European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: Poisoning is a major epidemic of non-communicable disease in the present
century. Poisoning is common in the world including India but modes of poisoning varies as
it may result from the attempt of suicide, homicide and accidents. Present retrospective study
was aimed to analyse deaths due to poisoning at a tertiary care hospital.
Material andMethods: Present study was retrospective study, conducted with medical &
case-records of victims of poisoning whose body was autopsied in the mortuary of tertiary
care hospital.
Results: In this study, of the total of 3275 cases of postmortem, poisoning constituted 433
cases amounting to 13.22%. Most of cases were from the age group of 21-30 yrs (27.48%)
followed by 31-40 yrs (25.17%) & 41-50 yrs (16.4%). Most of cases were males (66.74%) as
compared to females (33.26%). Most of cases survived for less than 1 day period (54.73%) &
had manner of death as suicidal (94.46%). In present study, most common poison used were
organo-phosphorous compounds (64.43%), aluminium phosphide (5.77%), zinc phosphide
(5.77%), corrosive acid poison (5.08%) & carbonates (4.62%). In present study, negative
chemical analysis report (50.35%) were more common than positive chemical analysis report
(49.65%). In present study, common reason for intake of poison were physical illness
(41.11%), marital dispute (20.32%), economic crisis (13.16%), love failure (6.47%) &
accidental (5.54%). Other less common causes were conflict with parents (3.46%), family
dispute (3.46%), mental illness (3%) & academic failure (2.77%).
Conclusion: We noted that male sex, age group from second to fourth decade of their life,
married,low socioeconomic status are at high risk for poisoning.

Introduction: Smoking is an adverse behavior for one person and others. Although there are various negative effects of smoking, it does not affect the smokers to quit smoking, thus they had a nicotine dependence. The purpose of this research was to identify the sociodemographic characteristics and smoking history with nicotine dependence, and to identify the level of nicotine dependence on smokers.
Patients and Methods: This research was quantitative descriptive research. The population in this study was 338 smokers. This research used total sampling method and it obtained a sample of 159 adult respondents. Data were collected using the Fagerström Nicotine Dependence (FTND).
Results: The result of this research showed that, even though respondents in low levels of nicotine dependence (42,1%), most respondents were in a moderate level of nicotine dependence (39%), high of nicotine dependence (13,8%), and very high of nicotine dependence (5,1%). In addition, the majority of nicotine dependence tended to occur in respondents aged 18-40 years (49,7%), male (84,3%), final year of high school (49,1%), working as an entrepreneur (65,4%), and had an income of less than Rp2.893.074,72 (68,6%). In respondents’ smoking history, nicotine dependence was more likely to occur in respondents who started smoking at the age of 13-17 years (50,3%) with smoking for 1-10 years (30,2%), and smoking clove cigarettes (52,8%).
Conclusions and Recommendations: The conclusion of this study that most respondents were in low levels of nicotine dependence and some respondents were in moderate, high, and very high levels of nicotine dependence, and there was a tendency between income and nicotine dependence.

Socioeconomic status (SES) and literacy level is a major determinant of tobacco use but little is known whether SES affects nicotine dependency or not. Socioeconomic status (SES) is strongly related to smoking behaviour. The association is so strong that smoking is regarded as a marker for deprivation and one can identify disadvantaged groups by simply observing their smoking prevalence. The main objective is to examine the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on nicotine dependence. A retrospective study was conducted using case records of patients attending private dental college from July 2019- March 2020 . A total of 201 case sheets of patients who had the habit of tobacco use with recorded nicotine dependence score and their income and educational status were retrieved. The study included two measures of SES - education and income using the Modified Kuppuswamy scale(revised version february 2019). Nicotine dependencies are assessed using Fagerstrom nicotine dependence scale. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test was used to analyze the data. More prevalence of literate participants(78.6%) and middle income smokers(<25000) (43.78%) are more prevalent among the study population . No statistically significant association was found between education and nicotine dependence scale(p = 0.750); income and nicotine dependence ( p=0.432) . Chi-square tests were used for association and descriptive statistics were used. Nicotine dependency shows insignificant variations across different indicators of SES- income and education among patients attending private dental college in Chennai.