European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

This review article covers the current research areas in oral pathology and reflects the broad range that encompasses the development and application of software in digital histopathology, implementation of biomarkers in pathology, genetics and epigenetics. Molecular pathology, regenerative medicine and immuno therapy, holds the promising and optimistic future of pathology. Oral and maxillofacial pathology is standing at the forefront of the revolution and new diagnostic tools and knowledge are taking pathologists into broader roles of research and correlating diagnoses for clinicians. While we are still using the same method and material that has been using for the past 100years, it’s time to change. Digital technologies could push the field into becoming more efficient and more scalable. Utilizing  high-throughput, automated digital pathology scanners, it is possible to capture an entire glass slide, under bright field or fluorescent conditions, at a magnification comparable to a microscope. Digital slides can be shared over networks using specialized digital pathology software applications. The future of digital pathology could eventually encompass enhancedtranslational research, computer aided diagnosis (CAD) and personalized medicine.

Eugenol is a phenylpropanoid group compound found in cloves, nutmeg,
cinnamon, and bay leaves. Apart from being used as a cosmetic, perfume, and food
ingredient, eugenol is known to have an antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and
anti-cancer profile. Eugenol has therapeutic potential by increasing reactive oxygen
species formation, decreasing anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, increasing the release of
cytochrome c that leads to apoptosis in cancer cells, and inhibit the epithelial to
mesenchymal transition (EMT) process that could reduce the cell ability to migrating.
We synthesized eugenol loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Nano-EU) by ionic gelation
method to overcome its shortcoming which is volatile and to increase its bioavailability.
The nanoparticles were characterized by using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).
Anticancer activity of Nano-EU was investigatedin cervical cancer HeLa cell line by flow
cytometry using Annexin-V/PI staining, and by measuring cleaved-caspase-3 protein
expression which is the executor of the apoptosis process by immunofluorescence.
The results of the study evidenced that Nano-EU inducing apoptosis and increasing
activated caspase-3 expression in HeLa cells. Nano-EU could also inhibit cell migration by
reducing vimentin and Snail as mesenchymal markers leading to inhibition of the EMT
process. Further research is still needed to investigate the anticancer potential of Nano-EU
in HeLa cells to in vivo and clinical studies.

To prepare a novel Bio sensor for ethanol vapour detection with higher sensitivity. In this Zn(Mn)/ZnO inverted core shell structure is doped in starch. Add a noble metal foe the better response. After this making thin films and determine the thickness of a thin films. Dielectric constant is determined by using the LCR meter. The characterization is done by using XRD, SEM, and the sensing properties of ethanol sensor are based on the resistance-based sensing

Bacterial pathogens are major threat to the aquaculture industry and small scale aqua farming. The emergence of various virulence pathogens during the culturing period leads to mass mortality and influence the loss of aquaculture production. As a result it causes economic imbalance. This relies on the very importance position to serve the protein rich sources for human consumption. In order to improve the sustainable aquaculture production the biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles have been used as an alternative method for commercial antibiotics to control such pathogenic infection. Marine microalgae Caulerpa racemosa was used as a silver reducing agent in this study. This controls Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in tilapia. The bioactive compounds present in the extracts showed potential antioxidant and antibacterial activities against P. aeruginosa infection. The formation of AgNPs was observed by the visualization of the colour change and further confirmed by the UV spectroscopy. It was characterised by Dynamic light scattering measurements (DLS). The antibacterial activity was tested against the fish pathogen. It was found to be effective.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were fabricated by green process in presence of aqueous extract of Watermelon rind. High Performance Liquid Chromatography technique was used to assess the biomolecule content of the aqueous extract prepared from watermelon rind. Citrulline an essential amino acid present in watermelon rind was found to act as capping agent for fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles. The shapes of produced ZnO nanoparticles were found to be anisotropic with few nano rods which were confirmed by TEM analysis. The prepared ZnO nanoparticles were used as antimicrobial agent against pathogens. Higher activity was found against S. paratyphi B strains. Further, the ZnO nanoparticles were assessed for its heavy metal removal capacity from aqueous solution. The results suggest that watermelon rind can be a potential precursor for fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles with versatile applications.

Novel nanoparticles were prepared by using Schiff’s reaction, to produce the nanoparticles Schiff bases (II and III) have been prepared by the composite reaction of graphene oxide and hydrazine hydrate with Isatin and Guanine respectively. On Other hand, Nanoparticle graphene oxide (I) was prepared by using Hummer's method that includes addition of graphite to a mixture of sodium nitrate and concentrated sulfuric acid in the presence of oxidizing agents like potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide. The biological activity of the synthesized nanocomposite was studied against various positive and negative gram bacteria by the use of Agar well diffusion method on Mueller - Hinton, the results have shown that the Nano Schiff base II has an interesting inhibition activity especially against the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. On the other hand, Nano Schiff base III has shown moderate activity against Bacillus thyuringiensis at high concentration of 100μL and it exhibits low - zero inhibition activity against other tested bacteria.

Lycopene has extensively been shown to inhibit tumor growth in nude mice bearing Breast. However, high tumor-suppressive Lycopene dosages encumber the development of oral controlled-release formulations because of a short biological half-life (< 2 h), poor absorption, low aqueous solubility, and extensive first-pass metabolism. Here, we present the design, fabrication, optimization, characterization, and biologicalevaluation of estrone-conjugated lycopene -loaded gelatin nanoparticles for targeting estrogen receptor- positive breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Gelatin nanoparticles (GN) were uniformly compact sized, stable
at physiological pH, and showed good drug entrapment efficiency.

Nanotechnology is regarded as the most imminent technology of 21st century and is contemplated as a big boon in the cosmetic industry. In the present investigation, non-aggregated cationic and unmodified nanoparticles (TT-C-NLPs10 and TTNLPs1) were prepared .In addition, spherical shape, crystalline architecture and cationic charge were also noticed. Furthermore, integrity and conformational stability of TT were maintained as evidenced by symmetrical position of bands and superimposed spectra, in SDS-PAGE and circular dichroism.

Application of nanoparticles in different industries attracts special attention nowadays. Use of microorganisms is one of the actively studied directions for nanoparticles production. The strain of Pseudomonas stutzeri possessing capacity to bioformation of copper nanoparticles was selected as a result of conducted screening among collection cultures. Earlier this strain revealed activity in terms of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles too. The possibility to regulate size and form of produced nanoparticles by regulating concentration of ions in the solution was established. The strain is considered as a potential source for development of the technology for production of copper nanoparticles.

Nanotechnology has laid the foundation to nanomedicine production and still appears the cornerstone for ongoing global medical studies, since at nanometric scale the physical properties of materials vary, resulting in innovative magnetic, biochemical, visual and electrical characteristics. In addition to the huge amount of funds and capital, the emergence of new medicinal products against the changed pathological condition of our bodies is also challenging in view of maximum rate of failure. The modifications with in structures of products in nano particle form, altered the way of diagnosis and treatment of destructive human diseases by using medicines capable in effective management by modifying the step of discharge, delivery and disposal in the body. Smart nanoparticles are such one of the most demanding nano systems for drug delivery to targeted genes that can overcome the problems during treatment itself. Present review paper discussed the types and uses of various types of response-based smart nanoparticles to drug delivery practices.

Nanotechnology is a science involved within the design, synthesis, characterization and applications of materials and their components at nanoscale dimensions. The present study has been done to assess the knowledge and awareness about nanotechnology in dentistry among undergraduate dental students by distributing 12 questionnaires about nanotechnology among undergraduate dental students. The collected data was supported through SPSS software. The questions were based on knowledge necessary for nanotechnology in dentistry. Out of 100 participants' responses, 59% were aware of nanotechnology and only 67% of participants used nanomaterials within the clinical practice and 72% weren't using it. This study revealed that undergraduate dental students have significant knowledge about nanotechnology.

There is a promising potential for nanoparticles in developing controlled and guided drug delivery systems. The most effective formulations are currently considered to be chitosan based nanoparticles; biocompatible, biodegradable, less toxic and simple to use in preparations. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer and has many advantages that can easily be used to achieve the ideal drug delivery mechanism. It is licensed and classified in General Safe (GRAS) by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). In the current study, chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Rifampicin were prepared and published in-house. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was coated and further characterized using effective in-vitro methods. The research also included the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters. The findings were confirmatory and can be used to increase the accumulation of medicines.

Nanotechnology has rapidly made its way into various areas of science. Nano dentistry refers to the use of nanotechnology for diagnosing, treating and preventing oral and dental diseases. The field of nanotechnology has a great potential. Nano dentistry facilitates faster and to the point, accurate diagnosis. It enhances the properties of dental materials, which facilitates excellent handling properties and makes the material more durable. A systematic search strategy was employed and articles were found using keywords. Literature was taken from databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles that discussed Nanotechnology and Nanodentistry were included. Other articles which had data regarding the applications were also included.A total of about 70 articles were collected initially. Multiple articles were added later from other sources. After eliminating articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, more than 30 studies were finally obtained. This review summarized the use of Nanodentistry. The applications and future scope were also discussed in detail.