European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Apigenin, is a nutraceutical agent which belongs to the flavanoid group. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral properties. Owing to its properties its healing potential has been researched in medical field for diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's diseases, amnesia, depression, insomnia, knee osteoarthritis, anxiety disorders, multiple sclerosis. The role of apigenin in dentistry has been studied regarding its effect on S.mutans (Streptococcus mutans), reparative dentin formation, remineralization of dentin, use of apigenin along with fluoride, dental adhesives and composite, proliferation of osteoblasts, regeneration of pulpodentinal complex, effect on periodontal ligament, and  anticancer properties.

It is not surprising that dentists have demonstrated a keen interest in information exchange and patient communication via social media. It is also an inexpensive method to advertise a dental clinic through social media. Hence we sought to determine through this review the effects of social media on the field of dentistry by choosing appropriate studies. Methods: After a thorough search of the online journals, 103 documents were found in total, and 54 of the papers were initially chosen. Finally, 21 papers that satisfied the inclusion and exclusion requirements were selected, including study articles and control trials that were random or not. The following strings of search (MeSH) phrases, which are composed of relevant text words and Boolean connections, were used to search databases: "Social media OR dentistry OR effect of social media on dentistry OR social platforms OR electronic media AND area of dentistry." Results: All the 21 selected studies showed usage of various social media platforms by dental professionals, with an average of >90% having at least one social media account. WhatsApp, Instagram and YouTube were found to be the three most popular social media platforms amongst dentists and dental students alike, with entertainment and learning being the two most common purposes of using these platforms. Conclusion: The results of this review demonstrate that social media and its platforms have generally had a positive impact on the field of dentistry. Dental professionals use the various platforms to effectively communicate information about oral health to patients and to further their own understanding of current trends in this industry

As a result of the Coronavirus pandemic and the rapid, growing use of digital media and smartphones, opportunities for using various digital applications have increased tremendously. Effective communication is a key factor in bridging a link between the patients and professionals, with the basic triad of proliferation of modes, speed of communication and reflexivity of knowledge, which serves as a base for better comprehension.
The success of media is reliant upon the following main goal: message received by target group, allowing for change in the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of people to behave accordingly.

Over the past two decades, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have undergone considerable development. There have been various applications in medicine and dentistry. Their application in orthodontics has progressed slowly, despite promising results. The available literature pertaining to the orthodontic applications of AI and ML has not been adequately synthesized and reviewed. This review article provides orthodontists with an overview of AI and ML, along with their applications. It describes state-of-the-art applications in the areas of orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, growth evaluations, and in the prediction of treatment outcomes. AI and ML are powerful tools that can be utilized to overcome some of the clinical problems that orthodontists face daily. With the availability of more data, better AI and ML systems should be expected to be developed that will help orthodontists practice more efficiently and improve the quality of care.

INTRODUCTION: The constant development of new technologies in the field of medicine and health care has paved the way for the exploration of three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) imaging technologies in dentistry. Faster manufacturing rate and patient friendly approach of this technology has potential to revolutionize the field of pediatric dentistry.
AIM: To assess the knowledge and limiting factors of applicability of 3D printing amongst practicing pediatric dentists of India.
METHOD: A cross sectional survey was conducted among 600 randomly selected practicing pediatric dentists in India. A self-structured closed ended validated questionnaire containing 15 questions was forwarded to the participants. The questionnaire gathered data regarding demographics, knowledge, application and challenges faced by pediatric dentists for the use of 3D printing. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 21.0. Chi square test at 95% confidence interval and level of significance at P<0.05 was used to assess significance of obtained responses.

Dental practitioners are exposed to different occupational hazards during the course of their professional activity, such as physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic factors. The ergonomic hazards, caused by strained posture and prolonged repetitive movements, can induce musculoskeletal disorders. It occurs in 54–93% of dental professionals and involve the spine, shoulder and hand-wrist tract. Through a scoping review of international literature, we analyzed specific ergonomic risk factors and preventive measures of musculoskeletal disorders in professional dental activity. The presentation of this scoping review is in accordance with the PRISMA statement. The review included articles published in the last 22 years, from 2000 to 2022 on the major online databases (MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library). The search strategy used a combination of controlled vocabulary and free text terms based on the keywords

The use of herbal remedies to cure medical issues is extensive. They have been used for generations to cure gingival disease, periodontitis, oral infections, stained teeth, etc. However, there are some research that have gathered data on their impacts. The objective of this review article is to collect and compile data on a few significant herbs that are utilized in dental treatment.

The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to unprecedented outbreak in Wuhan, China; has become a major public health challenge for not only China but also countries around the world. The severe global quarantine efforts and social distancing were taken worldwide in response to this global outbreak. This has challenged the health professions and systems evoking heightened reactions around the globe as response to Covid-19. While most heavily impacted, the role of the dental professionals in preventing the transmission and responding to its long-term impacts on dentistry is crucially important. This review article, while outlining the essential knowledge about COVID-19 and nosocomial infection in dental settings, provides recommended strategies for dental practitioners to redesign dentistry to a new reality in a way to combat dental crisis to bridge the gaps in dental settings to overcome this emergency.

Patients behavior wile dental curing depends on his mental condition. Depressive disorders also promote progression dental diseases. An individual plan of treatment and features of cooperation with patients must be defined depending on psycho-emotional condition of sick. That lets to cooperate patient with doctor and raise the quality of dental help end also minimize risks of development conflict situations. On purpose to define psycho-emotional deviations of sick dentists use different scales and questionnaires that have certain benefits.

Stereognosis refers to the ability to identify and discriminate the form of an object solely based on the sensation of touch. Similarly, oral stereognosis is the capability of an individual to discern the form and shape of an object inside their oral cavity without any visual assistance. The oral stereognostic ability evaluates the oral functioning of an individual and also determines the response of patients towards various dental therapies. This is accomplished by the association of more than one group of mechanoreceptors that are located on several oral structures. Oral streognostic testing greatly depends on the design of the experiment, since both the method and the material used for this kind of studies dramatically influences its result. The subject of oral stereognosis is closely linked with the overall oral health of an individual and their treatment per se, and needs wide exploration. This review is thus an attempt to comprehend the various aspects of oral stereognosis and provide clearer guidelines for further research in this field.

In a silica particles medium, the damage to human dental enamel is examined in cyclic axial encounters. This damage has been shown to be hierarchical, impacting multiple aspects of the composition of the enamel. It contains micron-sized defects on the touch surface, which greatly improve surface roughness when abrasive particles are microinvented. Below the surface is detected the demineralisation of the enamel due to inelastic nano-scale processes. Contacts in particulate media are axial only leading to negligible macroscopic wear but can decrease the severity of the fractures1. The potential consequences of these findings are discussed in the fields of dentistry and biology.

The current outburst of the coronavirus strain 2019 (COVID-19) represents a public health emergency of global distress. Because of the community spread outline of this infection, the outburst is still on a rise in spite of global efforts to control the disease spread. The appearance of coronavirus in today’s life brought so many restrictions in daily life. It appears as life has stuck and limited. Dentistry is the field of medicine which has suffered a lot. The present article highlighted various challenges and effect of coronavirus on oral health and its implication

COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected dentistry due to high coronavirus infectivity and dangerous consequences. Special recommendations were developed for dentists to limit the infection of staff and patients. to study the reasons for children visiting dental clinics during COVID-19 pandemic and give the characteristics of the patients and provided dental treatment. The cross-sectional study was conducted in four dental clinics, which worked for dental emergency in the cities of Volgograd and Volzhky during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic. The data about 166 paediatric dental patients aged 1-17 years were collected. The reasons for children’s dental visits, age and behavior of the children, the tooth types, and the types of provided treatment were analyzed. The children’s behavior was assessed according to Frankl’s Behavior Rating Scale. Proportions (%), 95% Confidence Interval (CI), mean-value with standard error (M±m) were calculated. The differences were assessed by Pierson’s Chi-square test at p-value 0.05. Microsoft-office Excel-2019 programs were used for the statistic analysis. The majority (98.8%, 95% CI 95.7-99.7%) of the children visited dental clinics due to acute toothache. The primary teeth needed urgent treatment significantly more often than permanent teeth: 83.7% (95% CI 77.8-88.3%) and 16.3% (95% CI 11.7-22.2%) respectively, x2 = 172.171, p < 0.0001. Among the primary teeth the most affected ones were the first and second molars, among the permanent teeth – the first molar. The common reasons for urgent dental treatment in children were caries consequences: apical periodontitis (51.6%, 95% CI 44.5-58.6) or pulpitis (35.3%, 95% CI 28.8-42.3). The other reasons were dental trauma, caries, periostitis, physiological primary tooth mobility. Acute pain in the primary teeth was caused mainly by apical periodontitis, in the permanent teeth by pulpitis. The applied treatment methods were aimed at limiting the use of aerosol generating procedures, reducing the duration of the treatment and preventing the patients’ hospitalization. Almost all the primary teeth with apical periodontitis were extracted; the number of extracted and endodontically treated permanent teeth was approximately equal. The current methods of pulpitis treatment (pulp capping, pulpotomy and pulpectomy) were applied along with the pulp necrotizing agent use. Many (39.7%, 95% CI 32.6-47.4%) children demonstrated negative behavior. Behavior management techniques were used, including tell-show-do (54.5%, 95% CI 42.6-66.0%), sedation (3.0%, 95% CI – 0.8-10.4%), general anesthesia (3.0%, 95% CI – 0.8-10.4%), passive restraint (39.4%, 95% CI 28.5-51.4%). In the limitation of this study we can conclude that COVID-19 pandemic changed the profile of paediatric dental patients and dentist’s treatment options. In 1-17-year-old children the main reason for an emergency dental visit was acute dental pain due to caries consequences. The primary teeth needed urgent dental treatment significantly more often than the permanent teeth. The children often demonstrated negative behavior and required behavior management. The applied treatment methods were aimed at limiting the use of

Background: In Pediatric Dentistry, Fear and anxiety associated with dental treatment are a well recognized factor which has a negative impact on the child’s willingness towards dental treatment. The role of a dentist in managing a child is to treat the problem with which the child report with anxiety and to modify and shape the behavior of a child towards a positive dental response.
Aim: This review article aims to discuss the development of dental anxiety, various coping strategies and whether the newer psychological approach of McGurk Effect in Attention Focused Coping Strategy can be acceptable at the reduction of dental anxiety in children in near future.
Methods: An electronic search was performed using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct, and Scopus by using keywords such as (“McGurk Effect”) AND(“Coping Strategy” OR “Coping Style” OR “Distraction”) AND (“Fear” OR “Anxiety”) AND (“Behavior” OR “Behavior management”) AND/OR (“Pediatric Dentistry” OR “dentistry”). The last search was performed in March 2020. Exclusion criteria included studies published in a language other than English and abstracts from congress.
Results: The McGurk Effect based Attention focused coping style with incongruent audiovisual stimuli can be an innovative behavioral technique in pediatric dentistry in reducing the child’s anxiety regarding dental drill.
Conclusion: It seems that the highly structured McGurk Effect based Attention focused coping style can be effective in managing the internal perceptions and emotions (e.g., anxiety, fear) that are aroused during the dental restorative procedure and can guide favorably the child’s behavior in the dental setting However, more evidence is required regarding the clinical outcome of applying this new coping strategy in behavioral pedodontics in near future

Platelet-rich plasma, or PRP, is now widey used in wound healing in the field of dentistry. Following any surgical procedure , blood clots initiate the healing and regeneration of hard and soft tissues. Several studies are being carried out to investigate the use of PRP in dentistry as a way to enhance the body’s natural wound-healing mechanisms.

Nowadays dentists are facing difficulties in managing toothache or other chronic or recurrent dental conditions due to recurrence of symptoms or side effects of conventional treatment . One point that most of us fail to realize is that associated with the dental disorder are the various systems of body that work continuously for maintaining the dental health of the individual. For this, numerous alternative medical therapies are practiced in 
dentistry apart from allopathy, which comprise homeopathy, regulation thermography, nosode therapy, acupuncture, magnetic field therapy and ozone therapy.
Homeopathy is a system of alternative medicine, which has been in widespread use in adults as well as children. It is known for its low price, effectiveness and safety results compared to allopathy . In dentistry, as an adjunct to standard treatment, usage of homeopathy to treat dental problems has been reported since 18th century. World Health Organization has recognized homeopathy as one of the largest practiced medicine in current times. It is a promising field of dental medicine which would emerge to be useful in management of diseases and disorders affecting orofacial structures. Homeopathic remedies are used in dental profession for better psychological condition of patient. The purpose of the present review is to introduce the basics of homeopathy and to discuss it’s possible applications in dental practice.

Nanotechnology over past decades, has emerged as a mainstay in various fields and has
been employed in various biomedical applications. It is currently being extensively used in
the manufacture of drugs, as a diagnostic aid, in implants, as a prosthetic material and in
tissue engineering. With the recent introduction of advanced Nano robotic models in local
anesthetic procedures, the applications and importance of nanotechnology in the field of
healthcare have gained renewed impetus. This review primarily throws light on the
current applications of silver nanoparticles in the field of Dentistry, emphasizing on
orthodontics in particular, with regard to their antimicrobial properties, anti-cariogenic
effects, Nano silver coating applications of orthodontic brackets, micro implants,
biocompatibility analysis and fixed orthodontic appliances.

When Coronavirus Disease 19 appeared in 2019, the public was renewedly worried about the spread of aeronautical and aerosolized viruses. Many contradictory dialogues on which types of personal safeguards defend dentists and patients better against viral exposure follow this issue. In this comprehensive analysis, we carry out a thorough and critical evaluation of face masks and face shields, some of the personal protections most widely prescribed against viral infection.
The roles and practises of most popular types of masks in odontology are described: operation masks, operative masks, and respiratory masks are filtered (also called N95s). Following this would be the crucial evaluation of masks used on the basis of an analysis of the recorded proven results in three main areas: the extent to which each type of mask is demonstrated to defend against airborne and aerosolized environments, the recorded possibility that masks are not acceptable and risk factors for both correct and incorrect use of masks1–3. Our examination finished with some realistic, evidentiary guidance for use in dentistry and dental clinics using this material.

Scanning Acoustic Microscope, known as SAM, is a device that is used to investigate, measure or image an object. It is widely used for a non-destructive evaluation which is its biggest plus point. A Scanning acoustic microscope is useful for detection of defects in multilayered structures by a low time consuming process. The aim of this review is to understand the applications, uses and structure of this microscope. A systematic search strategy was employed and articles were found using keywords. Literature was taken from databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles that discussed the use of SAM and its uses were included. Other articles which had data regarding the structure and its applications in different fields were also included. A total of about 100 articles were collected initially. Multiple articles were added later from other sources. After eliminating articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, more than 50 studies were finally obtained. This review summarized the use of a Scanning Acoustic Microscope. Its structure, and other applications among different fields were also discussed in detail.

Nanotechnology has rapidly made its way into various areas of science. Nano dentistry refers to the use of nanotechnology for diagnosing, treating and preventing oral and dental diseases. The field of nanotechnology has a great potential. Nano dentistry facilitates faster and to the point, accurate diagnosis. It enhances the properties of dental materials, which facilitates excellent handling properties and makes the material more durable. A systematic search strategy was employed and articles were found using keywords. Literature was taken from databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles that discussed Nanotechnology and Nanodentistry were included. Other articles which had data regarding the applications were also included.A total of about 70 articles were collected initially. Multiple articles were added later from other sources. After eliminating articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, more than 30 studies were finally obtained. This review summarized the use of Nanodentistry. The applications and future scope were also discussed in detail.

Ceramics are broadly utilized as circuitous helpful materials in dentistry because of their extensive biocompatibility and satisfying aesthetics. The objective is to review the different CAD/CAM all-ceramic biomaterials. CAD/CAM all-ceramic biomaterials are highlighted and a subsequent literature search was conducted for the relevant subjects utilizing PubMed followed by manual search. Advancements in CAD/CAM innovation have catalyzed inquiry in all-ceramic biomaterials and their applications. Feldspathic glass ceramic and glass penetrated ceramic can be manufactured by conventional research facility strategies or CAD/CAM. The appearance of polycrystalline ceramics may be a coordinate result of CAD/CAM innovation without which the manufacture would not have been conceivable. The clinical employments of these ceramics have met with variable clinical victory. Numerous choices are presently accessible to the clinicians for the creation of aesthetic all ceramic restorations.

Nanotechnology is a science involved within the design, synthesis, characterization and applications of materials and their components at nanoscale dimensions. The present study has been done to assess the knowledge and awareness about nanotechnology in dentistry among undergraduate dental students by distributing 12 questionnaires about nanotechnology among undergraduate dental students. The collected data was supported through SPSS software. The questions were based on knowledge necessary for nanotechnology in dentistry. Out of 100 participants' responses, 59% were aware of nanotechnology and only 67% of participants used nanomaterials within the clinical practice and 72% weren't using it. This study revealed that undergraduate dental students have significant knowledge about nanotechnology.