European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: Several studies undertaken in different parts of the world have shown that hypomagnesemia occur at an increased frequency among patients with type 2 diabetes compared with their counterparts without diabetes. As current data suggest adverse outcomes in association with hypomagnesemia, it is prudent to monitor magnesium routinely in this patient population and treat the condition whenever possible. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the serum magnesium levels in type 2 diabetes in this part of our country. Aim & Objective: 1. Serum magnesium level in type 2 Diabetes mellitus and its relationship with glycemic control and diabetic complications.2. To study Clinical profile of type 2 DM. 3. Correlation of Serum magnesium level in type 2 DM with glycemic control and complications. Method: Study design:  Case control study. Study setting:  Department of Medicine at tertiary care centre. Study duration: January 2021 to December 2021. Study population: The study population included 50 diabetics without complications (group I), 50 diabetics with complications (group II) and 100 normal healthy controls (group III). Sample size: 100. Results: Serum magnesium levels were found low in study group as compared to control group. A significant correlation between HbA1C and magnesium levels was seen. The patients with diabetic complications have significantly higher values of serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Conclusions: Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes was associated with poor glycemic control and with increased frequency of long-term complications.

Thyroid hormones affect glucose metabolism through several mechanisms. Hyperthyroidism has been recognized to promote hyperglycemia. During hyperthyroidism, the half-life of insulin is reduced most likely secondary to an increased rate of degradation and an enhanced release of biologically inactive insulin precursors. Randomly selected 100 patients, both male and female with type 2 diabetes mellitus above age of 40 years including newly diagnosed diabetics attending hospital were included in this study. Out of 12 patients 4 patients (33.3%) had systemic hypertension and 1 patient (8.33%) had ischemic heart disease, compared with normal thyroid profile group it is of no statistical significance with P value of 0.896. Comparing mean HbA1C of patients with abnormal thyroid profile with that of patients with normal thyroid profile it has no statistical significance with P value of 0.7944

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a heterogenous group of metabolic disorders with chronic hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. Satisfactory glycemic and weight control in outpatient diabetic subjects is important. Present study was aimed to study association of BMI with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at a tertiary hospital.
Material and Methods: Present study was hospital based, cross-sectional study, conducted in subjects (males and females between 26–45 years) attending outpatient department of Medicine, known diabetic patients, underwent BMI calculation and HBa1c estimation.
Results: In present study, total 150 subjects studied, 50 each from group A, B, C (depending on duration of diabetes), in each group 25 male & 25 female. Subjects were divided according to BMI values & compared with gender. There was no significant difference found in male & females according BMI distribution (p – 0.72). According to BMI majority were overweight (72 cases) followed by normal BMI (54 cases) & obese (24 cases). We noticed, HBA1C ≥ 8 commonly in overweight & obese subjects than normal BMI subjects, difference was statistically significant (p<0.01). Descriptive statistics calculated using Pearsons correlation. R values were 0.034, 0.242 & -0.022 for A,B,C groups respectively, which was significant in obese group. When we compared BMI and glycated Hb values within the three groups, a significant correlation was noted between BMI and glycated Hb values.
Conclusion: As BMI value rises, so does the HbA1c level. Majority of diabetic subjects with a BMI > 30 (obese group) had HbA1c levels greater than 8%. Statistical analysis reveals a substantial positive connection between BMI and HbA1c (p value 0.001).

Background: Surgical site infection is increasingly recognized as a measure of the quality of patient
care by surgeons, the incidence of SSI in our environment is still high when compared to the
developed world.
Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence, risk factors and the types of Surgical
Site Infection (SSI) in postoperative abdominal surgeries.
Methods: Immediate postoperative period of the patients was followed up. Wound was examined on
day 2, then everyday till the day of discharge. Signs of SSI were looked for. If the patient developed
SSI in this period, then type of SSI was classified and swab culture was performed to identify the
microorganism and antibiotic sensitivity pattern. CDC (Centre for disease Prevention and Control)
criterion was used for diagnosis and classification of SSI. Patient was treated and discharged. All the
details were recorded in the proforma. The patients were followed up every week till 30 days.
Results: The SSI rate in our study was 14% and risk factors associated with SSI in our study are
smoking (p=0.001), preoperative stay of> 3days (p=0.000), ASA score (p=0.001), contaminated and
dirty wound (p=0.000), duration of surgery (p=0.010) and duration of drain placement (p=0.000).
Conclusion: Our study prompts us to look at the gaps in our surgical and infection control protocols
which will enable policy formulation that will foster a reduction in wound infection rate. SSI can be
reduced by decreasing the preoperative hospital stay, appropriate antibiotic administration policies,
adequate preoperative patient preparation, reducing the duration of surgery to minimum, judicious use
of drains and intraoperative maintenance of asepsis and following operation theatre discipline
properly.

Background: Surgical site infection is increasingly recognized as a measure of the quality of patient
care by surgeons, the incidence of SSI in our environment is still high when compared to the
developed world.
Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence, risk factors and the types of Surgical
Site Infection (SSI) in postoperative abdominal surgeries.
Methods: Immediate postoperative period of the patients was followed up. Wound was examined on
day 2, then everyday till the day of discharge. Signs of SSI were looked for. If the patient developed
SSI in this period, then type of SSI was classified and swab culture was performed to identify the
microorganism and antibiotic sensitivity pattern. CDC (Centre for disease Prevention and Control)
criterion was used for diagnosis and classification of SSI. Patient was treated and discharged. All the
details were recorded in the proforma. The patients were followed up every week till 30 days.
Results: The SSI rate in our study was 14% and risk factors associated with SSI in our study are
smoking (p=0.001), preoperative stay of> 3days (p=0.000), ASA score (p=0.001), contaminated and
dirty wound (p=0.000), duration of surgery (p=0.010) and duration of drain placement (p=0.000).
Conclusion: Our study prompts us to look at the gaps in our surgical and infection control protocols
which will enable policy formulation that will foster a reduction in wound infection rate. SSI can be
reduced by decreasing the preoperative hospital stay, appropriate antibiotic administration policies,
adequate preoperative patient preparation, reducing the duration of surgery to minimum, judicious use
of drains and intraoperative maintenance of asepsis and following operation theatre discipline
properly.

Background: Surgical site infection is increasingly recognized as a measure of the quality of patient
care by surgeons, the incidence of SSI in our environment is still high when compared to the
developed world.
Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence, risk factors and the types of Surgical
Site Infection (SSI) in postoperative abdominal surgeries.
Methods: Immediate postoperative period of the patients was followed up. Wound was examined on
day 2, then everyday till the day of discharge. Signs of SSI were looked for. If the patient developed
SSI in this period, then type of SSI was classified and swab culture was performed to identify the
microorganism and antibiotic sensitivity pattern. CDC (Centre for disease Prevention and Control)
criterion was used for diagnosis and classification of SSI. Patient was treated and discharged. All the
details were recorded in the proforma. The patients were followed up every week till 30 days.
Results: The SSI rate in our study was 14% and risk factors associated with SSI in our study are
smoking (p=0.001), preoperative stay of> 3days (p=0.000), ASA score (p=0.001), contaminated and
dirty wound (p=0.000), duration of surgery (p=0.010) and duration of drain placement (p=0.000).
Conclusion: Our study prompts us to look at the gaps in our surgical and infection control protocols
which will enable policy formulation that will foster a reduction in wound infection rate. SSI can be
reduced by decreasing the preoperative hospital stay, appropriate antibiotic administration policies,
adequate preoperative patient preparation, reducing the duration of surgery to minimum, judicious use
of drains and intraoperative maintenance of asepsis and following operation theatre discipline
properly.

Background: Parkinson disease (PD) is also a major chronic disease, and its clinical significance is increasing worldwide. The present study was conducted to assess association between glycemic status and clinical stage of PD.
Materials & Methods: 89 patients of Parkinson disease (PD) of both genders were included. Sleep quality was assessed using Parkinson’s disease sleep scale (PDSS). Presence of depression was assessed using Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) Rating Scale. Presence of motor and autonomic symptoms were recorded.
Results: out of 89, males were 49 and females were 40. Autonomic dysfunction was constipation in 42, urinary symptoms in 34, sexual dysfunction in 28 and postural giddiness in 53 patients. Non- motor symptoms was sleep disorder in 23, depression in 38, pain in 21, olfactory dysfunction in 45 and cognitive dysfunction in 61. Glycated hemoglobin <5.7% was seen in 18, 5.7- 6.4 % in 23 and >6.5% in 48. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Poor glycemic control was found in most of patients with PD.