European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

In women of reproductive age, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent endocrinopathy and a heterogeneous, enigmatic condition that is still not fully understood. It begins to manifest between the ages of 18 and 45, and it may take years for its clinical manifestation to manifest. Vitamin D affects progesterone production in human granulosa cells, anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) signalling, follicle-stimulating hormone sensitivity, and ovarian follicular growth and luteinization as part of its physiological role in reproduction. Increased LH/FSH ratios can occur in ovulatory women with the polycystic morphology, but they may not be seen in a single blood sample. With this context in mind, the current study was conducted to determine and evaluate the biochemical tests in individuals with clinical symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome, such as Vitamin D, LH/FSH ratio, and serum insulin levels

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women and is increasingly understood to present with numerous comorbidities. The present study was conducted to assess relation of socioeconomic status with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Materials & Methods: 48 patients of polycystic ovary syndrome were selected and serum progesterone was measured on days 21 to 24 of a spontaneous or induced menstrual cycle. Serum progesterone, SHBG, and insulin were measured by commercial radioimmunoassay methods. Insulin resistance was calculated by the Quantitative Insulin-Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI).
Results: Age group 18-28 years had 12, 28-38 years had 20 and >38 years had 16 patients. The difference was non- significant (P> 0.05). Low family income was seen in 8, medium family income in 14 and high family income in 26 patients. Anovulation was seen in 90%, 78% and 55%, BMI was 30.5, 29.4 and 26.8, mean waist was 96.5 cm, 93.2 cm and 87.5 cm, mean insulin was 15.9 µU/mL, 15.3 µU/mL and 13.5 µU/mL in high, middle and low income subjects respectively. The mean QUICKI was 0.32, 0.35 and 0.33 in high family income, medium family income and low family income patients respectively.
Conclusion: It was found that patients with high socio- economic status had higher chances of Polycystic ovary syndrome.

Background: Hypoglycemia is an endocrine emergency that can alter the patient’s mental status, resulting in lethargy, confusion and organ dysfunction. The present study was conducted to assess clinical characterisation of severe hypoglycaemia in hospitalized patients.
Materials & Methods: 74 patients presenting to emergency with hypoglycaemia of both genders were selected. Causes of hypoglycaemia were identified A blood glucose concentration was determined by Accu-Check Gluco-stix. Hypoglycaemia was defined as a capillary blood glucose of 70 mg/dL or less.
Results: Out of 74 patients, males were 34 and females were 40. The mean HGT was 42.5, pulse rate was 87.2 beats per minute, systolic blood pressure was 134.2 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure was 80.6 mm Hg and GCS was 10.4. Common causes of hypoglycaemia were OHA in 34, OHA+ insulin in 12, insulin in 10, others in 6, skipped meal in 7 and alcohol in 5 cases. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Common clinical features were anorexia in 45, fever in 68, syncope in 42 and others in 21. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Common causes of hypoglycaemia were OHA, OHA+ insulin, insulin, others, skipped meal and alcohol. Common clinical features were anorexia, fever, syncope and others.

BACKGROUND: Gestational Diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as Glucose
Intolerance, the valuesof plasma glucose falling in the range of Diabetes which is
observed and detected for the first
timeduringsecondorthirdtrimesterofpregnancy.GDMisquite
oftenassociatedwithhighermaternalandneonatalmorbiditiesin theshort andlong-term
andpredisposesbothwomen andchildto laterdevelopment of type 2 Diabetes
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: the objective of our study is
tocomparematernalandneonataloutcomesinGDMpatientswhoareonmetforminandinsulin.
MATERIALS &METHODS: the study on evaluation of metformin versus insulin
therapy in themanagement of gestational diabetes was conducted in dept. of OBG Adesh
Institute of
MedicalSciences,Ambalaafterobtaininginstitutionalethicalcommitteeclearanceforaperiod
ofoneyearfromJanuary 2021 to December 2021 in the age group of 26-35 years.
Maternal and neonatal outcomesrecorded include: maternal: incidence of pre-eclampsia,
PIH, neonatal outcomes include: macrosomia,birth weight, the incidence of small for
gestational age, prematurity, Apgar score at the age of 5 min,hypoglycaemia. We also
compared the mode of delivery (spontaneous, assisted or caesarean section)between the
two groups. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: It is quite evident from in our study
thattherewerenostatisticallysignificantdifferencesinboththegroupswithrespecttomaternalc
omplications, mode of delivery and neonatal complications. In our study, we found that
the oral antidiabetic medication metformin is equally effective as insulin in the treatment
of GDM patients andwithout higher risks for maternal or neonatal complications.
However, further randomized clinicalstudies with large number of patients and with
long-term follow-up of children is needed to
determinetheroleofMetforminasanalternativetreatmenttoinsulinin GDMpatients

BACKGROUND: Gestational Diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as Glucose
Intolerance, the valuesof plasma glucose falling in the range of Diabetes which is
observed and detected for the first
timeduringsecondorthirdtrimesterofpregnancy.GDMisquite
oftenassociatedwithhighermaternalandneonatalmorbiditiesin theshort andlong-term
andpredisposesbothwomen andchildto laterdevelopment of type 2 Diabetes
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: the objective of our study is
tocomparematernalandneonataloutcomesinGDMpatientswhoareonmetforminandinsulin.
MATERIALS &METHODS: the study on evaluation of metformin versus insulin
therapy in themanagement of gestational diabetes was conducted in dept. of OBG Adesh
Institute of
MedicalSciences,Ambalaafterobtaininginstitutionalethicalcommitteeclearanceforaperiod
ofoneyearfromJanuary 2021 to December 2021 in the age group of 26-35 years.
Maternal and neonatal outcomesrecorded include: maternal: incidence of pre-eclampsia,
PIH, neonatal outcomes include: macrosomia,birth weight, the incidence of small for
gestational age, prematurity, Apgar score at the age of 5 min,hypoglycaemia. We also
compared the mode of delivery (spontaneous, assisted or caesarean section)between the
two groups. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: It is quite evident from in our study
thattherewerenostatisticallysignificantdifferencesinboththegroupswithrespecttomaternalc
omplications, mode of delivery and neonatal complications. In our study, we found that
the oral antidiabetic medication metformin is equally effective as insulin in the treatment
of GDM patients andwithout higher risks for maternal or neonatal complications.
However, further randomized clinicalstudies with large number of patients and with
long-term follow-up of children is needed to
determinetheroleofMetforminasanalternativetreatmenttoinsulinin GDMpatients

Objective: To describe the features and mechanisms of development of metabolic
syndrome (MS), type 2 diabetes melitus (DM2) and intermediate states of glycemia in
psychosis the occurrence of these disorders, the values of total cholesterol (TC),
fractions of high density lipoproteins (HDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL),
triglycerides (TG), values of atherogenic coefficient (AC), insulinemia, С-peptidemia,
insulin resistance (IR) the level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in a sample of patients
with schizophrenia and in mentally healthy individuals.
Materials and methods: The frequency of carbohydrate metabolism disorders (CMD) was
studied. Fasting glycemia was determined, and in the presence of its violation, a glucose
tolerance test was performed. MS components were studied in patients with DM2,
plasma concentrations of TC, HDL, VLDL, TG, C-peptide (CP), insulin and HbA1c were
determined in patients with DM2, AC values and IR indices were calculated using
HOMA-IR and CARO criteria.
Results: CMD in schizophrenia are more common than among mentally healthy subjects,
amounting to 13.1% (p=0.02), and the main condition here is a significant number of
individuals with impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
among women (CMD p=0.01; IGT p<0.001; IFG p=0.03). A feature of psychiatric
sampling is a decrease in HDL by 16.4% (p=0.03) and an increase in AC by 52%
(p=0.02). Mentally ill men with MS are characterized by a significantly large value of AC
(p=0.019), insulinemia (p=0.02), CP level (p=0.02), HOMA-IR (p=0.01) and CARO
(p=0.04) values than in mentally ill patients with DM2 without MS. In comparison with
the control, regardless of gender, the schizophrenic patients with DM2 have significantly
lower values of insulin (p=0.03), C-peptidemia (p=0.04) and IR, according to the criteria of
HOMA-IR (p=0.01) and CARO (p=0.03).

kinetics. This paper provides the theoretical and numerical solutions of the
nonlinear differential equation system.The homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is used to find
analytical expressions of the glucose, Insulin, and  -cell mass respectively. A comparison is
also provided between analytical approximation and numerical simulation. A reasonable
agreement between theoretical and simulation results is founded.