European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the common infections affecting people, both from the community and hospital. The causative pathogens for UTI and their drug sensitivity patterns vary from region to region. Changes in their genetic constituents with time might be the reason.
Aim: In this study, we aimed investigate the profile of common uropathogens and assess their antibiotic sensitivity patterns with commonly used drugs for UTI patients.
Materials and methods: In this study, 153 urine samples were analyzed with routine microscopy, culture and sensitivity for a period of six months at Institute of Medical Science and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Both bacteria and fungi were used for drug sensitivity test.
Result: A total no. of 54Gram positive bacteria and 40 Gram Negative bacteria were isolated. S. aureus was the most common GPC isolated and P. aeruginosa was the most common GNB. E. coli was the second most GNB which showed resistance to Cephalosporins and Aminocoumarin group. 4 Candida species were isolated, to which Clotrimazole was the most susceptible antifungal agent. Staphylococcus sp. showed resistance to β-lactams and Macrolides group of antibiotics. Shigella sp. showed resistance to β-lactams. C. albicans was found to be the common Fungi isolated, followed by C. krusei.
Conclusion: Since the drug sensitivity pattern changes from place to place and varies from time to time. The culture sensitivity therapy should be practiced before empirical administration of antibiotics.

In modern era, the use of plastic product in different sector of industry is increasing day by day.Plastic waste management and recycling became a serious global issue as it affects living beings from all the ecosystems.Their disperse disposal in land andwater arouses threats for human, wildlife and aqua life. Researches have been carried out on plastic degradation to find solutionto overcome these environmental hazards. Biodegradation emerges as one of the promising solution to manage theplastic waste which could not be recycled. In biodegradation processmicroorganism and their enzymes are applied to degrade the syntheticand bio-based plastics. This review gives the current progresson biodegradation of various plastic polymers by microorganisms andenzymes to determine the extent of degradation.

Primary goal in management of open fractures is prevention of infection of bone and soft tissue by early debridement, irrigation of wound and administration of broadspectrum antibiotics with stabilization of fractures. The pattern of organisms found in open fractures is important in the selection of antibiotics for prophylaxis and empirical treatment. In this prospective study, 50 consecutive patients of all ages, both the sexes, with open fracture of grade IIIB as per Gustilo- Anderson classification were evaluated for bacterial isolates. Higher rate of infection was found in patients with farm injuries and leg was most common site. The most common gram negative and gram positive bacteria isolated were E.coli and S.aureus respectively (19.5% each). On analysis of the predebridement, post-debridement, and third culture, positive pre-debridement culture showed maximum growth of Gram-positive bacteria. However, majority of these patients were found to have growth of different organism in their post-debridement culture reports.

Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared as green antibacterial finishing material and enhance antimicrobial activity of cellulose-based fabrics such as cotton and viscose. Two new bifunctional dye Bis (monochlorotriazine) (MCT) and hetero bifunctional (SES/MCT) reactive dyes have been prepared in previous work. Dimedone moiety (5,5-Dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione) and applied in cellulose-based fabrics with various chitosan nanoparticles concentrations imparting them antimicrobial activity. In this work the effect of chitosan nanoparticles on dye ability of cellulose-based fabrics were studied from evaluation of the colour strength expressed in K/S values of the dyed fabrics at different concentration of chitosan nanoparticles and the two synthesized used dyes. Results showed that chitosan nanoparticles treated cellulose-based fabrics have higher affinity towards dyeing than untreated cellulose-based fabrics. Also, the antimicrobial properties of the treated fabrics were higher than that of untreated fabrics and give higher exhaustion without using any salts and alkalinity. So, chitosan nanoparticles exhibit cellulose based fabrics high antimicrobial and having dyeing affinity than untreated one. Also, treated dyed fabrics showed very good to excellent fastness properties.

Objective: A study on indoor air play important roles in human health by polluted indoor labrotory and causes some diseases such as infections skin, eyes, respiratory system , allergy and biotoxicity. Air is made up of enormous of microorganisms mainly bacteria. Their estimation is important as an indication of cleanliness of any particular environment. The presence both bacteria and fungi in indoor air is problem of health protection due to a long time period that workers and students stay indoors. Determination of level microbial pollution indoors is necessary to assess the health hazard for indoor air quality control. This study provides information on microbial contamination level of indoor air of biological labrotary was estimated. Material and Methods: Collected air samples from seven bio-laboratories and low, up corridors locations during April-June 2019. Air samples were taken three months : in the in the afternoon. Results: The higher of percentage of isolated airborne bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis, it was 58.57% and 26.84% for all biological laboratories respectively at study location, while the lowest percentage were Klebsiella sp. and Protus sp., it was 11.98% and 4.29% for all biological laboratories, respectively. Conclusion: It is concluded from the current study that is advisable that estimate to check microorganisms loads in Laboratories and prevent their increase and spread

The purpose of this study was to examine the evolution of antimicrobial activity of flower extract of Hibiscus sabdariffal against antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The extract of Hibiscus sabdariffal obtained by rotary and the minimum inhibitory concentrations were investigated to characterize the antimicrobial activities of this extract. Furthermore In the present study, only the susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to the extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffal leaves and flowers have been examined. Therefore, further microbiological studies would be carried out to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts prepared from Hibiscus sabdariffal against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The watery extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffal was evaluated against isolates and the results showed that the crude extracts of them with boiling water were more effective than the cold watery extracts.

Background of the Study: Bacterial and Viral infections are often hard to be distinguished in daily clinical practice. Biological markers obtained from a routine examination play an important role to minimize time in providing diagnose and giving therapy. Recently, the use of Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is greatly considered to differentiate types of infection found in the patients presenting with fever.
Method: This study uses prospective cohort study design and involves patients presenting with fever who are admitted to the ICU. The initial NLR, MLR, and PLR is examined and categorized into types of infection found. The ANOVA test and t-test are performed to find out the difference among study groups with the value of α = 0,05.
Result : This study involves 207 patients (92 male patients [44%]) presenting with fever with the average age of 45,6 ± 14,6 years old. The majority of cases (135 cases [66,5%]) in patients with fever results from bacterial infection; The study also finds 47 cases (34,8%) of typhoid fever and 30 cases (22,2%) of pulmonary tuberculosis. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is the most commonly found viral infection with 52 cases (76,4%). The significant diagnose of bacterial infection shows higher value of NLR and MLR than that of viral infection (P < 0,001); Urinary tract infection has the highest value of NLR and MLR, amounting to 9,4 ± 3,6 and 0,23 ± 0,20, respectively. In general, the value of PLR is lower than that of viral infection (P < 0,001).
Conclusion: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, MLR and PLR have benefit to predict diagnosis for the patients presenting with a fever. Bacterial infection is associated with the high value of NLR and MLR, and PLR generally has a lower value in viral infection cases.

The following studies have shown the results of low, moderate, strong and very strong soil contamination as well as the change of soil morphological characteristics, the strains separation of oil-breaking bacteria and the development of recultivation technology. According to the results, the changes in soil morphological characteristics differ in contamination degree, and the morphological characteristics of very strong soil contamination (more 25 g/kg) have dramatically changed. The oil-breaking bacterial strains such as MFD-100 Pseudomonas stutzeri, MFD-200 Pseudomonas caryophyllis, MFD-5000 Bacillus subtilis are separated from oil-contaminated soils. Based on these strains, the three-stage recultivation technology has been developed, and as a result of the conducted recultivation, the soil cover is purified up to 81.8%. Soil purification rate is divided into the following efficiency indicators: 1 - soil purification rate 0-20%, 2 - soil purification rate 20-40%, 3 - soil purification rate 40-60%, 4 - soil purification rate 60-80% and 5 - soil purification rate 80-100%. After the soil recultivation, the productivity indicators such as nutrient and humus content as well as pH environment are improved.

In Malaysia, Entada spiralis Ridl. from Leguminoceae family grows wildly and the scientific study of it has not been explored deeply. Entada spiralis Ridl. is a liana or woody climber plant which is locally known as "akarbeluru" or "Sintok". This study is performed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Sintok extract from the stem bark of Entada spiralis against skin bacteria infections by the disc diffusion method. Two types of skin bacteria known as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes were selected and tested against the water extracted Sintok. Sintok concentration of 1600mg/ml gave the highest inhibition zone diameter against Streptococcus pyogene rather than Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 25.5 mm and 18. mm, respectively. This study indicates clear evidence supporting the traditional use of Entada spiralis in treating skin infections related to bacteria

Probiotics can be defined as live microorganisms that may beneficially affect the host upon ingestion by improving the balance of the microflora. It has various health benefits like alternation in weight, increasing the immunity, and also in digestion. Many of us would think that bacterial products aren’t helpful but in contrast they are enormously useful. The common species involved are Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium. At present the alarming issue for everyone might be weight gain. The probiotic diet helps in modification of gut microbiota and it inhibits the absorption of dietary fat and increases fat excretion via faeces. Most of the attempts done to study the effects of probiotics with Lactobacillus strains on weight reduction was found to be positive. Probiotic administration on women over a period of three months had a significant reduction in weight compared to the pills. So probiotics are far better than artificially prepared pills. The aim of the review is to analyze whether a probiotic diet helps in reduction of weight and how far it could play the beneficial role in reduction of weight.