European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

HBV infection is one of the major concerns and a constant threat to public health. Cytokines are used in biological studies as vital signs in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of progression a number of diseases such as CHB and HCC . This study aimed to evaluation the levels of HGF , TNF- α , CXCL-13 in HBV patients .Studies have shown that the hepatocyte growth factor is the engine for the development of HCC caused by infection with HBV, and may serve as an effective biomarker for targeted therapy. The study included 100 patients with positive HBs Ag (100% positive). Three cytokines (HGF , TNF- α , CXCL-13) were analyzed in the
serum of patients ,and the results showed highly significant increase inthe levels of those cytokines in patients comparing to healthy individuals(p≤0.01). Also ,the results showed there is a highly significant difference(P<0.001) of HGF levels when comparing between acute andchronicHBV patients .Our results concluded HGF , TNF- α , CXCL-13 play a key role in development of HBV.

In this paper, the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infectious model with Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL) response delay and its effect on the stability of equilibrium has been investigated. The boundedness and non-negativity solutions of the proposed model were verified. The local stability of virus-free equilibrium and the infected equilibrium were determined by the basic reproduction number R0. Further, the existence of Hopf bifurcation at the infected equilibrium of CTL response was also observed. Using different set of parameters, the empirical findings in the study are shown with numerical simulations.

Hepatitis B viruses are one of the world's most important issues for public health. HBV production is driven by this high mutation rate which results in a high degree of genetic heterogeneity with a distinct geographic distribution of 10 resulting genotypes (A – J) .This study aimed to determination the HBV genotypes distribution among Iraqi hepatitis B virus patients.The study included 100 patientswith positive HBs Ag .Muliplex PCR results showed thatthe percentage of HBV genotypes distributed among patients was as follows: AE 1%, ACD 1% , ABCDEF 1% , ABCDFG 1% , B pure 30%, BC 9% , BD 1%, BE 3% , BF 1%, BCE 6% , BCDE 1%, BCDF 1%, BCEF 1%, C pure 16%, CD 13%, CE7%, CDE 2%, D pure 4%, E pure 1%, so the most common genotype is B pure genotype (30%) , and in the second rank C genotype (16%), however the C mixture genotype was (59%) was common followed by B genotype (55%) .Based on our knowledge this study is the first study in Iraq that documented genotype G in one sample.