European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Aim: To study the conversion rate of laparoscopic cholecystectomy into open cholecystectomy in study conducted among 50 patients in our hospital.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the department of General Surgery at Maharishi Markandeshwar University Solan. Patients were admitted from OPD.  History of the patient, general physical examination and clinical examination was done, ultrasound abdomen was done in 50 patients and sonographic findings were noted and posted for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patient with ultrasound proved symptomatic cholelithiasis, acute cholecystitis, chronic cholecystitis, empyema gall bladder, mucocele gall bladder, gall stone pancreatitis were included in this study.  Patients with gall bladder carcinoma, CBD calculus, dilated CBD with deranged LFT, history of bleeding diathesis, having severe cardiopulmonary compromise were excluded from the study.

The methods and processes of word formation in the modern Turkic languages have been researched in the work. Being the component of the science of ultracentury Linguistics, word formation expresses the historical feature. The process happening in the certain period of the time assumes the simultaneous importance. In the modern Turkic languages the process of word formation reflects in all stages of the language – in phonetics, lexicology, morphology, syntax. Some language situations can be explained on the basis of the rule of similarity, analogy. One of the different methods existing in language for creating the new word and terms is the method of calque and copy. Most part of new lexical units have been calqued by getting from the Russian, English and other European languages and have paid the demand of the new created scientific fields being to the lexical units certainly in the years of Independence of the Turkic countries. There are some methods of word formation in the modern Turkic languages that, they are used very little. The methods being less productive don't surround all of the Turkic languages. From such methods of word formation, we can express the methods as fiction, naht, cut-transfer-copy, mirror, karma-karma methods. The process of conversion is also one of the processes of word formation in the Turkic languages. The new words are appeared by the conversion of the grammatical characteristics of the word in the process of conversion. The process of conversion is the process of word formation which appeared as the result of facilitating of the grammatical and lexical variations, the abbreviations of ending and suffixes and the morphological structure of word, gained the intensity in the modern Turkic languages.The process of conversion is also one of the processes of word formation in the Turkic languages. The new words are appeared by the conversion of the grammatical characteristics of the word in the process of conversion. The process of conversion is the process of word formation which appeared as the result of facilitating of the grammatical and lexical variations, the abbreviations of ending and suffixes and the morphological structure of word, gained the intensity in the modern Turkic languages.

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the procedure of choice for the majority of patients with gall bladder disease. Conversion to open technique is considered a major morbidity of laparoscopic cholecystectomy as it loses its supremacy over open technique once the conversion takes place. This study was conducted in an effort to determine the conversion rate and also identify the factors responsible for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open cholecystectomy.
Materials & Methods: A clinical prospective study done on 50 patients presenting with cholelithiasis without choledocholithiasis; and with no contraindication for general anaesthesia were included in the study. Data recorded included demographic information, past medical history, indication for operation, duration of operation, reason for conversion and post-operative complications.
Results: The mean age in this study was 42.8 years. The sex distribution shows that the gall bladder diseases have a higher frequency in female than in males. Out of 50 patients, 35 patients (70%) had a chief complaint of pain in the right hypochondrium, 16 patients presented with epigastric pain. 8% of patients suffered from Diabetes mellitus whereas 6% of patients were Hypertensive. The average duration of surgery was 80.5 min. Average duration of post-op stay in successful cases was 4.2 days and in converted cases it was 6.3 days. A total laparoscopic surgery performed in 50 cases, out of which 10% cases converted to open cholecystectomy due to anatomic difficulty such as dense adhesion of calot’s triangle and anatomic variations (60%), bleeding from calot’s triangle (20%) and common bile duct injury (20%).
Conclusion: We conclude that laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe and minimally invasive technique, with only low conversion rate and the commonest cause of conversion in this study was the presence of dense adhesions at Calot's triangle.

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered the treatment of choice for symptomatic Cholelithiasis. However, of all Laparoscopic cholecystectomies, 1-13% requires conversion to an open for various reasons. Present study was aimed to Study various preoperative factors as predictors of laparoscopic cholecystectomies required conversion to  open route at our tertiary hospital.
Material And Methods: Present study was case record based, retrospective study, conducted among case records of patients who required conversion to open cholecystectomy from laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done.
Results: In present study, among 530 laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) procedures, 42 cases required conversion to open cholecystectomy (OC) and conversion rate was 7.92 %. In cases required conversion, indication for cholecystectomy were recent acute cholecystitis (40.48 %), recent obstructive jaundice (21.43%) and impacted stone (16.67 %). In cases required conversion, common intraoperative events observed were significant bleeding (47.62%), fibrosis (35.71%), dense adhesions at calot’s triangle (30.95%) and difficult port entry (26.19%). On analysis of preoperative risk factors age >50 years, Male gender, previous history of hospitalisation due to acute cholecystitis, Palpable gallbladder, BMI > 30 kg/m², history of previous laparotomy, USG findings of thick-walled GB (>4mm), and Pericholecystic collection were related to failed laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery required conversion to open procedure.
Conclusion: Age >50 years, Male sex, previous history of hospitalisation due to acute cholecystitis, Palpable gallbladder, BMI > 30 kg/m², history of previous laparotomy, USG findings of thick-walled GB (>4mm), and Pericholecystic collection were found to be significant pre-operative predictive factors in laparoscopic cholecystectomies required conversion to abdominal route.