledge and practice regarding safe handling of
chemotherapeutic drugs among staff nurses in the hospital and to determine the relation
between pre-test and post-test knowledge and practice score. Pre-experimental one-group
pre-test and post-test designs were used. Data was collected with the help of a developed
questionnaire and checklist from 30 staff nurses who were selected by the non-probability
purposive sampling technique. The study was conducted at Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute
and Research center, New Delhi. Data were collected before and after the planned
teaching program. Post-test was taken after 4 days of planned teaching. The finding of
the study revealed that the pretest means ± SD of knowledge was 15.64 ± 4.5 and in
comparison to the mean ± SD post-test score was 20 ± 4.1 and the practice mean ± SD
was 14.86 ± 1.06 and post mean ± SD test was 18.08 ± 0.94. And this shows that the ‘t’
table value was less than the ‘t’ calculated value which shows there was a positive
relationship between the knowledge and practice and there is also a correlation between
knowledge and practice. It also concludes that the planned teaching program was
effective in the knowledge and practice of the staff nurses.

Aim: To assess the Knowledge and Awareness regarding Breastfeeding and COVID-19 vaccination among Pregnant and Lactating Mothers attending OPD in a Service Hospital during COVID-19 Pandemic.
Material and Methods: Hospital based cross sectional study. Sample size of 380 Pregnant and Lactating Mothers attending OPD antenatally or postnatally were included in the study. Ethics committee approval was taken. A peer reviewed predesigned questionnaire was used to obtain information after taking consent. Demographic data and Knowledge of Mothers regarding Breastfeeding and COVID-19 Vaccination data was collected and analyzed.
Results: Our Study revealed knowledge and awareness regarding Breastfeeding and COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnant and Lactating Mothers during COVID-19 Pandemic in a Service Hospital to be 53% and 57% respectively. Our Study also found a significant correlation between Age and Education of Mothers and their Knowledge regarding Breastfeeding in Pregnant and Lactating Mothers during COVID-19 Pandemic. A significant Correlation was found between Education of Mothers and their Knowledge regarding COVID-19 Vaccine in Pregnant and Lactating Mothers during COVID-19 Pandemic.
Conclusion: This study emphasizes the need to focus on promotion of breast feeding and COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnant and Lactating during COVID-19 Pandemic. These simple steps may contribute in lowering Neonatal and Infant Mortality rates. Breastfeeding must continue after Maternal COVID-19 vaccination

The global prevalence of diabetes is increasing exponentially and expected to reach 783 million by the end of year 2045. The burden of complications of diabetes can be mitigated if the disease is diagnosed early and treated adequately. A cross-sectional pilot study from July 2021 to October 2021 on 52 participants from diverse areas of Bareilly (Northern India) was conducted. Only 38.46% of participants found to have good knowledge (knowledge score ≥ 19). Characters like ‘level of education’, ‘close relative with diabetes’, ‘income’ and ‘education in the medical field’ were having significant association with good knowledge score (p<0.05). Around 67.28% population showed positive attitude towards diabetes. Although ‘the education related to medical field’ and ‘level of education’ were found significantly associated with positive attitude (p < 0.05) and binary logistic regression showed both the variable as the predictor of positive attitude. The mean knowledge score of participants possessing positive practices in relation to ‘doing regular exercise’ was higher compared with who do not do regular exercise (p<0.001). Conclusively, the current study can be considered as a baseline for nationwide diabetes awareness programs to revamp the knowledge of population towards diabetes emphasizing the development of attitude & practices.

Introduction: The habit of alcohol consumption and alcoholism is known to adversely affect the health and well being of the people especially that of women but stillthe trends of its consumption is on rise even in India. Women in rural areas are exposed to limited source of knowledge regarding the ill effects of alcohol consumption

INTRODUCTION: The constant development of new technologies in the field of medicine and health care has paved the way for the exploration of three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) imaging technologies in dentistry. Faster manufacturing rate and patient friendly approach of this technology has potential to revolutionize the field of pediatric dentistry.
AIM: To assess the knowledge and limiting factors of applicability of 3D printing amongst practicing pediatric dentists of India.
METHOD: A cross sectional survey was conducted among 600 randomly selected practicing pediatric dentists in India. A self-structured closed ended validated questionnaire containing 15 questions was forwarded to the participants. The questionnaire gathered data regarding demographics, knowledge, application and challenges faced by pediatric dentists for the use of 3D printing. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 21.0. Chi square test at 95% confidence interval and level of significance at P<0.05 was used to assess significance of obtained responses.

In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of communicable illnesses is increasing, and requests for the treatment of a few of these diseases to be integrated into basic healthcare (PHC) have not abated. Clinical healthcare workers (HCWs) in PHC facilities in low-resource settings may provide cost-effective treatments for the prevention and control of communicable illnesses. Saudi Arabia is one of the world's biggest and most ethnically and culturally diverse mass gatherings. In order to prepare and respond to risks from infectious diseases effectively, timely information management is ensured via the deployment of suitable surveillance systems. Identify, describe, and evaluate clinical trials of healthcare professionals' treatments for the management of both communicable and non-communicable illnesses that call for long-term care or treatment.Aim of the study: To evaluate the behaviors, knowledge, diagnosis, and reporting attitudes of primary healthcare providers in Makkah Al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia, in 2022 Methods: A Cross sectional community-based study was adopted, was conducted, in October -November 2022, among 200 healthcare workers in the primary healthcare in Makkah City, a written questionnaire was developed based on a literature review. The questionnaire tool consists of items that assess knowledge in primary healthcare workers practices, diagnosed and attitude to reporting of communicable diseasesResults:      reveals that the majority of participants (37.0%) were in the 30–49 age range, the majority of them were men (59.0%), and the majority of participants were married (59.0%). Specialty of the health care workers  the majority of participant are registered nurse/public health nurse were(33.0%) while medical doctor practitioner were(29.0%).

Context/Background: COVID-19 is an emerging and rapidly evolving situation. Though several vaccines have been developed and brought into general use, vaccine hesitancy still exists among the public. Assessing the awareness toward COVID vaccine among medical students is important since their perception and practice will have a significant impact on their family members, friends and relatives.
Aims/Objectives: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices toward COVID vaccine among medical students.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out among the undergraduate medical students of a medical college in Belagavi between May - June 2021. A total of 802 students participated in the study. A framed questionnaire assessing their knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID vaccine was distributed to each participant.
Results: Most of the study participants were female (51%), and most of them were in the first year of their course at the time of the study (23.6%). Majority of them received COVID-19 related information from healthcare workers (72.7%). 92.8% and 92.6% of the participants responded that the vaccines control COVID-19 and it was by developing antibodies, respectively. 70.5% said that the vaccines should not be given to immunocompromised individuals. 82.2% of the participants have taken 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccination. Almost all participants (98.8%) felt that even after vaccination other measures like social distancing, wearing mask and avoiding social gathering are to be followed.
Conclusions: The findings in the present study show good knowledge, positive attitude and practice towards COVID-19. It is necessary to keep on with further education and training strategies to get a better understanding and positive attitude toward the pandemic for all medical students.

Background: -India has 440 million children. About 27 million children are born each    year in India. But nearly 2 million of them do not live to the age of 5.  Upper respiratory infections are leading cause of child mortality (30%) in India.^1..WHO report stated that children below five years of age suffer about 5    episodes of URTI per child per year. URTI is responsible for about 30-40% of visits to health care facilities and for about 20-40% admission to hospitals.The proportions of death due to respiratory infection in the community is much higher as many children die at home^.2
Methodology:-.Quasi experimental (one group pre post, post testdesign )was used with evaluative approach among 50 subjects by Using simple random sampling Technique.Permission taken from ethical committee and concern authority of the institute  andbefore collection of the data informed consent taken from mothers. Data were collected from mothers by using knowledge questionnaire on demographic data and Home Management Of Upper Respiratory Tract Infecton In Under Five Children.Collected data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Result :- Result reveals thatknowledge regarding  upper respiratory tract infecton  among the mothers of  under five children is . 76%  mothers had average  level of   knowledge regarding URTI.  24%  had  good level of knowledge regarding URTI and  no one is having poor level of  knowledgeregarding URTI.

Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic, it has become a major challenging public health problem worldwide. This pandemic has affected all aspects of Population life in almost all nations and among all socioeconomic groups. Population of all types are facing an unprecedented crisis with the rapid spread of COVID-19 and severity of the disease in many infected individuals.  As such many healthcare systems have been overwhelmed and HCWs presented with work load . There is a potential shortage of physical resources, such as ventilators and intensive care unit beds, needed to care for surges of critically ill patients, however, additional medical supplies and beds will be of limited help unless there is an adequate medical workforce, as the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues to occur in small outbreaks in Saudi Arabia. Aim of the study: To assessment the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward COVID-19 among the Population attending primary healthcare centers in Makkah Al-Mukarramah Saudi Arabia 2022

Background:
Menopause officially marks the end of female reproductionalthough this life stage is well known, there are actually different stages within menopause that are important to recognize and understood menopause itself officially occurs when you stop menstruating.
Objectives:

To determine the effectiveness of information booklet on knowledge regarding menopausal symptoms and its management among women’s.

Materials and method:
A quantitative research approach was used for this study. A one group pretest and posttest pre-experimental research design was adopted. The study was conducted in selected area of karad, Taluka.  Non probability convenient sampling technique was used to select 100 menopausal women in the age group of 35-45years. Informed consent was taken from each participant after explaining the objectives of the study. Data was collected using structured questionnaire on menopausal symptoms to assess the knowledge of menopausal women in Karad. The data was later tabulated and calculations were done using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Result:
Most of the participant’s i.e.78 (78%) women have average knowledge, 16 (16%) women have poor knowledge, and only 6 (6%) women have good knowledge. After administering Information booklet, the knowledge level was assessed. There was gain in knowledge level among women regarding menopause. Majority of the participants i.e. 87(87%) have average knowledge, 12(12%) have good knowledge and 1(1%) have poor knowledge.
Conclusion:
There was significant difference in pre-test and post-test knowledge regarding menopausal symptoms. Information booklet improves the knowledge regarding menopausal symptoms among women’s residing in selected areas of Karad.

Background: Mosquito borne diseases are increasing problems in various parts of the world’s . Every year more than 1 billion cases and over 1 million deaths from VBDs. In India, 27% population live in malaria high transmission area.Assessment of knowledge of vector born disease and preventive practices among rural community is important for designing community based interventions.
Objective :To assess the knowledge regarding vector born disease among the rural population in Karad Taluka . 
Design: A quantitative approach using pre experimental one group pre-test post-test design. 
Methodology : A community Based study was conducted in rural area of Karad Taluka, Maharashtra. Data was collected from 60 subjects selected with Probability Simple random sampling technique Data was collected by Structured Questionnaire on demographic variable and used to assess the level of Knowledge of subjects regarding Vector borne diseases.Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.
  Results:   Overall knowledge score of sample was 9 (15%) are having good knowledge , 39 (65 %). average knowledge and 12 (20%) samples were having poor knowledge regarding Vector borne diseases.  The mean pre-test knowledge score (11.9 ± 3.5). Whereas in post test knowledge score of sample was 11 (18.3%) having good knowledge , 41 (68.3%) average knowledge and 8 (13.3 %) having poor knowledge regarding Vector borne diseases.  The mean post-test knowledge score (17.03 ± 3.3).
 Conclusion: There is need to increase Community awareness about practices and methods to prevent vector borne diseases amongst people.

Background: Tobacco usage is a global epidemic that is gradually worsening with each passing day. Despite of various efforts being taken against tobacco consumption, it is still a major health issue globally, and in India. Hence the present study is an attempt to assess the change in knowledge and attitude of tobacco use among stone crusher workers in and around Jaipur city before and after intervention.
Method: The main study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase the data regarding the demographic and the personal information on tobacco use, knowledge and attitude was collected using pre designed and pre- tested Performa. In the second phase the basic health education and Cognitive‑ behavioral cessation strategies were provided to the study subjects. Follow-up was done at intervals of 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months and 6 months. All the techniques were reinforced again at the follow‑ ups.
Results: Among the total of 2170 study subjects 615 (28.3%) were smokers, 586 (27.0%) consumed smokeless tobacco and 969 (44.7%) used both smoked and smokeless form. Knowledge regarding various effects of tobacco causing heart attack, asthma, gastritis, lung cancer, oral cancer and headache increases significantly from baseline to fourth counselling. Attitude towards harmful effects and rules and regulations for tobacco use, there was significant increase in mean difference (0.000) between baseline data and fourth counselling respectively.
Conclusion: The prevalence of tobacco use is very high among lower socioeconomic strata. Therefore, tobacco awareness programs and tobacco cessation services tailor made for this group must be planned and implemented.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by two key features: a combination of impairments in social interaction and social communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities. Primary healthcare (PHC) are frequently a first point of contact for patients with ASD symptoms and play a crucial role in early diagnosis. Mention that early intervention is required to ensure that patients with ASD receive the proper education. ASD is a lifelong condition that affects patients. There are gaps in our understanding of how people with autism interact with healthcare professionals. Relevant studies have identified issues such as complexity that goes beyond the scope of the typical role, a lack of knowledge and resources, a lack of training or prior experience, communication and collaboration, the need for information and training, the need for care coordination and systemic changes, but no studies have looked at the knowledge levels of PHC patients in Saudi Arabia. Aim of the study: To Assessment of the Knowledge regarding autism in the patient attending in the primary healthcare in Makkah City at Saudi Arabia 2022. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted, in October -November 2022, among 200 patients attending in the primary healthcare in Makkah City, a written questionnaire was developed based on a literature review. The questionnaire tool consists of questions that test respondents' understanding of the causes of autism spectrum disease, the characteristics of autistic patients, the needs and abilities of autistic people, and the needs and abilities of autistic people themselves. Result: In terms of marital status, the majority of participants were married (59.0%), in terms of education, the majority of participants had a secondary education (31.0%), in terms of occupation, the majority of participants worked for the government (35.0%), and in terms of primary health care, the majority of participants went to private practices (48.0%). The majority of the participants were in the age group of 25-35 years old, and the majority of the participants were females (51% versus 49%).

Caesarean section is one of the barriers for early initiation of breast-feeding. Initiation of breast-feeding is often delayed because mothers who delivered through caesarean section often need some extra time to recover before they physically feel like holding and nursing their baby. The nurse must help the mother to develop the necessary skills so that she is able to feed her baby by herself.  Breastfeeding advocates have long promoted the idea that women who have had a caesarean need extra support and help to establish breastfeeding. Breast-feeding is the ideal method suited for the psychological and physiological needs of the infants. It is the best food for the neonates due to its unique physical, biochemical and immunological qualities
Aim: To identify barriers and enhance for breastfeeding technique among cesarean mothers.
Objectives: To assess knowledge regarding breastfeeding technique among cesarean mothers admitted in Tertiary Care Hospital
Methods: A quantitative approach with quasi experimental, 60 Post LSCS mothers were selected by using Non probability convenient sampling technique.
Result: Study revealed that out of 60 post-natal cesarean mother , 15 (23.33 %) have good knowledge about breast feeding technique whereas 31 (51.67 %) mothers are having average knowledge as well 14 (25 %) cesarean mothers had poor knowledge regarding breastfeeding technique.
Conclusion: The study evident that there is need to educate caesarean mothers regarding breastfeeding technique after delivery

Background: In India, Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculi. The disease primarily affect the lungs and cause Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Present study aimed to assess effectiveness of Information Booklet on knowledge regarding Tuberculosis and importance of drug regimen. Objective- To assess effectiveness of information booklet on knowledge regarding importance of drug regimen among Tuberculosis patients attending clinic. Methodology : By using evaluative approach ,pre experimental design-one group pre test-post test design was used. Total 60 subjects selected by using Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select the respondents. A structured knowledge questionnaire was administered to assess knowledge of tuberculosis and importance of drug regimen among tuberculosis patients on the first day; then information booklet was administered on the same day of pre test to participants. After 7 days of administration of information booklet, structured knowledge questionnaire was administered to participants to assess the effectiveness of information booklet.

Background: More than 300000 persons die of sudden cardiac arrest each year. A patient in cardiac arrest has very little chance of survival unless you, the bystander, Hence, the Present study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding to educate about advanced cardiac life support skills.
This study examines knowledge regarding advanced cardiac life support among staff nurses and whether level of knowledge varies by content area.
Method: Pre-experimental research design with one group pre test post test without control group was used. The 50 study subjects were selected through convenient sampling technique. Data was collected by means of a Structured Closed Ended knowledge Questionnaire by interview schedule. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistical in terms of mean, frequency distribution, percentage „t‟ test and chi- square test.

The aim of this study is to Study the knowledge & practices of service providers on diarrhoea, its prevention & management of diarrhoeal diseases among under 5 children. 12 Anganwadis, 6 each from urban and rural block were selected by random sampling. For the selection of beneficiaries mothers of under 5 children were selected by sequential sampling at selected study sites and through house to house interviews in areas in proximity to selected study site to achieve the required study sample.
Result: There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) between service providers for their knowledge regarding general aspects of diarrhoea and its misconceptions. The knowledge was good for HW(F)s (74), and Poor for ASHAs (47.8) and AWW’s (40.6) regarding General aspects of diarrhoea. misconceptions like no requirement of treatment for seasonal diarrhoea and diarrhoea is not a serious illness were high (57% &50%) and misconceptions were highest regarding diarrhoea in AWWs.There was a significant difference (p<0.001) between service providers for their knowledge regarding treatment during diarrhoea. The knowledge was maximum for HW(F)s , followed by ASHA and AWW. The knowledge levels for treatment were poor in AWW (27%)
Conclusion: Most common source of knowledge was private sector health providers which constituted 61%. The care seeking from private sector was higher in rural areas. Public health providers were a source of knowledge in 21 % of beneficiaries. The most common place of care seeking was private sector by 61% of beneficiaries. Government sector was utilised by 23.5 % of beneficiaries’ .utilisation of government sector was higher in urban areas. In Anganwadis, ORS-Zinc corners were functional in only 25%. According to guidelines the ORS-Zinc corners should also be established at clinics of private providers giving treatment of under 5 children It was found that no corners were established at their clinics.

Objectives: To study the awareness about the disease related complications in the diabetic patients who are, as yet, not suffering from any long-term complication.
Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving 389 patients of type 2 diabetes for a period of two years, from March 2018 to March 2020 in a tertiary care centre. The patients having disease diagnosed with in last five years and not suffering from any diabetic related complication were included in the study. The questions pertaining to the knowledge about complications related to eyes, kidneys, nerves, brain and heart were asked and recorded. The data was entered in MS EXCEL spreadsheet and analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0.
Results: The most common complication known was retinopathy (45.48%), followed by nephropathy (38,69%), peripheral neuropathy (33.42); cardiac complications (26.13%) and stroke (37.19%). The factors associated with good knowledge and awareness were advanced age, higher socioeconomic status, male gender and presence of positive family history of diabetes.
Conclusion: There is a wide gap in the knowledge of Diabetes and its related complications among the patients which may prevent them from taking good care about their glycaemic levels. It demands a bidirectional approach by the treating doctor and the patient himself to update the knowledge about the chronic debilitating nature of the disease to better the outcomes of the patients in terms of associated morbidity and mortality.

Aim: To evaluate the antibiotic knowledge, practise, and attitudes among Indian dentistry practitioners.
Material and methods: Dental professionals were the subjects of a descriptive cross-sectional research. The dentists were included in the sample because it was convenient for them to do so. Google forms were used to distribute the surveys to the participants, while those who couldn't be reached online were given paper copies of the survey. All forms were included in the research exclusively from dental professionals in India who gave their informed permission. Participants were guaranteed complete anonymity and data confidentiality.
Results:  A total of 100 dental practitioners participated in the research and completed the questionnaire, including 74 (74%) females and 26 (26%) men. Their average age was 27.58±3.69 years. More over half of the 52 participants (52%) said antibiotics helped them recover from colds and coughs. About 55 (55%) of participants believed that newer and more expensive antibiotics had no influence on effectiveness. Antibiotic resistance was known to around 91 percent of the population. Approximately 72 (72%) of participants disagreed that antibiotics were a safe treatment, while 75 (75%) disagreed that antibiotics were the first drug of choice in cough and sore throat. Antibiotic resistance was identified as an issue in India by the vast majority of participants (86%). Approximately 68 (68%) were opposed to maintaining antibiotic stockpiles at home. 55 (55%) of the 100 dentists polled prescribed antibiotics based on symptoms. Most dental practitioners administered antibiotics for intra and extraoral sinus drainage, severe facial edoema, dental trauma, pericoronitis, open extraction, and periapical abscess. Amoxicillin was the most popular medicine (69%) followed by Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (25%) Almost every dentist has likely replied favourably to the request for a medical history.
Conclusion: Although dentists in the current research were found to have understanding of antibiotic prescription, it was found that there is an undeniable gap in training and perspective of dentists with respect to antibiotic recommendations. Therefore, dentists will need to improve their use of antibiotics by updating their procedures over time.

Background: Cardiac arrest affects everyone, and a person with an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is not always lucky enough to get cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It may be due to the common man's complete lack of competence in these situations. It is because of these observations of the authorities that many health organizations in the world came up with the idea of ​​training even the common man with BLS. This study sincerely tries to find answers to this question.
Aims and Objectives: To determine retention of BLS and ACLS skills, it was taught after six months.
Materials and Methods: Study Settings: CS Hospital, Shimoga, Karnataka. Study design: Quasi Experimental Desig.
Results: In our study total of 30 health care professional were included in our study. There was statically significant difference found between Group A and Group B with respect to mean score difference. The group A which had reinforced training had better mean score difference.
Conclusion: Reinforcement makes a difference and this is quite evident with the difference in the OSCE scores scored. This study makes a point to the frequency of the training should increase

Background: Magnitude of blindness caused by diabetic retinopathy is increasing. The present study was conducted to assess knowledge, awareness and practices amongst patients with diabetic retinopathy.
Materials & Methods: 86 diabetic patients of both genders were selected and subjected to a questionnaire comprising of occupation, socioeconomic status, educational status, details of diabetes mellitus like duration, family history of diabetes etc
Results: Out of 86 patients, males were 50 and females were 36. Socio economic status was upper in 21, middle in 40 and lower in 25 cases. Educational status was uneducated in 20, high school in 36 and graduate in 30 cases. The difference was non- significant (P> 0.05). SES was upper in 9 in knowledge group and 12 in non- knowledge group, middle in 16 and 24 and lower in 10 and 15 in knowledge group and 12 in non- knowledge group respectively. Education level was uneducated in 7 and 13, upto high school in 12 and 24 and upto graduate level in 11 and 19 in knowledge group and 12 in non- knowledge group respectively. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). 26 in knowledge group and 20 in non- knowledge group had right attitude. The difference was non- significant (P> 0.05). 21 in knowledge group and 24 in non- knowledge group had practice of visiting ophthalmologist for eye check up. The difference was non- significant (P> 0.05).
Conclusion: The attitude and practice pattern of diabetic retinopathy was statistically significant in knowledge group compared to those who had no knowledge of diabetic retinopathy.

Introduction: The increase in severity of diabetes every year has been linked to patient’s lack of knowledge and practice of proper self-care. Due to its extreme importance, an annual assessment of patients' skills and knowledge has been recommended by The American Diabetes Association.
Objectives:
1. To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of diabetic patients and to study the impact on glycemic control.
2. To educate the patients about the importance of lifestyle modification in the management of diabetes.
Methods: This study was conducted at the tertiary care level center in latur city of maharashtra. All the patients suffering from type 2 DM for more than one year attending the OPD and at IPD were included in the study irrespective of their age.
Results: On analyzing the data, it is found that only 7.14% participants had knowledge about the insulin deficiency as the cause of DM. only 37.30% of people knew that it is hereditary disease. Participants knowing that DM causes delayed wound healing were 58.73%. Only 50% participants follow the diet plan. Participants examining their feet daily were just 7.14% and only one patient was carrying the diabetic ID card.
Conclusion: The results of the study state that type 2 diabetes patients are deficient of sufficient knowledge on the understanding of causes of DM, risk factors of DM, progress of the disease, complications of DM, different signs and symptoms of complications for early identification, and basic rules of foot care. Practices of eating green leafy vegetables, exercise daily and checking blood sugar regularly are followed well but simple practice of feet examination daily is not followed.

Introduction: While there are considerable enthusiasm and anticipation for the COVID-19
vaccine, little is known about vaccine hesitancy specifically for COVID-19 in the general
population. Identifying specific populations, their characteristics with regards to vaccine
knowledge, awareness & acceptance will help as key components of a successful vaccination
strategy. Hence the present study was carried out to assess the knowledge, awareness &
acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination among general population of urban Raigarh,
Chhattisgarh.
Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 participants
of urban Raigarh regarding knowledge, awareness & acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine from
April-June 2021. The methodology comprises of primary data collection through survey in a
pre-designed pre-tested proforma by face to face interview.
Results: Total 400 participants among general population who had an average age of 34.3
years ±11.8 years with slight male preponderance (53.2%). Nearly half (58.2%) of
participants were from the slum, (45.2%) came under middle socio-economic class and (49%)
were self-employed. Majority (77.25%) knew about COVID-19 vaccination programme,
while (46.75%) knew about common side effects of vaccine. More than half (54.25%) were
aware that it boost up immunity against COVID-19 infection and (77.5%) were having good
knowledge regarding COVID-19 vaccination, and (36.5%) were afraid of taking COVID-19
vaccine, while (39%) were concerned about its side effects.
Conclusion: The study identified that majority of responders were aware regarding COVID-
19 vaccine, still many have doubts & concerns about its potential efficacy and safety thereby
providing an important outlook for feasible interventional awareness programs to enhance
vaccination rates. The study also identified that the concerns regarding the vaccine adverse
effects acted as the leading barrier for vaccine acceptance.

Aim: The purpose of the present research was to assess the knowledge, attitude and
practice of hand hygiene amongst undergraduate medical students studying in this
institution.
Methodology: A self- administered questionnaire based cross sectional study was done
amongst medical students at our institution. Based on their responses, a scoring system
was devised and their knowledge, attitude and practice were graded as good (>75%),
moderate (50-74%) and poor (<50%).
Results: Of the 140 participants were involved in the study, we found that majority had
moderate knowledge on hand hygiene. But the overall attitude of the respondents
towards hand hygiene was not satisfactory and only few showed good hand hygiene
practices.
Conclusion: This study reveals the wide gaps in the knowledge, attitude and practice of
hand hygiene among the medical students and hence the need for conducting regular
training.

Background: Context: Almost 50% of breast cancer cases and 58% of deaths occur in
less developed countries. Early detection plays a pivotal role in the treatment of breast
cancer. Better knowledge and attitude of healthcare professionals influences the uptake
of screening methods for breast cancer in the community.Aims: -1.To estimate the
knowledge, attitude, and practices of BSE in female medical students, 2. To identify the
areas of gap in knowledge and attitude of BSE between students who perform and do
not perform BSE. Settings and Design: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study
conducted among Undergraduate female medical students.
Methods and Material: The data was collected by self-administered closed ended
questionnaire through Google forms.Statistical analysis used: Statistical analysis was
performed using SPSS software 21 version.
Results: A total of 263 students participated in the study. 79.7% (208) of them had
heard about BSE. Analysis of practice aspect of data revealed that only 28.4% (74)
performed BSE sometime or the other. Those who had more negative attitude never
performed BSE.
Conclusions: Current study showed lack of knowledge, attitude and practice of BSE
among health professionals. Health professionals who don’t have strong attitude and
habit of practicing BSE will not be serious in percolating BSE in general population.
Therefore, there is strong need of intervention in health professionals in improving their
knowledge and attitude regarding BSE and making BSE a universal practice among
health professionals.

Background: Due to its high resolution, low radiation dosage, and short screening time, cone beam computed tomography, an outstanding diagnostic 3D imaging modality that was recently developed for dento-maxillofacial imaging, is becoming more helpful. The purpose of this study was to analyse dentistry students' and general dental practitioners' awareness, knowledge, and attitudes concerning CBCT.
Materials and Methods: To measure their knowledge, awareness, and attitude regarding CBCT, 400 dental students and dental practitioners were given questionnaire. The replies of the participants were analysed using descriptive statistics, and the Chi-square test was employed to statistically analyse the variations in responses based on education level.
Results: The findings revealed that Post Graduate students were the most informed and aware of CBCT, followed by Interns, final BDS students, and General Practitioners.
Conclusion:The findings show that general practitioners are unaware of CBCT and have little expertise about it. As a result, it is suggested that more CDEs and workshops on diverse uses of CBCT be held in order to raise understanding and awareness among general practitioners.

Background: Anatomy forms the core of the Medical Subjects. It is said that Anatomy forms the heart of every subject in Medical Education. It’s mandatory for the first year MBBS to study Human Anatomy. Anatomy of the eye is also dealt as a part of curriculum. Students who take fifty percent are eligible to pass on to second year where they are taught other three para-medical sciences subject and if they clear this they will land in phase-III when the Ophthalmology will be taught to them. But how much Anatomy of the eye do they actually remember is the question that we face. So this study puts in a sincere effort to find the answers and also discusses of possibilities of measures that can be taken to ensure good education.
Aims and Objectives: To study and understand the orientation of students towards anatomy of eye in 3rd year MBBS.
Materials and Methods: This study was done in the students who entered third MBBS. One hundred twenty students participated in the study. They were divided into two groups and the study was conducted.
Results: Anatomy knowledge of eye was not retained which reflected very poorly in the pre-test scores and it was found that teaching Ophthalmology was much better after the reinforcement class of Anatomy which reflected in the second scores.
Conclusion: Anatomy and other pre and para medical subjects have to be taught in tandem with clinical subjects or at least a revision is needed for effective understanding of the clinical subjects.

Background: Immunization is one of the most cost effective public health interventions which directly or indirectly prevents the bulk of mortality in under-fives. Complete vaccination of each and every child is the current need to reduce mortality and morbidity of under five in India. Since, the program of immunization on the whole was not found satisfactory in some of the states including Maharashtra.
Method:  Study design:  A cross‑sectional study. Study setting: UHTC area of tertiary acre center. Study population: The study population included all mothers who have one child or more
Sample size: 840
Results: A total of 840 children were included in the study and the male to female ratio was 1.6:1. As per age, 388 (46.2%) children were between 12-24 months of age, 184 (21.9%) were between 25 -36 months, 74 (8.8%) were between 37-48 months and 194 (23.1%) were between 49-60 months. Mother was illiterate in 136 (16.2%) cases, primary educated in 285 (33.9%) cases, HSC educated in 345 (41.1%) cases and graduate in 74 (8.8%) cases. Out of total 840 children, 520 (61.9%) were completely immunized, 312 (37.1%) were partially immunized and 8 (1%) were unimmunized. Immunization coverage for Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG), Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) zero dose, OPV + Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus (DPT) first dose, OPV + DPT second dose, OPV + DPT 3rd dose and measles vaccine was found to be 823 (97.9%), 840 (100%), 791 (94.2%), 776 (92.4%), 727 (86.5%) and 676 (80.4%) respectively.
Conclusions: Mother’s education significantly influences the immunization coverage among the under-fives. Sex of a child had no significant association with immunization coverage in 1-5 year.

Aim:
The aim of this study is to investigate the Oral cancer knowledge, attitudes and practices of undergraduate medical and dental student at university of hail, Saudi Arabia.
Objectives:
To assess knowledge, attitudes and practices of oral cancer among medical and dental students.
Materials and Methods
Study Design Cross-sectional study. Study population clinical year’sundergraduate medical and dental student at hail university in Saudi Arabia. Sample collection Pre-validated Online questionnaire. Sample collection and processing pre-validated and translated self-administered electronic questionnaire. The sample size was calculated by using the Raosoft sample size calculator. We will be collecting a sample size of 241, with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%.Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis will be processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). 
Ethical Consent
Ethical approval obtained from the ethical committee of university of hail.
 
Rationale:
In Saudi Arabia only a few studies have been conducted to assess medical or dental undergraduate OC knowledge. And no known studies to date were done to compare between medical and dental undergraduate OC knowledge in Saudi Arabia.
Results:
A total of 241 students from hail university completed the study questionnaire. A total of 186 students (77.2%) were from college of medicine and 55 (22.8%) were from college of dentistry. A total of 141 (58.5%) students were males. As for their academic year, 120 students (49.8%) were at 4th grade, 53 (22%) were at 5th grade, 42 (17.4%) were at 6th grade while 26 (10.8%) were interns. This study showed that most of hail university undergraduates are aware and had accepted knowledge towered oral cancer

Weaning is a complex process of a gradual introduction of complementary foods to the infant’s diet. It is recommended that solid food is introduced between 6 and 12 months of age. Weaning is difficult and potentially dangerous time for infants’ growth and mother’s education is an established determinant of its success. Little is known about weaning attitudes or practice among mothers in the Saudi Arabia. The weaning is a process by which the baby gets used to eating adult's food slowly and relies less and less on breastfeeding (BF). It should start between four and six months of age. It is an important public health strategy for improving the child health.e origins of the word ‘weaning’ are traceable to the AngloSaxon expression “wenian” meaning “to become accustomed to something different” . Weaning from breastfeeding is considered a natural and inevitable stage in the development of human child. Weaning is a complex process involving adjustment to a range of nutritional, immunological, biochemical, and psychological changes.

Saudi Arabia is considered to be an area of endemic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Among Saudi children, the overall HbsAg carrier rate dropped from 6.7% in 1989 to 0.3% in 1997 after mass HB vaccination program among adults prevalence is 0.22%. The prevalence varied by region, ranging from 0.03% to 0.72% with a mean prevalence of 0.15%.The coverage of hepatitis B vaccination remains low in developing countries to date. Building capacity in hepatitis B virus prevention and management for students is one of the pillars of the national viral hepatitis control strategy. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is considered a global problem which threatens the public health It may cause chronic infection which develops to liver cirrhosis and leads to death. The population infected with HBV has been found to be about 2 billion people, whereas annually 360 million people getting chronic liver disease and 600 thousand facing death either from chronic liver disease or liver cancer globally. 

Diabetes is a major, non-communicable disease with increasing prevalence globally and
will be the seventh leading cause of death worldwide by 2030 as estimated by the WHO
report in 2011. Saudi Arabia is considered to be one of the highest countries in the Middle
East for the incidence of diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes affects the most productive
midlife period but has also started to appear in younger age groups. Type 2 diabetes is now
increasingly diagnosed among adolescents and young adults, data are lacking regarding
knowledge about diabetes mellitus among school students in Saudi Arabia but it is a
potentially preventable disease through a combination of lifestyle modification and
pharmaceutical treatment.

Background: Father and mother as they are regarded as the primary care providers. Father has important role in
child health such as companion, care provider, protector moral guide, teacher, bread earner. Ultimately, the
family will be responsible for shaping a child and developing their values, skills, socialization, and security.
However, there is emerging evidence on the positive outcomes for child nutrition and development of expanding
father’s involvement beyond their traditional roles. Thus, this study explored the knowledge, attitude, and
practices of father’s and mother’s involvement in child care.
Methods: A cross-sectional, community based study was carried out among 400 under five children in field
practice area of rural health training center of Dept. of Community Medicine of Govt. Medical College,
Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India during the period of Jan. 2017 to Dec. 2018. Data was entered in MS Excel
2007 worksheet and analyzed using open Epi version 3.01.
Results: Majority 133(66.50%) of father in urban area think that the father role is important in child health care.
47(23.50%) of father of under five children residing in rural area think that the child health care is the
responsibility of mother only. However 40(20%) of father in rural area think that the father role is also important
in child health care. Father primarily see themselves as providers, not caretakers, a perception widely held by the
larger community as well.
Conclusion: Quite significant proportion of fathers had knowledge about child health and practices of taking
care of child was found but proportionately higher percentage of knowledge and practices were found in
females.

Vitamin D deficiency is prevailing in Saudi Arabia. Recent national data indicated an inverse association between vitamin D status and coronary heart disease (CHD), which increases concerns about vitamin D deficiency as a serious public health problem. Therefore, the current study aimed to Assessment Knowledge regarding Vitamin D deficiency among female adult attending the Primary Health clinic at Makkah, Saudi Arabia, 2021. Saudi Arabia has one of the highest reported incidence of vitamin D deficiency in studies conducted worldwide. However, there has been very limited exploration of vitamin D related knowledge, attitudes and practices among female adult in Saudi Arabia. However, the case of vitamin deficiency is reported to increase in many female Saudi Arabia worldwide, especially in Saudi Arabia. Mothers, having adequate knowledge about vitamin D and its supplementation, may lead to possible lowering of the cases of vitamin D deficiency and its complications

Background:Cancer is a public health problem globally with an annual incidence of 19.3
million cases in 2020. This rising cancerincidence makes cancer prevention and treatment
apriority. Allied Healthcare workers are the most important and thelargest section of the
paramedical workforce.It had been reported that allied healthcareprofessionals are not
adequatelyeducated or aware about cancer risk factors, risk assessment, cancer vaccines and
cancer prevention.
Aim:This cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted with the aimof assessing
thelevel of knowledge, awarenessand attitude of allied healthcare students in our institution
aboutcancer prevention, cancer vaccines, HPV vaccines and attitude towards willingness to
get vaccinated.
Results:Out of 151 students 90% knew about Cancer Vaccines. Only 10% knew about the
therapeutic and preventives types of cancer vaccines. Only 2/3rd had the knowledge that HPV
causes cancer, cancer can be prevented by use of vaccine and were willing to take cancer
vaccine. Only 40% were aware about HPV vaccine and its names. Majority (95%) of them
were willing to take cancer vaccine if government provides free of cost.
Conclusion:There was limited knowledge of cancer prevention and specific cancer vaccines.
Awareness and Educational activities must be strengthened to increase the lacunae in
knowledge and improve the attitude of allied healthcare students about cancer vaccine.

Ethics comes from the Greek word meaning ‘ethos’ originally meaning character or conduct.
It is typically used interchangeably with the word moral which is derived from the Latin word
‘mores’, which means customs or habits. Together these two terms refer to conduct, character,
and motivations involved in moral acts. Ethics is defined as a branch of philosophy concerned
with the study of those concepts that are used to evaluate human activities, in particular the
concept of goodness and obligation. It is a generic term referring to the moral code of conduct
in a civil society and the rules, customs and beliefs of that society.Dentistry, being one of the
healing professions, has an obligation to society that its members will stick on to high ethical
standards of conductThe purpose of dental ethics is to heighten ethical and professional
responsibility, promote ethical conduct and professionalism in the field of dentistry.It also
advances the dialogue on ethical issues, and stimulate further reflection on common ethical
problems in dental practice. This study assesses the knowledge among dental students
(undergraduates) in dental ethics.

This study attempts to analyze the differences of knowledge and attitudes of construction labours of Engineering Faculty Unhas, Gowa with methods of communicating information and education as well as the screening. In response to the prevention of HIV/AIDS at work. This study using the method was an experiment quasi pre and post-test design with the application of two group pre and post. With different treatment given a few and observed every treatment. This study found that there is the influence of intervention with the IEC media methods before and after interventions affecting knowledge and attitude labourers of HIV/AIDS, and some the influence of intervention with the method the screening before and after interventions affecting knowledge and attitudes labourers about HIV/AIDS. Based on our research findings, there need to be continuous interventions to increase knowledge, much efforts to prevent sexually transmitted infection and HIV/AIDS and check periodically of HIV/AIDS.

Biomedical waste (BMW) management is an issue of major concern of all healthcare providers and healthcare establishments as the waste produced during the course of healthcare activities carries potential for infection and injury than any other type of waste. Biomedical waste management has recently emerged as an issue of present concern not only to hospitals, nursing home authorities but also to the environment. The bio-medical wastes generated from health care units depend upon a number of factors such as waste management methods, type of health care units, occupancy of healthcare units, specialization of healthcare units, ratio of reusable items in use, availability of infrastructure and resources etc. The proper management of biomedical waste has become a worldwide humanitarian topic today. Many studies across the country have shown that there are still deficiencies in the Knowledge, attitude and practices of the health care professionals in the organizations. Hence, A cross sectional study was carried out to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding biomedical waste management among nursing professionals in a tertiary care hospital Bhubaneswar, Odisha. With due consideration to nursing personnel’s availability, accessibility, feasibility, and resources, we decided to include (n=100) of them in our study. The number of nursing personnel was selected by simple random sampling in their respective department/specialty. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, practices and attitude of the nursing personnel regarding biomedical waste management. Overall, the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards biomedical waste management among the nursing professionals were satisfactory. Complete hepatitis B vaccine coverage among nurses (100%) in our study is attributed to hospital policy of free immunization to high risk groups. Such policy decisions do have a positive impact on work efficiency of nurses by creating a sense of being protected.

Study of the health and medical technology student ’s knowledge and attitudes will
open the ways to solve the deficit in their information regarding radiation hazards. The aim
is to assess the knowledge of Al-Zahra university students toward radiation hazard.This study
is a cross-sectional observational analytical study of the amount of knowledge and altitude
towards radiation hazards and protection of the Health and Medical Technology students’ of
Al-Zahra University in Karbala, Iraq. This cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was
conducted on 129 out of 132 undergraduate students from The Health and Medical
Technology College, whose curriculum included General Radiology, after completing 90 days
in the Department of Radiological Techniques at Al-Zahra University for Women. Among 132
students, 129 students participated in this Google Classroom questionnaire, giving an overall
response rate of (97.7%). Their overall knowledge was good and showed a higher KAP value
in relation to hazardous protection that (Is x ray is harmful) with a percentage of (66.6%),
while their knowledge was poor concerning the safety guidelines. The lack of knowledge about
ALARA or ALADA principles needs to be considered by updating first year student ’s
curriculum as well as creating training courses to improve their knowledge.

This article discusses the effects of a coronavirus pandemic in social life. Coronavirus is a global problem that has yet to be resolved until now, it has changed behavior in life, especially in the procedure of religious-worship and social life. The author find that the differences in understanding and attitude related to COVID-19 was caused by knowledge and mental readiness. So the case of COVID-19 corpse will not occur if they have understood and readiness even though it is clear that the coronavirus has changed the way of worship and social life.

Basic minimal information about the care of children in diarrhea and ORS use is important for early recovery. To plan an anti-diarrheal program, it’s important to know the knowledge, beliefs, practices of diarrhea understanding, and management including ORS; in the community [1]. the study to check out the Knowledge of mothers towards their children below 5 years of age for oral rehydration when attending primary health care centers in Baghdad. This study is a descriptive study with analytic purposes, where 166 mothers were interviewed when attending 5 primary health care centers in the al-Rusafa side of Baghdad city. They were divided into G1(116) cases where mothers of children presenting with cut gastroenteritis, while the remaining 50 children in G2 presented with cut disease other than gastroenteritis. The period of research and data collection was between April 2019 and August 2019 A questionnaire was developed by the researcher, fulfilled by the interviewer. Regarding the mother's ages of both groups, their ages were ranging between (15-65) years. 85%, 90% of both groups were from (15-20) years old respectively. Educational level revealed that most cases have not gone beyond secondary school (G198%, G2 100%). For the employment status (79.4) employed for G1 and (70%) for G2. The crowding index <1 forG1 = 17.2%, G2 = 6%. Regarding the mother’s knowledge of ORT, only ORS used in dehydration, vomiting, and diarrhea, the correct way in preparation of ORS, -and knowledge about signs of dehydration were significant. The previous practice by G1 and G2 was 38% and 82% respectively. Attitude and practice of Gl and G2 during the attack of diarrhea shows significant only in using over -the- counter medications. The high independence score of both groups of mothers Gl, G2 shows 8.6% and 14% respectfully. Most of the mothers in our study had moderate knowledge about oral rehydration salts and technique while the percentage that using ORS was few. Intensive media advertisement about the importance of ORS is required. A leading campaign by the -ministry of health among mothers of under-five children to stimulate them to use ORS for their children as long as diarrhea to lower child morbidity and mortality.

Background - Presently, dental implants are favourable treatment alternatives for
completely or partially edentulous patients. Research has reported substantial improvement
in attitude of patients toward dental implants, however in developing nations with poorer
access to dental care, acceptance of this treatment alternative isn’t yet completely known.
Objective: A survey from a representative sample of Indian population was made to assess
the level of public awareness, sources of information, need for information and
expectations from dental implants in semi urban southern part of India.
Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving 377 adult patients was
conducted via systematic multi-choice questionnaire at a tertiary care medical university in
southern part of India. The data collected was interpreted using SPSS version 20. A pvalue
of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Background/Objectives: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging viral respiratory disease
that has currently reached apandemic status.This study aimed to assessCOVID-19 knowledge,
attitudes, and practices among the Kurdishpopulation in Iraq.
Methods: This cross-sectional studywas conducted fromJuly 15 to September 15, 2020 among the
Kurdish population in Iraq. A total of 885 subjects were interviewed. All subjects were aged 15–75
years. Knowledgescores, attitudes, and practices of subjects were analyzed according to demographic
characteristics.
Results:The study subjects were largely male,the average age was31.79 years,and 41.92% subjects
were from Erbil province. Approximately 85.31% subjectshad enhancedknowledge regarding disease
prevention and control. The lowest subscale scores were related toclinical manifestations of the
disease. Knowledge scores were significantly associated with age, place of current residence, and
level of education.A large number of participants believed COVID-19 would be controlled and the
fight against the pandemic would be won.Subjects’ attitudes toward success differedsignificantly by
demographic characteristics, except marital status. Approximately 40.03% subjects reported that they
had not visited a crowded place, and 60.22% of these subjects wore face masks when leaving home.

Background: The main objective of root canal treatment is the thorough mechanical and chemical cleaning and shaping of the root canals. The present study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices towards endodontic management of Radix cases amongst clinicians of varied experience including general dentists, specialists and Endodontists.
Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted on 267 participants of both genders. A well - formulated questionnaire of 13 questions was handed to all participants. They were divided into 4 groups. Group I were undergraduate students, group II were postgraduate students, group III were experienced Endodontists and group IV were other specialists.
Results: More than 15 years experience was seen in 29%, maximum RCTs done were 41-50 by 22%, no of Radix till date were >30 by 37%, Radix Ento molaris is more common by 80%, 1st molar is associated with Radix in 96%, 76% not maintaining data base, 55.8% feel that accurate diagnosis is management of Radix, 75% feel multiple RVG is pre- operative management, 19% feel CBCT is necessary. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: The initial diagnosis is of utmost importance, to facilitate the endodontic procedure and to avoid treatment failures. There is a need to improve knowledge and awareness in the management of Radix cases.

The aim of this study is to determine the understanding regarding the relationship between malocclusion and TMJ problems among dental students. The purpose of this study is to create awareness and determine the understanding of the relationship between malocclusion and TMJ problems among dental students. This study was conducted based on a questionnaire which consists of 10 questions through a web-linked application called Survey Monkey. A convenient sample size of 100 consecutive dental students who are currently practicing in Chennai participated in the study. As an overall result, most of the participants are aware of the relationship between malocclusion and TMJ problems. As a conclusion, awareness on the relationship between malocclusion and TMJ problems among dental students in Chennai is adequate but certain knowledge has to be brushed up among them for a higher level. Furthermore, they need to be trained on these grounds to help them treat their patients with more consent and awareness.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Population in India was not growing rapidly till the early twenties of the last century. It was nearly static, with a relatively safe and acceptable rate of annual growth, since both birth and death rates were relatively high .With advances in technology and expansion of health services death rate started declining in the following decades. Meanwhile the birth rate continued to persist at the same level .This caused a severe demographic gap between the birth and death rate, and resulted in growth of population at an alarming rate. OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge and perceived barrier regarding IUCD. METHOD AND MATERIAL: A quantitative research approach with non experimental comparative descriptive study was adopted in this study. The non-probabality, purposive sampling technique was used to select the subject for the study. Data collected from 100 subjects were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.

Introduction: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was recognized and has caused serious illness and numerous deaths. The ultimate scope and effect of this outbreak are unclear at present as the situation is rapidly evolving. The disease causes respiratory illness (like the flu) with main clinical symptoms such as a dry cough, fever, and in more severe cases, difficulty in breathing.
Objective:  To assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical students towards corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Materials and Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among undergraduate medical students in India from September 2020 to February 2021. Participants were recruited using a snowball sampling technique and all data were collected via an online self-reported questionnaire using Google Forms (http://forms.google.com/) as the data collection period coincided with implementation of the COVID-19 lockdown policy in India. Socio-demographics characteristics, social interaction history, information-seeking behavior, as well as knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 were collected through a self-reported questionnaire. A p-value of <0.04 indicated statistical significance.
Results: A total of 2000 eligible participants completed the survey, 71.5% of whom were female, and their mean age was 19.4 years old (SD = 2.1). Almost all had sufficient knowledge (87.1%) and good preventive practice (93.6%) towards COVID-19; however, there was also a rather low level of positive attitude recorded, at 65.7%. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the female participants, and the receiving of information from the official websites, reported a significantly higher level of good practice. Besides, students who had a high level of sufficient knowledge and positive attitude towards COVID-19 were more likely to have good preventive practices (All p<0.001).
Conclusion: Many undergraduate medical students in India had positive attitude and practice against COVID-19, yet only a few had adequate knowledge. This warrants further interventions to keep them updated with COVID-19 evidence to maximize their potentials in raising public awareness on COVID-19.

     Overcoming the scourge of malaria infection is possible when healthcare workers have good levels of understanding and attitudes towards the disease, which will influence their treatment practices. Saudi Arabia and Yemen are the only two countries in the Arabian Peninsula that are yet to achieve malaria elimination. This study assessed Knowledge of Malaria fever causes and symptoms among health care workers at the primary healthcare in Makkah City at Saudi Arabia. Malaria is one of the deadliest mosquito-borne diseases in the world. More than 80% of the total populations are at risk of malaria in the 22 countries in Asia and the Pacific. South Asia alone is home to an estimated 1.4 billion people at risk of contracting malaria.
 Aim of the study: The study aimed to assess the knowledge about Malaria fever causes, signs and symptoms among health care workers at the primary healthcare in Makkah City at Saudi Arabia.
Methods: Across sectional descriptive study conducted among including health care workers at the primary healthcare in Makkah Al-Mokarramah city, during the October to December, 2020, the Sample size of medical practitioners. Our total participants were (350).
Results: shows the
Total knowledge of the malaria fever results show the majority of participant had weak information were(62.6%) while average of the Knowledge about participants  signs of the malaria fever were(33.4%) the data ranged from(1-24) by mean ±SD(11.094±4.503) and a statistical significant relation While Chi-square X2 180.109  and P=value 0.001and  that is a significant positive correlation between Knowledge about causes and signs were r= 0.70) and p-value =0.001
 Conclusion: Malaria remains a public health problem in most governorates of KSA region. Health professionals have suboptimal knowledge and practice levels regarding causes, signs, symptoms, standard precautions of infection control, while most of them have positive attitude. The identification and monitoring of malaria transmission hotspots and predictors would enable control efforts to be intensified and focused on specific areas and therefore expedite the elimination of residual malaria from the whole region
 Therefore, it is recommended to enforce their training

Background: Self-medication (SM) is a global practice that is prevalent in all age groups and in all races. Although it has been successfully integrated into many healthcare systems throughout the world, it still presents with the problems of wrong diagnosis, inappropriate choice of treatment, drug abuse, delayed health seeking behaviour, double medication and harmful interactions, inappropriate storage and administration of expired medicines, medication wastage and in extreme cases death.
Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study conducted at ESUTH Parklane, Enugu Nigeria. A structured pre-tested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from the consenting nurses. Data was analysed using SPSS version 25 and variables were presented in frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviation with the aid of tables. Bivariate analysis was done using chi-square test. The level of significance was set at p value ≤ 0.05.
Results: Most of the nurses were within the 30-39 years age group 95(44.4%). Majority were females 199(93.0%) and married 169(79.0%). Almost all of them were Christians 213(99.5%) and Igbo ethnic group 212(99.0%).
All the nurses have heard about SM but only 181(86.4%) have good knowledge of it. Majority of them have practiced SM in the past one year 185(86.4%). Among those that practiced SM, majority practiced rarely 157(73.4%). The commonest symptom for which SM was practiced was headache 194(90.7%) followed by fever 170(79.4%) and pain 163(76.2%). The commonly used drugs for SM were analgesics/anti-pyretic 194(90.7%) and anti-malarias 187(87.4%). Sources of drugs were majorly from pharmacy shops 195(91.1%). Their major reasons for SM were emergency illness 171(79.9%), mild illness 162(75.9%) and prior knowledge about the illness and its treatment 150(70.1%).Conclusion: There was good knowledge of SM among the studied nurses but their practice was poor as majority practiced SM in the past one year.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a common health problem in many countries, including Bahrain. However, little data exists about the awareness and the level of knowledge of vitamin D among Arab Gulf populations. Method: A cross-sectional study design was employed. A self-administered questionnaire was administered to an adult sample of 335 participants seeking information on their knowledge about vitamin D. Findings: 81.2% of the study participants had unsatisfactory total knowledge score of vitamin D. Level of education and the sources of information about vitamin D were the main significant factors that appear to influence the participants’ vitamin D awareness status. Most the participants recognized that exposure to sunlight encourages the production of vitamin D, however, only a small proportion of participants were aware of the sources of vitamin D in daily food intake and health consequences of vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion: There is inadequate knowledge and awareness regarding vitamin D deficiency among adult Bahrain population. Health campaigns are urgently needed in order to improve the community’s knowledge about the benefits and sources of vitamin D

In the article, we informed that extracurricular reading strengthens and enriches children's knowledge and skills acquired in the classroom and constantly stimulates children's interest in reading fiction, as well as one of the important aspects of extracurricular reading is that it improves students' independent work skills.

Background: In this time of COVID-19 crisis, need of hour to appropriately perform dental
procedures to reduce the spread of this deadly disease, it is importance to assess the knowledge
and attitude of pediatric dentists regarding spread and control of infection before and after
COVID-19 crisis.
Methods and Materials: Questionnaire-based survey composed of 6 questions that assess the
knowledge of pediatric dentists regarding COVID-19 infection and 10 questions each designed
to gather information about their clinical practice before and after COVID-19 crisis which
shows attitude of pediatric dentists. Online survey link was circulated through social media
and an e-mail to pediatric dentists from different locations in India and the responses were
collected. 346 pediatric dentists willingly responded in the study.

Background: The study was aimed to assess the knowledge of healthcare provider and the correlation of the healthcare providers’ educational degree toward fever management in children.
Method: This study was conducted among healthcare-community using a questionnaire as the primary data. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed by using percentage and the correlation of their degree toward fever was analyzed by the chi-square test with statistically significant p values of < 0.05.
Result: Questions 1-17 about basic science were answered correctly by more than 80%, except those regarding non-shivering thermogenesis in neonates showing that the residents and medical students group got better results than the specialists and medical doctors (61%; 68.8%; vs 84.7%; 83.3, respectively Chi-square, p = 0.039 (p < 0.05)). While questions 18-25 about fever management in children, around half of the subjects answered correctly following the recommendations.
Conclusion: The subjects’ educational degree influenced their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding the fever management in children

Background:
COVID-19 has been recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. originated from China and has rapidly crossed borders, infecting people throughout the whole world. The present study sought to determine knowledge, attitude and behavior (KAB) of South Indian population toward COVID-19 Quarantine.
Methods: An online cross sectional, semi-structured questionnaire was undertaken through google forms among South Indian population (SIPs). SIPs aged 18 years and above constituted the study population. Data was analyzed using SPSS Software
Results: Totally 280 responses were received. The responders had a moderate level of knowledge about the COVID-19 infection and adequate knowledge about its preventive aspects. The attitude towards COVID-19 showed peoples' willingness to follow government guidelines on quarantine and social distancing. 32% of Participants have felt stressed during quarantine and 32.4% of participant had sleep disturbance. Alarmingly 32% are not anxious and feel free to roam around in public places without protective measures like mask and gloves. In this study, panic about acquiring COVID-19 infection during purchase and travel were reported in 29.5% and 11% participants respectively. The perceived Physical healthcare need was seen in more than 69% of participants.
Conclusions: COVID-19 Quarantine knowledge is gained mainly through media channels, Newspaper, which have strengths and weaknesses. Although the government has taken major steps to educate the public and limit the spread of the disease, there is a need to intensify the alertness of people during this COVID-19 Quarantine.

Good knowledge about Covid-19 transmission and nature prevents transmission of microorganisms and reduces the incidence of Covid-19 in the community. To assess knowledge of Iraqi people about covid-19&to find the source of information about covid-19. Method: Cross-sectional study was done from 1stJune-1stJuly 2020, by electronic version of questionnaire through Google-form. Any Iraqi adult can read Arabic and use the internet media (e-mails, telegram, viber, whatsapp, Facebook) or by hand to hand as hard-copy, and accepted to answer the questionnaire through friend, friend of friend, relatives, work colleagues with A Brief message.Analysed by SPSS ver. 23, frequencies and percentages calculated. The study revealed enrolling of 700 Iraqi people from difference part of Iraq and difference were participant in it, the main age of them 230(32.9%) aged 20-29 years old, females 416(59.4%), complete secondary school388(55.4%), near 60% of them working in non-medical field, and governmental employee 364(52.0%), and there-residency in Baghdad city 457(65%), followed by holly-Karbala 8%, and bible 4%, good knowledgein prevention of Covid-19 transmission, Strength the immunity against covid-19 infection and its complication, and the Overall knowledge appear as good 691(99%) the Internet is the major source of the information about the covid-19; 568(81.1%). Conclusion: most of participants had good knowledge in prevention and strength the immunity and vaccination of covid 19, and the main source of information is the internet then TV & radio.

Less was known about predicting factors concerning students’ knowledge, interests, and motivation towards Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). The study aimed to determine the relationships among pre-secondary school students’ demographic factors, knowledge possession, interest and motivation related to TVET stream and to identify the relationship between informational methods and knowledge possession, interest and motivation of students towards TVET. A quantitative descriptive study used to determine the factors contributing to student’s knowledge, interests, and motivation, which play a critical role in 64 pre-secondary school students’ choice of TVET. A questionnaire was utilized to determine the participants’ perceptions of choosing the TVET field. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including one-way ANOVA analysis, were used to analyze the data. Findings revealed that information delivery methods such as receiving information from teachers, parents, peers, internet platforms with motivation have a significant relationship for students to choose TVET. Thus, the promotion and strategy on empowering TVET is salient and developing a positive image on TVET will encourage myriad stakeholders on the importance of TVET for the nation. It is a high time to rebrand the image of vocational education as an element to train skilled human capital development.

Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic has forced dentists to prepare themselves by updating their knowledge and receive training to face the present and after effects of COVID-19. The present survey was thus conducted to assess the knowledge, risk perception, attitude, and preparedness of the dentists in India about COVID-19.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was carried out among registered dentists in south India. A self-administered, anonymous, questionnaire comprising of 25 close- ended questions was circulated to gather the relevant information. A total of 1120 dentists submitted a response, out of which 1000 complete responses were included in the statistical analysis. Pearson’s Chi-square test was used for inter-group statistical comparison.
Results: 80% of the dentists had a fair knowledge about the characteristics of COVID-19. 61% and 50% of the dentists had taken infection control training and special training for COVID-19, respectively. 52% of the dentists had the perception that COVID-19 is very dangerous. Only 42% of the dentists were willing to provide emergency services to patients. Most of the dentists had an opinion that there is a need to enhance personal protective measures.
Conclusion: In the present study, South Indian dentists have presented satisfactory knowledge with adequate awareness as the majority of them had a fair level of knowledge with significantly higher knowledge among female respondents and those with post-graduation studies. As we are going through an evolutionary phase where new advances are expected to evolve, dentists will definitely emerge successfully out from the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The article examines the issues of ensuring the activity of students in the pedagogical process on the basis of basic concepts, the formation of the subjects' interest in the studied concepts and the motivation of students to analytical activity in the process of a reflexive approach and the development of reflection in them.

Background. The oral cavity is an inseparable part of the human body. The oral cavity is composed of a structure that is a unitary function known as mastication, such as the teeth, tongue, while mucosa known as the stomatognathic system. One part of the oral cavity, namely the tongue, is an organ that has a central function for taste and taste of various types of food flavours and other substances that will enter the body through the oral cavity. However, sometimes the tongue is coated with a thin white layer containing bacteria, desquamated epithelial cells, leukocytes, blood metabolites, and various other components. Purpose: of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge and the habit of brushing the tongue in coated tongue patients who come to the Dental and Oral Hospital of Universitas Airlangga, Method. This study was descriptive analytic with the type of study was cross sectional. Results: were 28 patients with a good level of knowledge, 11 patients with a moderate level of knowledge, and 2 patients with a bad level of knowledge, and the results were 12 patients with a good level of habits, and 29 patients with a bad habit level. Conclusion. Good level of knowledge about tongue hygiene does not make a good habit also in keeping the tongue clean.

The objective of this paper is to assess the level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS among Interns of a Dental and Medical College. The data is collected through structured questionnaire by cross sectional study method with the sample size of 246. The model is tested on a context of Interns of dental and medical students for the first time. The present study has used a reflective measurement model. Due to the model complexity, the use of Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling approach is found to be appropriate for the purpose of analysis of constructs and their corresponding data. The structural model has proved that the path coefficient value and empirical t values of exogenous latent variables on endogenous latent variable are above that threshold value in relationship between knowledge and trust as well as perception and trust except attitude and trust. The testing of hypothesis confirms the strong relationship between knowledge and trust as well as perception and trust. Based on the results of Importance Performance Matrix Analysis results corporate need focus on changing the perception of interns primarily. Hence,medical college must aim at increasing the performance of the target construct trust so their first priority should be to improve the performance aspects captured by the construct perception performance by improving its total effects as this construct has high chance to improve its total effect which in turn improves its performance.

Introduction:The neonatal period comprising the first 4 weeks (28 days) of a child's life after birth is critical and dangerous events might occur. Structural, functional changes occur rapidly in this period. It is very important for mothers to be aware of the danger signs in neonates during this period. This study was done to find the prevalence of knowledge and awareness of danger signs among mothers of children aged less than 1 year.
Methods: A Community based cross-sectional study was carried out in United Arab Emirates from June 2020 to August 2020. Simple random sampling method was used and the sample size was calculated as 150. Mothers of children aged below 1 year were included in the study. A semi-structured pre-tested questionnaire was used in this study for interview purposes. Informed oral consent in common languages- English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam was obtained.
Results: The prevalence of good knowledge of danger signs among mothers of children aged less than 1 year in this study was found out to be 28.6%. 91.2% of the mothers have reported having sought medical care when any of the mentioned Danger signs occurred whereas 8.7% of them had opted to treat at home.
Conclusion:In spite of extensive coverage of maternal and child health services, the knowledge and awareness of the danger signs in neonates are fairly low in the mothers. Therefore more awareness and health education campaigns need to be implemented.

Objective. To determine the relationship between knowledge and the practice of preventive control of cervical cancer. Methods. A correlational study was carried out with 120 housewives attending the CLAS Pillcomarca in Huánuco 2017. In the data collection a knowledge questionnaire and a practice questionnaire were used. For the inferential analysis of the results, the Chi Square Test of independence was used. Results. 50.0% (60 housewives) presented regular knowledge about cervical cancer and 90.8% (109 housewives) had preventive cervical cancer control practices. On the other hand, a significant relationship was found between the knowledge about cervical cancer and preventive control practices (p 0,000). And, the general knowledge of the disease and knowledge about the prevention of the disease relate to the preventive control practices of cervical cancer (p 0.000). Conclusions. There is a significant relationship between the knowledge about cervical cancer and the preventive control practices of cervical cancer of housewives attending the CLAS Pillcomarca - Huánuco.

Moral Education and History Education are both part of a student's social and political socialisation in Malaysia. These two curriculum programmes aim to help each student behave in accordance with the social norms expected in Malaysia, including respecting and obeying the values of democracy and rule of law. However, teachers may have their own value judgments, so how to prepare teachers to deal with students' different value systems in a diverse classroom is a challenge for teacher programmes. Teachers with high multicultural competency feel confidence and comfortable when confronted with diverse student needs. This study aims to identify the status of multicultural competency among the Moral Education and History Education pre-service teacher in an educational institution in Malaysia. Multicultural competency among these teachers is identified based on a tripartite model comprised of three aspects: ‘Awareness’, ‘Knowledge’ and ‘Acting’. The data collection methods used in this study are from the quantitative approach. 90 respondents were asked to answer a questionnaire adapted from the ‘Munroe Multicultural Attitude Scale Questionnaire’ (MASQUE) and ‘Teacher Multicultural Attitude Survey’ (TMAS). The results of this study present that the Moral Education and History Education pre-service teacher shows a higher level of multicultural awareness and knowledge; however, the results also note that these pre-service teachers acting on injustice or inequalities to be relatively low. This study suggests that the development of multicultural competency in teacher education programmes should more strongly emphasise the components of skill or demonstrating multicultural competence in future.

Background: Terminal disease causes pain that is unbearable by the patient. Euthanasia is an act of someone ending his life in order to relieve the pain he is suffering. Euthanasia is still prohibited in Indonesia. Education on ethical and basic knowledge between junior high schools located on the banks of the Martapura river may have differences due to local traditions regarding euthanasia, therefore research is needed to see differences in knowledge, attitudes and perceptions about euthanasia among SMPN 1 Astambul and SMPN 1 Karang Intan students. Methods: The research design used analytic observational with cross sectional method. The sample consisted of 100 students, the data were analyzed using the chi-square test with a 95% degree of confidence. Result: The results showed that the level of students' knowledge about euthanasia was still lacking, the majority of attitudes and perceptions about euthanasia were negative. Conclusion: There were no significant differences in knowledge, attitudes, perception regarding euthanasia based on their origin school. There were a significant differences in knowledge and attitudes based on parental education and occupation.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) risks causing death when the sufferer experiences shock due to bleeding. Until now, there is no specific drug to cure DHF. This study was aimed to determine the effect of interpersonal communication on improving the prevention of Dengue Fever (DHF). The type of research used is Quasi-experiment with nonrandomized pretest-posttest control group design. Samples were taken by simple random sampling of 78 respondents from a population of 1,791 households each of 39 respondents in the intervention group and 39 in the control group. Data collection uses questionnaires and interviews in the working area of the Baubau City Meo-Meo Community Health Center. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon and Man Whitney tests. The results showed the percentage of respondents characteristics in this study the most age groups were 28-38 years 39.74%, female sex 79.48%, married 92.31%, high school education 56.41%. The mean score increased knowledge (13.21 to 17.49), AND attitudes (33.38 to 38.92) about DHF before and after interpersonal communication. The mean score increased knowledge (12.69 to 16.49), and attitudes (33.33 to 37.46) about DHF before and after counseling. While the comparison of the intervention group was significant from the control group with (p <0.05) namely knowledge (p = 0,000), and attitude (p = 0.021) about DHF. Interpersonal communication is more influential than counseling and the need for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of interpersonal communication on an ongoing basis.

Background: Primiparous postpartum mothers cannot independently take care of their babies due to a lack of knowledge about baby care. This study aims to determine the effect of android-based health education on the autonomy of primiparous postpartum mothers in neonatal care. Methods: The research design was a quasi-experiment with a pretest-posttest design with a controlled group design with a total sample of 19 pregnant women each of TM III primigravida (Gestational Age ≥ 38 weeks) in both of the intervention group and the control group. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The research was conducted at Public Health Centre of Kelayan Timur and at the PBM Clinic of Mrs. NM in Kelayan Timur Banjarmasin during September - October 2019. Data were collected using pretest and post-test containing questions about digital knowledge, skills, and independence in digital observation sheets. Data analysis was carried using the Wilcoxon test and the Mann-Whitney Test. Results: The Wilcoxon Test results showed that there were differences in the knowledge of respondents in the intervention group before and after joining Android-based health education with a value of p= 0.000. The results of the Mann-Whitney Test showed that there were differences in knowledge about neonatal care between the intervention group and the controlled group with a value of p= 0.004, there were differences in skills in neonatal care in the intervention group and the controlled group with a value of p= 0.012 for the skills of bathing babies, p= 0.016 for umbilical cord care skills and p= 0.009 for correct breastfeeding skills, and there were differences in independence in neonatal care between the intervention group and the control group. These results revealed an effect of android-based health education on the autonomy of neonatal care with a value of p= 0.001 for the autonomy in bathing babies, p= 0.006 for the autonomy in caring for the umbilical cord and p= 0.017 for the autonomy in breastfeeding. Conclusion: Android-based health education affects mothers' autonomy in neonatal care during primiparous postpartum.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) is a global public-health emergency. Dental professionals are considered to be at high risk, as most dental treatment procedures can lead to the spread of infection due to the direct proximity with saliva, blood and generation of aerosols.
AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, awareness and hygiene practices regarding COVID-19 among dental students in Chennai, India during these critical times.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A self-administered, structured, close-ended 15-point questionnaire was distributed among the undergraduate and postgraduate dental students in Chennai. A total of 198 participants completed the questionnaire. Convenience sampling method was used for data collection and the distribution of responses was presented as percentages. RESULTS: Among the 198 participants a total of 54 (27.2%) exhibited high level of knowledge while 67 (33.8%) demonstrated moderate knowledge and 77 (38.8%) demonstrated low level of knowledge. Mean knowledge score was 8.5, minimum and maximum scores were 4 and 15 respectively among the dental students.
CONCLUSION: Most the participants seemed to have inadequate knowledge about COVID19 and precautionary measures taken to prevent COVID19 from spreading. These show vulnerabilities in the knowledge of dental students to deal with the current scenario and thus, there is a need to improve the knowledge of dental students through health education and training programmes. After the condition is normalised, further research on the subject are also required.

Postpartum Intrauterine Device (IUD) is an effective, safe and comfortable contraceptive choice for women and made of T-shaped plastic and copper (Cooper T) which is inserted into the uterus postpartum/intraoperative. The results of the study showed that the highest percentage of respondents was at the age of spacing pregnancies (20-35 years), multiparas, those who were highly educated and those who did not work. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there was a significant influence between age, occupation, knowledge and support from the husband with postpartum IUD use, where p<0.05, while parity had no effect. Knowledge factor had a significant effect even though it was not influenced by the level of education or media exposure with a value of p=0.00. Multivariate analysis showed that knowledge was the dominant factor that affected the use of postpartum IUD as much as 43,012 times.
Conclusion: The postpartum IUD was most commonly used by mothers aged >35 years, working, sufficient knowledge of the IUD regardless of level of education and media exposure, and receiving support from the husband. Knowledge and support from the husband were the most influential factor on postpartum IUD use.

Background: The importance of providing education during the postpartum period may help mothers successfully pass through several important phases after delivering a birth. A Serious complication may occur if a mother fails to cope with the unexpected situation. Therefore, equipping mothers with sufficient knowledge and skills of self care is essential to avoid any risks that may happen during postpartum. Lack of knowledge and skills are two major problems that mothers usually face when doing self care. To tackle the problems, we have created an android based application called BUBI Care to facilitate a more dynamic transfer of knowledge to mothers.
Research Method: This type of research is a quasi experimental research (quasi-research) with a pretest-posttest design with a control group design. The research sample used in this study were 19 TM III pregnant women (gestational age ≥ 38 weeks) as many as 19 people in the treatment group and 19 people in the control group, which were in accordance with the inclusion criteria of the researcher, with the time the study was carried out from September to October 2020.. Data were collected through pretest and 
posttest using digital questionnaires and digital observation sheets. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon and testthe Mann Whitney test.
Research Results: the findings indicated that there was a difference in the level of autonomy between the intervention group and the comparator group. The groups consist of respondents with breast care. The intervention group showed a mean score of 81.37 whereas the comparator group showed a mean score of 56.05, with a total of score difference 25.32. Furthermore, there was also a score difference between the intervention group of perineum care and its comparator group. The intervention group obtained a mean value of 78.95 while its comparator obtained a mean score of 49.26 with a total of score difference 29.69. An experiment on mothers who did postpartum exercises also showed a different mean score between the intervention and the comparator group. The intervention group obtained a mean score of 74.63 whereas the comparator group obtained a mean score of 50.53 with a total of score difference 24.01 points. In conclusion, there is a significant influence on the intervention groups in terms of the use of the android based health application.
Conclusion: the study indicated that there was a difference in the level of knowledge gained by the intervention group before and after being trained about the use of the apps. However, this did not happen to the comparator group. On the other hand, both of the intervention and the comparator groups experienced the improvement of self care skills and the level of autonomy after being trained.

Introduction and background: World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breast feeding for at least 6 months and thereafter until the child is 2 years of age. The success of introduction and sustenance of any health initiative depends upon the knowledge and attitudes towards those health practices. This study was undertaken to assess the baseline knowledge, attitudes and anticipated practices of MBBS students and help in framing policies towards inclusion of breast-feeding training in regular curriculum.
Methodology: A cross sectional survey was carried on at a private medical college on 137 medicos comprising of Final year MBBS and Interns. Using Google Forms, a survey questionnaire was prepared, comprising of 37 items assessing the knowledge, attitude and anticipatory practices towards breastfeeding and infant nutrition.
Results: The mean overall score of Final MBBS participants was 64.5% and that of Interns were 71.2% (P value = 0.002). In all 3 domains the Interns scored higher than Final MBBS participants and the differences were statistically significant. There were positive correlations between knowledge and attitude (r= 0.36, P value < 0.001), knowledge and practices (r= 0.53, P value < 0.001) and attitude and practices (r = 0.44, P value < 0.001).
Conclusion: This study highlights the knowledge, attitude and practice level of students among Final MBBS and Interns at our institute. The overall knowledge level was average. As tomorrows practitioners and policy makers it is mandatory to shape this group of young doctors in order to ensure that future of our nation that is current generation of childrenare in safe hands.

This research article proposes a model of management based on the methodology that the Infrastructure Library of Information Technologies (ITIL) raises through the life cycle of the service. In the development of this investigation, areas, groups interdisciplinary and tools that satisfy the problem of complex relationship between business and technology. As part of the methodology of this study, a bibliographic inquiry was carried out and analyzed operational experiences of the object of study, which were related to the alternatives and disciplines that the ITIL methodology proposes. As a result of the investigation, a model of management that relates areas, groups, roles

The article exposes the interdisciplinary integration of technology education and other interdisciplinary integration aimed at improving the quality of education currently through concrete examples of modern didactics of student learning.

This study discusses the description of pre-clinical students’ knowledge and attitudes about the dangers of smoking against lung cancer. It was done at Medical Faculty of Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI). It was a quantitative study with survey design. The respondents of this study were 83 students who were chosen using quota sampling. The instrument of this study were two sets of questionnaires with closed-ended questions. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that: a) of 83 respondents, 71 (85.5%) of respondents knew that smoking was harmful to health, the remaining 12 (14.5%) of respondents did not know that smoking was harmful to health. It can be concluded that most of the Pre-clinical Students Class 2016-2018 at the Medical Faculty of UKI have good knowledge about the dangers of smoking against lung cancer.

Background: The present study was conducted to assess knowledge, awareness and
practice of dental practitioners regarding COVID-19 pandemic.
Materials & Methods: 240 dental practitioners of both genders were provided with a
questionnaire regarding knowledge and practice regarding COVID-19 pandemic.
Results: 80% showed that SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of COVID- 19. 85% replied that 2-14
days is the incubation period of Covid- 19, 75% correctly replied that 6.8 % is the
incubation period for COVID- 19 and 82% replied that rRT-PCR is the laboratory test
available for detection of COVID- 19. 80% replied yes in order to provide treatment to
infected patients and 10% replied no. In response to question whether masks, head cap and
sanitizer protect against virus, 74% replied yes, 18% replied no and 8% replied don’t know.
The difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Dental practitioners had sufficient knowledge, awareness and practice
regarding COVID-19 pandemic.

The article examines the issues of ensuring the activity of students in the pedagogical process on the basis of basic concepts, the formation of the subjects' interest in the studied concepts and the motivation of students to analytical activity in the process of a reflexive approach and the development of reflection in them

According to Coronavirus disease Situation Report– 161 published by World Health Organization on 29 June 2020, globally 10 million cases and 500000 deaths and in Sri Lanka 2037 cases and 11deaths of COVID-19 had been reported . A poor understanding of the disease among Preventive Health care Employees might result in delayed treatment and rapid spread of the infection. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and perceptions of Preventive health care Employees about COVID-19.A cross-sectional, study was conducted during June and July 2020, midst of COVID-19 outbreak in the country. A self-administered questionnaire with 25 survey item was used. A chi-square test was applied to investigate the level of association among variables, with significance set to P<.05. Out of 230 participants, 200 employees completed the survey and response rate was 86.95%.Among participants 71.5% (n=143) were female, 38.5% (n=77) were aged 40-49 years, and most of employees were Public Health Midwife (n=141, 370.5%) and least were Medical Officers of Health (n=11, 6%). Most participants (n=103, 51.3%) used Government web site to obtain information on COVID-19. A significant proportion of participants had poor knowledge on incubation period (n=41.20.5%) and more (n=187,93.5%)on complication of the disease. All the participants perceived very well about importance of taking travel history and category of waste related to patients (n=200,100%) and poorly (n=76,36%) perceived about the indication of personal protective equipment. Generally participant had moderate amount of knowledge (>57.62%) and positive perception (>69.01%) and Medical officers and Public Health Inspectors scored more than Public Health Midwife. As the global threat of COVID-19 continues to emerge, it was critical to improve the knowledge and perceptions of Preventive Health care Employees .Health ministry should provide a comprehensive and tailored educational and training programme, targeting all staff specially PHM , to promote preventive measures of COVID-19, to achieve equilibrium in terms of knowledge on COVID-19.

This article describes how the ideas of a perfect human being presented by Yusuf Has Hadjib’s “Kutadgu bilig” can be widely used to educate the younger generation and enhance the moral and spiritual excellence of the individual.

Over the last several decades, there has been some decline in mortality rate in association with diarrhea and this has been attributed to the use of oral rehydration solutions (ORS), better supplemental feeding, improvement in hygiene and sanitation and mother education; however, the use of ORS is greatly affected by mothers knowledge and attitude toward using it in treating their children with diarrheal disease. This study was aimed to figuring out maternal knowledge, attitude and practice with respect to ORT use in diarrheal illness and the main maternal characteristics that can predict such attitude and practice.The current study was designed to be a cross sectional study enrolling 400 mothers of children aged between 2-59 m. with history of diarrheal disease. Those mothers were asked to fill a questionnaire form regarding residency, level of education, parity, occupation,did they use ORS for their children or not during diarrheal disease. Mothers who did not use the ORS were asked about the reasons for such behavior. Mothers who used the ORS were asked about their source of knowledge about ORS,the way of preparation of ORS,the type of ORS, the frequency of administration, the method of administration and their beliefs regarding the benefit of ORS. The results of current study revealed that out of 400 mothers including in this study 232 (58%) used ORS to treat there children during diarrheal disease.There was no significant association between use of ORS and residence, level of education, parity and occupation (P > 0.05). Mothers who used ORS had good knowledge about the advantages and the way of preparation and use of ORS and their main source of knowledge was primary health care centers. Mothers who did not use ORS admitted to have no idea about its advantages because no one has told them about these advantages. a significant proportion of mothers in our community lack necessary knowledge about the advantages of ORS in treating diarrheal disease in children and that there is urgent need to adopt health campaign to raise the awareness of women in our society regarding this common health issue.

Endodontic infection is the infection of the root canal system and the microorganisms play a tremendous role in pulpal and periapical disease. The primary aim of endodontic treatment is to remove as many bacteria as possible from the root canal system. This can be achieved by a combination of local and systemic use of antibiotics. The use of antibiotics in dentistry especially in endodontics has become a practice towards inappropriate prescription and overdose leads to adverse side effects and bacterial resistance. An undergraduate student will have only limited knowledge in this regard. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and perception on usage of antibiotics among undergraduate students for endodontic therapy.This present study is a cross-sectional, descriptive questionnaire study conducted among dental undergraduate students in Chennai, India. The study was conducted from March to April 2020. A descriptive questionnaire study was conducted among 320 dental students in the city. A structured questionnaire was prepared focussing on antibiotics indication in dentistry particularly in endodontic treatment. Assessment of subjects awareness and attitude towards use of antibiotics for patients after endodontics procedures included in the questions relating to the knowledge of the basic antibiotics regime and its course. The subjects were requested to respond to each item in the specific format given. All the participants were allowed to choose one of the given three to four choices for each item in the questionnaire.A large population of students of 320 were familiar with this antibiotic resistance. Compared with the juniors, the senior students have a wider knowledge for prescribing antibiotics for various endodontic procedures.Most of the students prescribed Amoxicillin (30.82%)for any endodontic treatment for a duration of three days (26.42%) compared to other antibiotics.This study concludes that undergraduate dental students may prescribe antibiotics inappropriately and hence a proper and extensive guideline must be given to them to be followed . A thorough knowledge and awareness must be there on the antibiotic regime and its usage to all students before entering their clinics.

Eating a variety of foods rich in nutrients from all the food groups promotes healthy teeth and gums. This means eating a balanced diet of fruits, vegetables, protein drinks, drinks high in calcium and whole grains for a healthy smile and a healthy body. The aim of the present study is to find out whether the dental students are aware about the various diets for detoxifications and maintenance of oral health. A cross-sectional survey based study was conducted among the dental students on the various diets for detoxification and maintenance of oral health. The questionnaire was distributed through the “Google forms” website to around 100 Dental students. 79% were aware of the various diets taken for detoxification and maintenance of oral health. 83% thought that there is a link between oral health and oral health conditions. This study concludes that the dental students were aware about the various diets for detoxification and maintenance of oral health

Forensic odontology deals with legal investigations in which it primarily involves the identification of the offender by comparing dental records to a bite mark left on the victim. It is especially used for the application of the principal of law and criminal investigation.Aim of the study is to evaluate knowledge and awareness on forensic dentistry. This special brand deals with the dental evidence obtained from the victim. As the field of forensic dentistry focuses on the methods of detection, collection and analysis of bite mark remains is very helpful in crime investigations to analyse the acquired evidence. In the past decades oral pathologists had major responsibilities in developing forensic science. A cross sectional study on undergraduates was carried out using a questionnaire with close ended questions. The survey had 15 questionnaires circulated in Google forms and 100 responses were obtained from the population, representation of data was in pie chart and bar graphs. Majority of the study population answered yes as they feel forensic odontology is very much essential to deal with crime investigation. 62.7% of the study population responded positively where they are able to differentiate the work of forensic anthropologists and a forensic odontologist first. The students' knowledge on forensic odontology and what it deals with, was significant with the year of study where final year students are more aware about forensic odontology. P value = 0.00(<0.05) which is statistically significant. This study concludes that most of the participants have knowledge and awareness on the role of forensic dentistry among dental undergraduates.

Background: The most important feature in maintaining and improving a person’s esthetic appearance and self-esteem is only by an attractive smile. Smiling is the best method to influence people. The dynamic part of the face is the oral region, with tooth and gingival display during functional lip movement which is unique to an individual, people with ugly smiles develop a high risk of psychological problems. Esthetic dentistry was motivated by the growing accessibility of media and online information has been highly demanded by the patients and tooth color is also used for veneers. Aim: The main aim of this study is to assess the awareness about the esthetic veneer treatment for enhancing smiles in undergraduate dental students. Materials and method: A survey based questionnaire was done to assess the knowledge about the veneer treatment. A self designed 16 questions were framed and the responses were collected through google form app.Thedatas were statistically analysed by SPSS software. Results: Results were represented in the form of bar diagrams and 71% of the respondents are aware of veneer treatment. This study shows a high-level self-consciousness about the veneer treatment 76% of the students agreed that they can brush veneer, 63% were answered for porcelain veneer. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the undergraduate dental students are highly aware of the esthetic veneer treatment for enhancing smile.

Introduction: There has been a global rise in the use of natural products and natural medicine among
people. Proper regulation of natural medicine and products ensure good quality to control standards,
enhance the consumers safety that facilitate their modern healthcare system, mainly because of their lack
of side effects.
Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the knowledge, awareness and attitude, towards natural
medicine and products among adults.
Materials and methods :A cross sectional study was conducted among the adults [101people]. The
questionnaire was circulated online through google forms and the collected data were analysed using SPSS
software. The Pearson Chi square test was done in association with the gender of the respondents.
Results: The survey results showed that 79.2% of the people have knowledge about natural medicine.
90.1% of the participants believe natural medicines are effective, 75% of the participants use natural
medicine products in their regular life, 61.4% said natural medicine is more effective than pills.
Conclusion: The present study showed that the awareness and knowledge on natural medicine among
adults is quite good.

Segregation refers to basic separation of different categories of waste generated at some source and thereby reducing the risk as well as cost of handling and disposal. Segregation is the most crucial step in biomedical waste management. There are 4 major types of waste, they are general, infectious, hazardous and radioactive. To create awareness among the college students about the segregation and disposal of medical waste.This study involved the segregation of medical waste and disposal among the age group of 18 to 25 yrs. A set of 15 questionnaires were framed and sent through the online google form link. The questionnaire is based on the knowledge,attitude and information about the segregation and disposal of medical waste. Among 100 medical students 77% were aware about the segregation of the medical waste & 23% of the students were not aware about the segregation of the medical waste. To create awareness among the college students about the segregation of medical waste. From that we can protect our health and environment.

The aim of this study was to create awareness on fundamntals of fixed prosthodontics among dental students.It is the specialised area of dentistry involving the replacement. Missing teeth of the cast prosthesis is permanently cemented.Complete development of dental process leads to new complete virtual environment without any physical model situation.This study was a cross-sectional survey based study conducted among the dental students on the fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics. The questionnaire was distributed through the “Google forms” website to around 100 Dental students.In the present study about 56% of the population are aware of the prosthodontics and 44% of the population is not aware of the prosthodontics. Regarding the parts of fixed partial dentures 39% of the population are aware and 61% of the population are not aware of it. This concludes that the knowledge and awareness on the fixed prosthodontics is moderate among the dental students, in which among them the second year undergraduates had a higher knowledge on the fixed prosthodontics.

AimThe aim is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on the incidence of pulp stones in maxillary molars among endodontists and general practitioners.IntroductionPulp stones are discrete calcified masses found in the dental pulp tissue or embedded into dentin. Based on their radiographic features, they can be classified into true and false which are located more often in the coronal region of the tooth. True pulp stones are made up of dentine and lined by odontoblasts, whereas the false pulp stones are formed from degenerating cells of the pulp that get mineralized. Materials and MethodsThe sample size is 102 people and a random sampling method is used to minimise bias. Internal validity was a pre tested questionnaire and external experiment and cross verification with existing studies was performed. Data analysis was done in SPSS and Statistical test used is chi square test and dependent variables are demographic data such as gender and experience and independent variables are pulp stones incidence and knowledge.ResultsFrom this survey it was found that 70% were aware about the types of pulp stone, 62% were able to diagnose pulp stones radiographically and 60% encountered pulp stones rarely in maxillary molars.Conclusion
Within the limitations of the study , the prevailing knowledge in regard to the prevalence of pulp stones among endodontists was high when compared to the general practitioners. More awareness can be created among general practitioners about pulp stones. Furthermore, the existing Attitude and practice among respondents was high among endodontists and general practitioners when compared to knowledge.

. Background
Migraine poses a significant burden for patients, and it has multiple diagnostic and management challenges, particularly among primary health-care workers ( physicians, nurse, administrative). Migraine is a public health problem and it is the third most common cause of disability among individuals below the age of 50. In spite of the multiplicity of the studies concerned with exploring the disease epidemiology and nature worldwide, data from Saudi Arabia are lacking.  Migraine is one of the most critical concerns among healthcare providers and other relevant stakeholders in the health sector. It is one of the significant causes of disability among older patients (aged 50-years and above). Saudi Arabia has had its share of the health issue with the ever-increasing prevalence of migraine in the country. Despite the concerted and collaborative efforts among major stakeholders on the provision of the assessment of the identified health problem, data from Saudi Arabia mostly lack, especially on the epidemiology of the health condition. According to the recent reports from the Global Burden Disease (GBD), migraine ranks third among the leading cause of disability globally. The prevalence rate varies significantly within the Arabian countries; Saudi Arabia (12%), Qatar (72%), and Oman (83%).
 Aim of the study: To assessment the levels of knowledge of the prevalence  Migraine headache among healthcare providers in PHC centers in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia, 201
9 Method:Across-sectional study among healthcare providers who works in primary health care center in Makkah Al-Mukarramah 2019, the study has been conducted healthcare providers who works in PHC centers in Makkah city KSA. Was conducted using questionnaire designed during August 2019. The questionnaire collected the socio-demographic factors, a migraine screen questionnaire (MS-Q) Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire (MIDAS), our total participants were (200)
Result:Conclusion:Knowledge regarding migraines diagnosis and treatment was inadequate among healthcare providers , which could detrimentally influence the patterns of referral to secondary health-care facilities, severity of symptoms was accompanied by poor quality of life in terms of social and professional aspects. There was a lack of awareness in majority of subjects about migraine leading to underdiagnosed, under treatment and with high use of over the counter medications. There is a need for proper awareness campaigns in Saudi population and also healthcare providers.

Background: Acne, also known as acne vulgaris, is a long-term skin disease that occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin. It is characterized by blackheads or whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, and possible scarring. It primarily a Acne vulgaris is one of the commonest skin disorders which dermatologists have to treat, mainly affect adolescents, though it may present at any age. Acne is definite as multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous skin diseases are common, especially in the developing countries. Mental health disorders are prevalent among those with skin diseases and affect their life and their treatment. Anxiety is one of the psychiatric disorders, and its symptoms were found among the patients with skin diseases. effects areas of the skin with a relatively high number of oil glands, including the face, upper part of the chest, and back. The resulting appearance can lead to anxiety, reduced self-esteem and, in extreme cases, depression or thoughts of suicide.Acne vulgaris is a common condition extremely prevalent among teenagers and young adults under the age of 24 years. Nearly 85% of adolescents in this age group experience some degree of acneAcne vulgaris is a skin disease of chronic inflammatory nature. Although acne is not a life threatening, it has a deleterious impact on patients' social and psychological health.
Aim of the study:to assessment of Knowledge regarding acne vulgaris among secondary school students in Makkah.
Method:A cross-sectional study design. The current study was conducted Male and female secondary school students from selected governmental schools in Makkah. The total the sample size calculation will be 200 students. Female and male.
Results:Conclusion:Patients with dermatological diseases have a high level of anxiety and worry, especially with acne and skin disease affecting visible areas like the face. Further studies are required in Saudi Arabia to explore the true estimates of this problem.

Background
Children with asthma face multiple challenges that encompass learning how to cope with. Bronchial asthma is a public health problem in all countries irrespective of their level of development, being generally under-diagnosed and undertreated, and most asthma-related death commonly occurs in low-income and lower-middle income countries. Family management of asthmatic children is affected by several factors, primarily the parent’s knowledge and attitude toward asthma. In 2004, the highest prevalence of asthma was reported by physicians in Saudi Arabia (25%). Bronchial asthma is a serious disease since it is very common disease in Saudi Arabia, and it doesn’t only affect the individual physiologically, however it also affects the individual’s quality of life, leading to missing days from school or work, emergency hospital visits, hospitalization, and caregivers and parents’ time and effort. Consecutively, it affects the whole community, asthma, the most common chronic illness in children is responsible for more school absenteeism than any other single chronic childhood condition. Aim of the study: To assessment the level of Knowledge of parents about asthma in their children at MakahMethod: A cross-sectional study was conducted   attending the primary health care centers in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. An asthma Knowledge of parents about childhood asthmawas used to measure the knowledge. During the October toNovember, 2019, participants were (200).
Results:Knowledge of the participant toward asthma study results show the majority of participant had average information Myths and beliefs regarding asthma were(65.0%) while Range (9-18) Mean± SD(12.144±4.15), regarding the General knowledge about asthmashow the majority of participant had average information were(51.0%) while Range (4-15) Mean± SD(11.58±3.15), also Knowledge about associated aspects of asthmathe majority of participant had average information were(78.0%) while Range (5-10) Mean± SD (7.108±2.011).
Conclusion:The asthma knowledge in the Saudi Arabian population is insufficient, and efforts should be carried out to spread asthma knowledge to the people among the parents and guardians of asthmatic children. asthma management should include patients, parents, and public awareness regarding the disease, its symptoms, medications, and highlight the misconceptions about asthma medications at both hospital level and community, for better control of asthma, more effort is needed to educate caregivers and to enhance them.

Background:
Little is known about the implementation of the patient bill of rights (PBR) in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, the basic law of governance states that “the State shall look after public health and provide health care for every citizen.” Accordingly, in 2001, the Ministry of Health (MOH) established the General Directorate of Patients' Relation to look after patients' rights and in 2006 was able to publish the first edition of patients' bill of rights (PBR) in Saudi Arabia, which was endorsed in 2010 by the National Society for Human Rights in Saudi Arabia. On November , 2011, the International Conference on Patients' Rights was organized in Saudi Arabia. On December , 2011, a new edition of PBR was published. This was presented at the National Conference on Patients' Rights in Saudi Arabia organized by the MOH on April , 2012.The social system in Saudi Arabia is very supportive for patients and their families and in most hospitals patients have access to free health care services. Professionals, including future physicians are expected to respect patients’ rights, but if they are not familiar with the contents of the bills of rights.
 Aim of the study:To assess the knowledge of the Importance of Patients’ Rights in from the Perspective of senior medical students in Umm Al-Qura University in Makkah Al-Mokarramah city at Saudi Arabia.
 Methods: a cross-sectional study design descriptive study conducted was conducted at College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University in Makkah, the study was conducted at sixth and fifth academic level (male and female sections)Our total participants were (400).
Results:shows that the majority of participant approximately (40.0%) were aged <35  years, while data Range (23-59) Mean ±SD (41.112±6.258), gender that male students represent (62.0%) of the participants also that of the(54.75%) participants have average knowledge of the patients’ rights knowledge , (42.5%) have high knowledge of the patients’ rights knowledge, and the data ranged from(8to30)by mean+ SD (21.661+3.879),the X²(177.365) and a statistically significant level, p=0.001
Conclusion: Incorporating patient priorities and preferences into their healthcare can improve desirable proximal outcomes related to communication such as the patient feeling heard, understood, respected and engaged in their care. Knowledge of the senior medical students regarding patients` rights is generally acceptable.

Asthma is a global problem, its prevalence varies among different countries and cities and age groups. In children, asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality.Bronchial asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood. In recent years a consistent increase in the prevalence of asthma has been reported from various regions of the world. Concomitantly, the social and economic impact of the disease is also increasing. Children with asthma face multiple challenges that encompass learning how to cope with. Bronchial asthma (BA) is a public health problem in all countries irrespective of their level of development, being generally under-diagnosed and undertreated, and most asthma-related death commonly occurs in low-income and lower-middle income countries .As for Saudi Arabia, it is estimated that more than 2 million Saudis have asthma and the percentages range from 8% to 25% in Saudi children. In 2004, the highest prevalence of asthma was reported by physicians in Saudi Arabia (25%).
Aim of the study:To Assessment of knowledge of asthma and related symptoms in school-age children attending the primary health clinic inMakah city in Saudi Arabia 2019.
Method:A cross-sectional study was conducted attending the primary health care centers in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. An asthma knowledge questionnaire was used to measure the knowledge. During the March to June, 2019, participants were (80).
Results:General knowledge about asthma the majority of participant had average information were (43.75%) while weak Knowledgewere (12.25%) the data ranged from (4-15) by (Mean± SD) (12.113±4.12), while Knowledge about associated aspects of asthma the majority of participant had average information were (67.5%) while weak Knowledgewere (12.25%) the data ranged from (5-10.) (Mean± SD), (6.387±2.75).
Conclusion: In conclusion, the screening methodology adopted in this study could be applied for all children at the beginning of the school year, being simple and noninvasive measure. The prevalence of asthma in school children in is greater than that reported from most developing countries and closer to the rates reported indeveloped countries. Avoidance of pet's ownership at home, improving social class and premarital counseling for atopic persons are all recommended

1. Background
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a well-known complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and a major cause of
vision loss. Increased knowledge of DR is crucial for the prevention and early diagnosis of the disease and
preservation of vision, diabetes mellitus is a disorder, characterized by an imbalance in blood glucose
levels. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing globally.The global diabetes prevalence in 2019 is
estimated to be 9.3% (463 million people), rising to 10.2% (578 million) by 2030 and 10.9% (700 million)
by 2045. Long term, continuous hyperglycemia leads to vasculature-related disorders, including those
affecting the eyes, such as retinopathy, diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disease with chronic elevation in
blood glucose levels. If not managed, it can lead to multi-organ damage also diabetes mellitus is a
metabolic disease that is characterized by distortion in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and
proteins and involves hyperglycemia. Diabetes mellitus has different types. Several complications are
associated with diabetes including diabetic retinopathy.
This study aimed: This study aims to assess the knowledge of diabetic retinopathy and compliance with
diabetic retinopathy patients in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
Methods: cross-sectional study was conducted among the diabetic population from May to September 2019
in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The patients were selected randomly from the general population visiting the
Makkah diabetic center and primary healthcare clinics in Makkah. A self-administered questionnaire was
distributed to assess the knowledge of diabetes and its complication diabetic retinopathy. Our total
participants were (300)
Results: Conclusion: The level of knowledge regarding diabetic retinopathy among participants with
diabetes type 2 in Makkah is relatively high. However, participants’ motivation to attend an ophthalmology
clinic for an eye assessment was poor in the study, thus delay early diagnosis and management.

Background
Health care associated infections (HCAI) are one of the most serious and complex worldwide health problems. Commitment to standard precautions (SPs) and infection control (IC) measures are important to all healthcare providers (HCP) to prevent occupational exposure to hazardous materials. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are particularly more prone to blood-borne pathogens through contact with infected blood and body fluids during their work. It is based on the presumption that every person is infected or colonized with an organism that could be transmitted in the healthcare setting and thus health care workers need to apply infection control practices during the delivery of health care.Health care worker at risk of health associated infection (HAIs) due to their exposure to the patients during carrying out their duties. Health care workers in primary health care centers are the first to detect and to prevent the spread of infection. Standard precautions are regarded as an effective means for protecting health care worker, patients and community.
 Aim of the study: The study aimed to assess the level of Knowledge and practices of infection control standard among health care workers at the primary healthcare level in Makkah City.
Method:  A cross sectional study enrolled HCWs (doctors, nurses, lab workers) from 10 primary healthcare (PHC) centers in in Makkah, during the April to June, 2021, Our total participants were (200)
.Results:the knowledge regarding standard precautions of infection control study results show the majority of participant had average information were(55.0%) while weak knowledge were(21.0%) the data ranged from(5-18) by mean ±SD(12.15±3.11), also the Nationality is a significant relation between knowledge and Practices increase in the non-Saudi healthcare workers were mean+ SD respectively (12.980±2.606, 6.603±1.510), compared to the Saudis had adequate level of knowledge Practices where (T=-5.33, T=-6.152) and P-value=<0.001.
Conclusion: There was a gap between the actual and desired Knowledge and practices of Healthcare providers regarding IC. Continuing education programs are needed to improve their Knowledge and practices scores towards SPs and IC measures in order to reduce HCAI, inadequate knowledge particularly concerning the disposal of sharp instruments and hand hygiene were also detected. The studies highlighted the necessity of the provision of a comprehensive training program to ensure compliance with infection control measures by HCWs.
 

Background
Health research training is an essential component of medical education and a vital exercise to help develop physician research skills Research experience is invaluable to the physician's evidence-based practice as it imparts skills such as literature search, collecting, and analyzing data and critical appraisal of evidence.Training for research skills and experience of research early in career has been associated with continued professional academic work and may help inform residents' career decisions. The medical education system in India does not incorporate research methodology as a part of the curriculum. It is seen that research programs in medical colleges get the lowest priority. There are a numbers of reasons, including lack of funding and manpower resources, responsible for the poor quality in research-oriented medical education. Research is a systematic process to achieve new knowledge, science or invention by the use standard methods. Health research has an impact on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and especially on health care programs policy.
Aim of the study:To assessment of the Knowledge toward medical research among health care worker in the primary health care at Makkah 2019.
Method:This is a cross sectional studyconducted at primary health care at Makkahbetween August 2019 and October 2019 was carried out on sample size (190) would be. In order to account for non-response and achieve more generalizable results, the investigator will increase the sample size up to (200) . sampling technique has be used then simple random.
Results:majority of our study weak Knowledge were constitutes (42.0%). While the average of Knowledge were constitutes (39.0%) but high were constitutes (19.0%) and the Range is (1-10) while Mean ±SD (5.113±2.011). Also a significant correlation between Knowledge toward medical research were P-value<0.001
Conclusion:In the present study, it had been found that postgraduate physicians in the primary health care had unsatisfying knowledge of health research. they'd positive attitude towards research, however they didn't remodel their data , but they failed to transform their knowledge  due to lack of time and lack of research curriculum. There is need to encourage postgraduate students to carry out research through provision of technical assistance and essential infrastructure during their postgraduate training program.
 

Background
seasonal influenzavaccination is essential for population health. However, despite its strong recommendation, studies indicated a low rate of vaccine response. Influenza is a serious disease that can cause hospitalization, intubation, and death in high-risk groups. Influenza complications are due to changes in the immune, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. Patients  with an influenza infection are at increased risk of severe illness and complications and have a higher mortality and morbidity rate. Despite the significant role of seasonal influenza vaccination in preventing and minimizing the serious complications of influenza infection in patients, unsatisfactory compliance still exists for vaccination. Vaccination against influenza is the main way to reduce the substantial health burden that seasonal influenza causes, and is the primary tool to prevent influenza infection. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended that all people above age 6 months receive the influenza vaccination annually unless contraindicated
. Aim of the study:To explore knowledge and attitudes of patients attending in Primary Health Care about the seasonal influenza Immunization at  Makkah Al-Mokarramah 2019.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 participants from  health care centers in Makkah Al-Mokarramah city. A validated self-administered questionnaire was used. It includes questions on sociodemographic variables, knowledge, attitude, and vaccine response. during the September to December 2019.
 Results:the majority of participant (50.5%) have average of the knowledge towards seasonal influenza vaccination followed by (29.0%) of participant high while Range(3-9) and Mean ±SD(6.390±1.781), X²25 P=0.001also shows the majority of participant (50.5%) have average of the knowledge towards seasonal influenza vaccination followed by (29.0%) of participant high while Range(3-9) and Mean ±SD(6.390±1.781), X²25 P=0.001
Conclusion:The study showed poor knowledge and attitude toward seasonal influenza Immunization among patients and general population but a relatively accepted rate of vaccine response. Vaccination response was associated with knowledge, marital status, education, and age. This study recommends implementation of the health educational programs to increase the knowledge to the patients and general population.

Background:
Primary health care physicians manage most patients with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of disability. The prevalence of OA is expected to increase because of ageing and obesity, and health care professionals must prepare for a rise in the demand for OA care. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and the leading source of physical disability in elderly people. The Prevalence of OA is increasing and will continue to do so as the population gets older. The OA is predominantly managed in primary care centers by primary health care physicians and much can be done to alleviate symptoms from osteoarthritis by combinations of therapeutic options including pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The diagnosis is made by history, typical x-ray findings and non-contributory laboratory investigations. The understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition is undergoing change. The development of osteoarthritis is dependent on age, sex, genetic predisposition, and previous trauma to the joint and abnormal mechanical forces caused primarily by obesity.
Aim of the study:To  assess the level of knowledge of Osteoarthritis Management among Primary Health Care Physicians at Primary Health CareCenters of Ministry of Health.
Methods:Cross-sectional study was done, including a representative random sample of PHC physicians working at PHC centers of MOH in Makkah city. during the October to December, 2019, the Sample size of physicians working at PHC centers . Our total participants were (150)
.Results:the majority of participant (44.0%) have weak level of total knowledge about Osteoarthritis Management followed by (35.0%) of participant average while Range(2-8) and Mean ±SD(5.15±2.877) and also shows that is a statistical significant were Chi-square 12.52and P=0.0019
Conclusion:Conduct Saudi guidelines and further studies to assess the practice of PHC physicians regarding osteoarthritis, is recommended. Overall knowledge of PHC physicians in Makkah city regarding OA is acceptable; despite being deficient in some important issues.  Finally, when the conservative management by the primary care physician is of benefit no longer, judicious referral to an experienced Orthopedic Surgeon for the modern surgical approaches should be

Background
      Vitamin D is one of the major vitamin and very essential for maintenance of normal growth and development of strong bones. It is often referred to as the "sunshine vitamin" because it can be synthesized in the body from the ultraviolet rays provided by the sun. Vitamin D is known to have essential roles in the human body. However, the case of vitamin deficiency is reported to increase in many adult worldwide, especially in Saudi Arabia. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with numerous chronic diseases including cancer, heart disease and diabetes type 1 and 2. It is currently estimated that one billion people suffer from vitamin D deficiency worldwide. Sunlight is the main and natural source of vitamin D and most foods contain very little amount of it. The main action of vitamin D is to help calcium and phosphorus in our diet to be absorbed from the gut.
 Aim of the study: The study’s aim was to assess the knowledge regarding vitamin D deficiency ​among female adult attending the primary health clinic at Makkah at Saudi Arabia
Methodology: Across sectional descriptive study was conducted among female adult attending to clinic in PHC at Makkah, Saudi Arabia city, during the October to December, 2019. Our total participants were (150).  Results: Major findings of the study were (38%) adult women were in the group of age between 25 to 35 years. The majority of the women (84.67%) “married” status. The majority of the women were (49.33) secondary level of education, regarding chronic disease, most of the mothers in the study were found to have no chronic disease were (62.00%). The income level of (56.0%) of the respondents ranged average, the majority of the women were (42.0%) Sources of knowledge doctor.
 Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among the various age groups in our country due to various factors. So, Awareness programmes have to be conducted to make the general public including the females aware of the vitamin D, its deficiency, causative factors and the preventive measures. So this study was done this study was conducted assessment the knowledge towards vitamin D deficiency, sun exposure, supplementation in a sample of adult female attending the primary health clinic at Makkah, Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian.

Background:
       Saudi Arabia is considered to be one of the highest countries in the Middle East for the incidence of diabetes mellitus. Data are lacking regarding knowledge about diabetes mellitus among school students in Saudi Arabia. Diabetes mellitus is a major metabolic disorder currently affecting over 350 million people worldwide. Also, another one billion people in the world are pre-diabetic, who may eventually end up with full- blown diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is fast becoming a global epidemic and the number of individuals with diabetes in the world is expected to reach 330 million by 2030. The rate of T2DM is rapidly increasing in developing countries, particularly among younger age groups a cross-sectional study indicated that Saudi adolescents exhibited more health-related knowledge than the older population; the majority of the adolescents believed that obesity was dangerous and that regular exercise was beneficial for their health. Saudi adolescents are at a high risk of developing diabetes as many suffer from obesity, a sedentary lifestyle and hereditary diabetes. In 2004, almost a quarter (23.7%) of the Saudi population was diagnosed with T2DM; this was 10 times the number of diabetic individuals in 1980.6 The occurrence of T2DM has been linked to the high rate of overweight adults (35.5%) in the Saudi population and the number of overweight and obese Saudi adolescents is high among both genders.
Aim of the study: The study aimed to assess the knowledge of diabetes mellitus among secondary school students at the Makkah in Saudi Arabia 2019.
Method: cross sectional descriptive study conducted among secondary school students at Makkah, during the April to June, 2019, the Sample size of diabetic secondary school students. Our total participants were (500).
Results:knowledge of the participant toward diabetes mellitus study results show the majority of participant had average information were(61.0%) while weak knowledge were (31.0%) the data ranged from (4-13) by mean ±SD (9.011±2.314).
Conclusion: The level of knowledge and awareness of a considerable number of high school students regarding DM was inadequate, and some of them possessed various misconceptions about this particular chronic disease. Health authorities and school authorities in the region should offer special efforts to improve the level of knowledge and awareness of the students through regular health education campaigns.Diabetes Day should be celebrated in all schools and workshops and lectures given by professionals in collaboration with Ministry of Health on this day are recommended to increase the level of awareness of diabetes

Background:
Dengue has emerged as a major public health problem, with increasing incidence and widening geographic spread over recent years. It is a vector-borne disease that is transmitted from person to person by mosquitoes. Dengue is a mosquito-borne infection found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. In recent years, transmission has increased predominantly in urban and semi urban areas and has become a major international public health concern.Since 1994, Makkah province became a dengue-endemic area with high rate of dengue infection during, spring and early summer. The primary-care physician plays a key role in dengue diagnosis, management, and prevention.
Aim of the study:The study aimed to assess the level of knowledge about symptoms of the dengue fever in the primary health-care medical practitioner’s in Makkah Al-Mokarramah city at Saudi Arabia
.Methods: Across sectional descriptive study conducted among including medical practitioner’s  in selected primary health–care centers in Makkah Al-Mokarramah city, during the October to December, 2018, the Sample size of medical practitioners . Our total participants were (300)
.Results: This table shows the majority of participant (43.0%) have average level of knowledge about symptoms of dengue fever followed by (36.3%) of participant high while Range(0-10) and Mean ±SD(6.387±2.323). Regarding knowledge about signs dengue fever, that majority of participant (48.3%) have average level of knowledge followed by (38.3%) of participant have an high level of knowledge while Range(1-11) and Mean ±SD(7.877±2.052). Regarding the participant total level of knowledge about dengue fever, about (41.4%) have average level followed by (38.3%) have average level of knowledge while Range(3-21) and Mean±SD(14.263±4.021)
Conclusion: This review highlights the need for revealed major gaps on knowledge about symptoms of the dengue fever in the primary health-care medical practitioner’s related to dengue Makkah. primary health-care medical practitioner’s working in primary Health care need training and regular supervision to improve their knowledge on the about symptoms of the dengue fever. The results of this study provide a useful opportunity to identify strengths and areas in need of improved, knowledge about symptoms of the dengue fever in primary-care management of dengue.

Background: In the last decade, teaching of the knowledge and skills required for the practice of evidence-based medicine (EBM) is taught through standalone courses and workshops in classrooms away from the clinical practice such as research centers.Objectives: To determine the level of knowledge, familiarity with sources and attitude towards Evidence-based Medicine among Family Medicine trainees in MakkahRegion 2017 as well as to identify barriers for its practical application.Subjects and methods: It was a cross-sectional included a representative sample of Family Medicine trainee enrolled in joint programs of FM in MakkahRegion (Makkah, Jeddah, and Taif).A self-administered valid questionnaire was used for data collection, including personal data, opinion, and attitudes of participant towards EBM, knowledge of EBM terms, familiarity and use of electronic EBM sources.Results: One hundred and eighty-six Family Medicine residents were included in the study. Exactly two-thirds of them were females. Majority of the participants (97.8%) were Saudis. The overall score of opinion and attitude towards EBM ranged between 22 and 40 with a mean of 34.09 (±) 3.19. Female residents expressed higher attitude score towards EBM than male residents (mean rank was 98.91 versus 82.68.(This was borderline significant, p=0.051. The overall score of familiarity and use of electronic EBM source ranged between 4 and 12 with a mean of 9.80 (±) 1.95. R1residents expressed the highest familiarity and use of electronic EBM source score (mean rank was 104.27) whereas those of R4 level expressed the lowest score (mean rank was 69.07), p=0.046. Also, residents of Makkah Family medicine residency program had the highest familiarity, and use of electronic EBM source score (mean rank was 108.93) whereas those of Jeddah program had the lowest score (mean rank was 75.25), p=0.001. The overall score of EBM knowledge ranged between 11 and 44 with a mean of 33.51 (±) 7.16. Lack of EBM source in the native language, lack of time to access EBM insufficiency of essential EBM skill in most areas of medicine and there is little or no evidence to guide practice were the most frequent barriers for applying EBM in practice.
Conclusion: Overall, family medicine resident physicians in the MakkahRegion showed a welcoming attitude towards evidence-based medicine, suboptimal knowledge of EBM some significant terms.

Background
     Contraception is an effective mean of Family Planning (FP) and fertility control, promotes maternal and child health. It is interesting to explore the perception and use of contraceptives among Saudi women. The usage of contraceptive has  a significant part in reducing fertility and control of population, which in turn is important for the development of the nation. Despite the advancements in current methods of contraception, unintended pregnancies are still widespread in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia which adversely impacts the well-being and health of women and their families. Unintended pregnancies pose a major challenge to the reproductive health of young adults in developing countries. students are an important high-risk group in any society and emergency contraceptives can prevent unintended pregnancies and its consequences in this high risk group, contraception is unique among medical interventions in the breadth of its positive outcomes. An effective means of Family Planning (FP) and fertility control promotes maternal and child health.
Aim of the study: The study aimed to assessment the level of knowledge of emergency contraception among married women attending antenatal clinics, Makkah (2019).
Methods: cross sectional descriptive study has be conducted using saudi women who fulfilling the inclusion criteria, used to randomly select women from Primary Health Care Centers (PHCCs) in Makkah in Saudi Arabia . using a well-structured pretested questionnaire composed of four main parts to collect the data. Our total participants were (200).
Results: the majority of the participants answer the correct timing of emergency contraceptive pill (Within 5 days) were (86.0%)while IUD (Within 5 days) were (77.0%) while Total Knowledge regarding emergency contraceptive the majority of participants answer yes were (88.0%), regarding the ever using emergency contraception the majority of participants answer no were (75.0%).
Conclusion: In the light of the above results, there is an urgent need to improve the knowledge of Saudi women in age of fertility towards the use of modern contraceptives, low utilization was notices mainly due to religious concerns. Awareness programmers should be organized by the management on emergency contraception and other modern contraceptive methods.