European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

            In the present study, a 35 kDa D-mannose specific lectin was purified from the flower extract of Ipomoea pes-caprae (IPL) by lactoferrin-Sepharose 4B in the econo column (Bio-Rad). Physico-chemical analysis revealed that lectin was stable the pH ranges from 6.5-9.5 and temperature ranges from 0°C-60°. The lectin was highly specific for rabbit erythrocytes. UV spectral analysis of lectin documented a characteristic peak at 230 nm and FTIR spectrum showed the IR absorption peaks correspond to amide I and II bands, carboxylic and O-H groups in the lectin. Antimicrobial activity of lectin was tested against four Gram positive bacteria, four Gram negative bacteria and four fungal pathogens. It was observed that the lectin was more effective with a maximum zone of inhibition of 22 mm and 19 mm against B. subtilis andA. flavus respectively.Moderate activities were observed against all the bacteria and fungus tested ranging from 12 mm to 18 mm. The IPL lectin was checked for its antiproliferative and cytotoxicity effect against three cancer cell lines and also with normal fibroblast cell line by MTT assay. The result shows MCF-7 was more sensitive to IPL with lowest IC₅₀ value of 161.01 µg/ml and exhibit low toxicity against normal cells with IC₅₀ value of 374.36 µg/ml. As a result, this research opens up new possibilities for lectin pharmacology.

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsils. The inflammation usually extends to the adenoid and the lingual tonsils; therefore, the term pharyngitis may also be used. Most cases of bacterial tonsillitis are caused by group A betahemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes (GABHS). Tonsillitis remains one of the common diseases in developing countries. Prompt and appropriate treatment based on the knowledge of the causative microbiota and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern will improve the treatment outcome and reduce time and resources spent on treatment. This study aims to the main organisms responsible for tonsillitis, their sensitivity and resistance to antibiotics, one hundred and forty five patients with Acute and chronic tonsillitis who presented to the (ENT) department in ENT in Al-Husain Teaching Hospital, Samawah city, from March 2021 to April 2022 were prospectively studied, The proportion of the cultures that were positive of significant growth, the proportion of these positive isolates that were Streptococcus spp. and varied sensitivity pattern obtained underpinned the important to advocate for culture isolates and susceptibility pattern guided treatment.

Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared as green antibacterial finishing material and enhance antimicrobial activity of cellulose-based fabrics such as cotton and viscose. Two new bifunctional dye Bis (monochlorotriazine) (MCT) and hetero bifunctional (SES/MCT) reactive dyes have been prepared in previous work. Dimedone moiety (5,5-Dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione) and applied in cellulose-based fabrics with various chitosan nanoparticles concentrations imparting them antimicrobial activity. In this work the effect of chitosan nanoparticles on dye ability of cellulose-based fabrics were studied from evaluation of the colour strength expressed in K/S values of the dyed fabrics at different concentration of chitosan nanoparticles and the two synthesized used dyes. Results showed that chitosan nanoparticles treated cellulose-based fabrics have higher affinity towards dyeing than untreated cellulose-based fabrics. Also, the antimicrobial properties of the treated fabrics were higher than that of untreated fabrics and give higher exhaustion without using any salts and alkalinity. So, chitosan nanoparticles exhibit cellulose based fabrics high antimicrobial and having dyeing affinity than untreated one. Also, treated dyed fabrics showed very good to excellent fastness properties.

Our studies have suggested that the mechanism of action of the sum of flavonoids (liquid extract "Hemostat") from pylori, pylori, nettle and nettle in a ratio of 1: 1: 1 on the blood coagulation process is associated with its effect on the number, adhesion and platelet aggregation, as well as the retractive ability of platelets. It was revealed that the liquid extract "Hemostat" has a pronounced hemostatic effect and in this respect it is noticeably superior to the known preparation of the liquid extract of the shepherd’s bag.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were fabricated by green process in presence of aqueous extract of Watermelon rind. High Performance Liquid Chromatography technique was used to assess the biomolecule content of the aqueous extract prepared from watermelon rind. Citrulline an essential amino acid present in watermelon rind was found to act as capping agent for fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles. The shapes of produced ZnO nanoparticles were found to be anisotropic with few nano rods which were confirmed by TEM analysis. The prepared ZnO nanoparticles were used as antimicrobial agent against pathogens. Higher activity was found against S. paratyphi B strains. Further, the ZnO nanoparticles were assessed for its heavy metal removal capacity from aqueous solution. The results suggest that watermelon rind can be a potential precursor for fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles with versatile applications.

A Schiff base ligand of N-methyl Thiosemicarbazide and its complexes with Co metal ion
of binary [Co(L)2] (Complex-A), and ternary, formulae [Co(L)(L1)(H2O)] (Complex-B),
[Co(L)(L2)(H2O)] (Complex-C) where L is Schiff base ligand, L1 is Bi-pyridine and L2 is
oxalic acid have been synthesized and the compounds had been characterized based on the
several spectroscopic results. The interaction of these compounds with DNA was
investigated by electronic absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Our
experiments indicated that these complexes could strongly bind to CT- DNA via
intercalation mode with Kb values of 1.2 x 104 M-1 to 5.7 x 104 M-1 and the nucleotide
incision against super coiled pBR322 DNA had been investigated by both photolytic and
oxidative techniques to reveal the efficient manner of cleavage by the metal complexes.
Furthermore, these complexes exhibited significant in vitro Cytotoxicity against HeLa &
MCF7 cell lines showing IC50 values around 46.03 to 62.05 μM. Finally, an antimicrobial
assay of these complexes over one gram-positive bacterium of Bacillus Subtilis and one
gram-negative bacterium of Escherichia Coli and also two fungal species had given a good
result.

Pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa are encountered on a routine basis in clinical practice. Oral health-care providers must assess several parameters associated with pigmented lesions. Oral mucosal color changes can be significant and gives diagnostic value of local or systemic disease though it requires clinical experience and thorough evaluation. Color changes in the oral mucosa can be attributed to the deposition of either endogenous or exogenous pigments as a result of various mucosal diseases. The various pigmentations can be in the form of blue/purple vascular lesions, brown melanotic lesions, brown heme‑associated lesions, gray/black pigmentations. Therefore, watchful examination of all the oral mucosa is frequently required. There are variable manifestation of oral pigmentation. The specific shade, extent, site, spreading of lesion gives diagnostic importance. Interactions between the dentist and the patient's medical specialist are very important to provide a definitive diagnosis as it increase the possibility to recognize these forms of lesions. Further and more work will be done to clarify the pathogenesis and to improve the diagnosis of the disease. The historical and current scientific history and the comprehensive research on the use of patients' medications have played a vital role. Such pigmentations can be caused by both systemic and topical drugs. Interactions between the dentist and the patient's medical specialist are very important to provide a definitive diagnosis as it increase the possibility to recognize these forms of lesions.

The article highlights the study of the synthesis of a complex
combination of p-nitrobenzoic acid with Cu2+from aromatic carbonic acid
derivatives. Influencing factors on the synthesis of complex compounds in the
room were studied. Specifically, the time dependence of the reaction, the effect
of temperature, the concentration dependence wasobserved in practice. The
synthesized complex was evaluated by means of IR-Fourier spectrometry,
elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, TG-DSK and X-ray structural analysis to
determine its chemical structure, as well as to justify that the new complex is
thermally and chemically steady.

The objective of this study is to investigate the potential synergistic antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract from peelings of Philippines’ common local fruits, namely, orange, mango, and papaya. Peelings from these local fruits were properly washed, dried and powdered. Extracts from the peelings were obtained using methanol as the solvent, concentrated in a rotary evaporator set and were finally reconstituted in 20% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO).The preliminary determination of antimicrobial effect of the individual fruit peelings was tested using plate count method. A two-fold dilution of the individual formulated extracts were done and combined, after which the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolates were determined. MIC results of the mango extract showed best antimicrobial effect, which worked at a minimum concentration of 6.25mg/ml on both isolates. This was confirmed by the MBC, which showed the absence of growth of viable microorganisms after 24-hour incubation on nutrient agar. Orange and papaya were found effective against S. aureus at a minimum concentration of 50mg/mL. However, these extracts did not demonstrate individual antibacterial activity against E. coli. The combination of mango and papaya was the most effective among the three sets of extracts used in the synergistic antibacterial activity. It was found to be effective against E. coli at a minimum concentration of 6.25mg/mL and against S. aureus at 25-100mg/mL. Other combination of extracts such as orange-mango and orange-papaya exhibited synergistic antibacterial activity at higher concentrations. Moreover, orange and mango combination had a better synergistic activity against E. coli than S.aureus while orange and papaya if combined has greater synergistic activity against S. aureus than E. coli. From this study, it can be concluded that the combination of the extracts of mango and papaya has a more potential synergistic antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli.

Spices are normally used for adding flavour to the food. Especially Asians use a variety of spices or spice blends to make food aromatic, hot, savoury and sweet. Spices not only add aroma to the food but also come with notable nutritional values and give a lot of health benefits. The spices that are typically used in Asian cuisine are Cinnamon, garlic, cloves, cumin, basil, star anise, galangal, ginger, coriander, turmeric, cilantro, pepper, ajowain etc. The main aim is to try and understand the role of commonly used Asian spices on boosting immunity against infectious agents. A large number of plants are used to treat many diseases as they possess antimicrobial activity. However, Challenges include Extinction or disappearance of a few indigenous varieties, Low productivity, Insufficient quantities of quality species and Poor product quality. Many people do not know the importance of spices and its effect on the immune system. There is a need to understand the traditional systems, to help visualise the future better . there is a necessity to link the past and the present of medicine. This can help in giving new directions for a better understanding of different diseases etc. As this is a review various other related research articles are acquired using the Search engines such as PubMed, google scholar, google Cochrane databases and MESH. Their data is taken as the base for our study.