European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Acute appendicitis is a commonly encountered surgical emergency it has a lifetime prevalence of 1 in 7. With an incidence of 1.5-1.9 per 1000 in male and female population, and 1.4 times more common in men. The diagnosis is based on a thorough clinical history and examination. It is well supported with efficient laboratory investigations like elevated leucocyte count and ultrasound of the abdomen. Acute appendicitis is a common problem yet a difficult diagnosis at times specially in young and elderly females. Females of reproductive group are more prone for other genitourinary problems that may mimic acute appendicitis. Any delay in performing an appendicectomy to improve its diagnostic accuracy, can increase the risk of complications like appendicular lump, perforation and sepsis, which will in turn increase the morbidity and mortality

For many years, the connection between endodontic and periodontal disorders has been the focus of conjecture, misunderstanding, and debate. More than 50% of nonvitality of teeth today are caused by pulpal and periodontal issues. A pathogenesis for an endo perio lesion can range from being pretty basic to being fairly complex. When it comes to diagnosing and predicting the prognosis of the afflicted teeth, these lesions frequently cause difficulties for the doctor. Making the right diagnosis is crucial for determining the best course of treatment. The doctor should have a good awareness and scientific knowledge of these lesions in order to provide an accurate diagnosis. To treat these lesions, restorative, endoontic, or periodontal therapy may be required, either separately or in combination. In order to get the best results, this presentation will highlight the diagnostic, clinical guidelines, and decision-making processes in the treatment of these lesions from an endodontist's perspective.

The female genital TB is a persistent infectious illness that has been linked to serious morbidity in the reproductive health of women. To prevent unwanted laparotomies, diagnostic laparoscopy may help in the early identification and safe management of genital TB.
Objectives: This study was planned to evaluate the role of laparoscopy in the diagnosis of genital tuberculosis in women.
Methodology: Total 80 women who underwent laparoscopy and were suspected to have genital tuberculosis in last two years were included.
Results: When comparing the diagnostic accuracy, all of the 80 patients with suspected diagnosis of genital TB on laparoscopy were included. As compared to laparoscopy, histopathology was able to diagnose only 10 (12.5%) cases of genital TB and CBNAAT was able to diagnoseonly 6 (7.5%) patients of genital TB.
Conclusion: Laparoscopy was found to be an excellent choice to diagnose genital TB over the HPE and CBNAAT. It is recommended that further studies should be conducted to establish laparoscopy as a standard method to diagnose genital TB

Background: There are various methods to diagnose different kinds of anaemia, but in developing countries many of the available investigation are also not feasible citing financial constraints. The present study was therefore conducted at tertiary care centre to assess RDW in different types of anemia; to investigate patients for peripheral smear picture, Iron Deficiency, Vitamin B12 Deficiency & Hemoglobinopathies wherever necessary; to determine efficacy of RDW in differentiating between Types of Anemia.
Methodology: The study was conducted as cross sectional study at Department of Medicine, PCMS and RC Bhopal during the study period of 18 months. A detailed history was obtained and examination was done. The study participates were then subjected to complete blood examination using hematology auto analyzer and RDW CV and RDW SD were recorded.
Results: This study included a total of 115 cases with anemia with mean age of 38.3±17.7 years. Mean RDW CV was lowest in hemolytic anemia, followed by anemia of chronic blood loss, dimorphic anemia and was highest in iron deficiency anemia (p<0.05). RDW SD was lowest in megaloblastic anemia, followed by anemia of chronic blood loss and hemolytic anemia (p<0.05). RDW CV as well as SD levels were significantly higher in severe anemia (p<0.05).
Conclusions: RDW is a simple and easily available screening tool helpful in screening of anemia as well as determining its severity. Red cell distribution width is increased in iron deficiency anemia and can be used routinely to differentiate iron deficiency anemia from other types of anemias with high accuracy. It can also be used in screening severe anemia irrespective of the type of anemia. RDW can be a cost effective tool for diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia as well as determining the severity of anemia

Introduction: Many foramina and fissures are located in the sphenoid bone that carries nerve and blood vessels of the head and neck. Sphenoid bone is an unpaired centrally situated bone. In the cranium it lies anteriorly and to the middle cranial fossa its contribution is large. Also contributes to the posterolateral wall of the orbit and the lateral wall of the skull. Foramen spinosum is a very small foramina situated at the edge of the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa. In the greater wing of the sphenoid bone foramen of spinosum is one of two foramina present. The foramen rotundum is a circular opening in the sphenoid bone that connects the pterygopalatine fossa. The foramen rotundum is a spherical opening positioned in the floor of the skull.

Aim: The purpose of the present research was to evaluate and assess the management of various cases of small bowel obstruction.
Methodology: Eighty cases of small bowel obstruction observed in this study presented with common symptoms of abdominal distension, absence of flatus and/or faeces.
Results: Abdominal tenderness was the commonest finding during per abdomen examination. Adhesion was the commonest aetiology observed in this study followed by obstructed hernia. General trend of reporting to the hospital was observed to be on the third day of onset. Higher incidence of small bowel obstruction was observed in cases in sixth decade of life. There was predominance among the males and in cases belonging to lower socio-economic class.
Conclusion: Adhesions and hernias are the most common causes of obstruction as well as of bowel ischemia, necrosis, and perforation.

Diagnosis is an area of utmost importance in medical treatment. A person can be cured only when the doctor properly diagnoses the disease and gives the appropriate treatment. However, wrong diagnosis, wrong treatment even when the disease is correctly diagnosed, and wrong treatment can cause side effects and delay the cure. Sometimes it can be life-threatening. It is important for us to know how allopathic doctors, who are now called modern doctors, diagnose disease. They first note down the patient's complaints in order. In this paper, an innovation development of disease identification was proposed using medical deep learning model. The complete and correct information they can provide helps in proper diagnosis. Only after that the doctors examine the patient's body. Testing is not just about checking pulse and blood pressure. All body parts will be examined like abdomen, nervous system-brain function, muscle, skeletal system. Urinary tract and sexual organs will also be examined by the appropriate doctor. Thus, after doing a full body examination, they find out what the patient is suffering from.

Introduction: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the relatively most prevalent bone malignancy accounting for 20% of primary bone tumors. Differential diagnosis of OS is a daunting problem as they can masquerade with different kinds of bone tumors. None of the studies correlate the radiological findings of suspected cases of osteosarcoma with biopsy.
Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective study is to correlate the radiological findings with biopsy of suspected osteosarcoma.
Materials and Methods: The current retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Orthopaedics in collaboration of Department of Pathology at a tertiary care center in north India from 2015 to 2021. A total of 162 patients of suspected OS included in this study after carefully examination of clinical and radiological features analyzed by two Orthopaedic surgeons. The differential diagnosis of OS was observed in all patients through analyzing the clinical and radiological features followed by biopsy. The accuracy of radiology was calculated against biopsy procedure. 
Results: Out of 162 patients, 102 patients were male and 60 were female with a mean age of 29.65±10.55 years. The accuracy of clinical and radiological findings as compared to biopsy diagnostic procedures was 44.44%. A discrepancy between radiology and biopsy was 55.56%.
Conclusion: Radiological finding reveals that OS mimics different kinds of tumors reflected with low diagnostic accuracy of radiology. Hence, biopsy must consider confirming the diagnosis of bone tumors.          

Background: The shoulder arthroscopy is the gold standard of reference in most of the shoulder pathologies including Rotator cuff tears. However, it is an invasive surgical procedure with associated risks of surgery and anaesthesia. The objective of the present study is to find out how accurately the rotator cuff pathologies can be diagnosed by these imaging tests.
Aims and Objectives: To compare the Ultrasonography, MRI findings with the Arthroscopic findings of Rotator cuff pathology of the shoulder.
Materials and Methods: All patients in whom the history and clinical examination is suggestive of Rotator cuff pathology were included in the study. Patients were evaluated using high resolution Ultrasound (HRUS) Philips HD-11, Germany and 1.5-Tesla MRI [1.5 Tesla, GE, Excite HD and USA]. Ultrasonographic and MRI examination is performed by a single radiologist experienced in musculoskeletal ultrasonography and MR Imaging. A Real time high resolution USG imaging and MRI of the shoulder was performed in a standardized fashion and subsequently with therapeutic or diagnostic arthroscopy on the symptomatic shoulder. Results were analyzed.
Results: Considering arthroscopy as the final gold standard of investigation, out of the 24 patients studied, five (20.8%) had rotator cuff tendinosis/tendinopathy, four (16.6%) had PT RCT, twelve (50%) had FT RCT while the remaining three (12.6%) had normal rotator cuff. The average delay between the MRI examination and arthroscopic surgery was 6 days (range 0-27 days) but in one case, it was as long as 117 days. A total of five (20.8%) patients were in the age group < 40 years while another five (20.8%) were between 40-50 years age group. A majority of eleven (45.8%) patients were between 50-60 years old while three (12.6%) were above 60 years.
Conclusion: It should be noted that following USG of the shoulder performed by a dedicated radiologist, MRI offers little additional value, with regard to the detection of rotator cuff tears.

Background&Method: Laparoscopic drainage of liver abscesses in combination with
systemic antibiotics is a safe and useful alternative in all patients who require surgical
drainage following failed medical or percutaneous drainage treatment and in those with
large abscesses. Operative techniques have started on intravenous antibiotics and the
laparoscopic procedure was performed under general anaesthesia with endotracheal
intubation. The patient was placed in the reverse Trendelenburg position and a
pneumoperitoneum was created with a veres needle to a pressure of 09-12 mm Hg.
Result: Pain in the right upper abdomen, fever and hepatomegaly were the most common
presenting features in 99.5% of patient. History of alcoholic intake leading to liver abscess
was 36%, while 36.84% of cases presented with mid jaundice. History of past dysentery was
34.21%. In the study by Abuabara etal(1982), the most common symptom of ALA was
Right upper abdominal pain (94%), fever (77%) and hepatomegaly(54%). In the study
by Charles etal(1989), the most common symptom was fever(70-80%), hepatomegaly
(56-65%), right upper abdominal pain (50%). Hematological investigation were carried
out in all patients the mean hemoglobin value was 10.1 gm/dL with a range of 5.0 gm% to
14.5 gm%. Leucocytosis, predominantly polymorphonuclear was observed, the mean
leucocyte count was 13,500 cells/cumm with a range of 5,500-32,000 cells/cumm. The
serum bilirubin was elevated in 60 (101) cases, the values ranging from 1.8-17 mg% with a
mean of 3.39 mg%. Hypoproteinemia was observed in majority of cases,the values ranging
from 4.8-8.9 mg/dl with a mean value of 6.47mg/dl.
Conclusion: In summary , the most common presenting features were Fever,
Hepatomegaly, with males in the age group 41-50 being mostly affected. Right lobe
involvement (singly) with raised dome of diaphragm were seen most commonly on
radiological investigations. PLA should be treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and
in abscesses larger than 2.5 cm, aspiration should be done. Operative intervention is
required for intra-abdominal infections that are seeding the liver abscess.

Renal cystic disease occurs as a result of cysts of varying sized localized in an enlarged kidney.
It can be classified into different forms such as autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease,
autosomal-recessivepolycystic kidney disease, unilateral renal cystic disease, renal simple cysts,
multicystic dysplastic kidney,pluricystic kidney of the multiple malformation syndromes and
medullary cystic disease. Recent studies showed that there is a relation between inherited cystic
disease and changes in a group of genes involved in the formation and function of bothprimary
cilia of the embryonic node and cilia in epithelial renaltubes. On the other hand, cysts in
acquired conditions occur as a result ofobstructive, stromal–epithelial malinductiveand
neoplastic mechanisms. Moreover, several genetic and acquired renal cystic diseases were found
to be linked to the development of renal cellcarcinoma. There are different approaches to
diagnose various types of renal cysts, while ultrasound and slice imaging are the main tools for
the diagnosis of simple renal cysts, Bosniak classification was selected as the basic method for
the diagnosis of renal cystic masses larger than 1 cm. In the current review we will discuss the
various types of renal cystic diseases and the main diagnostic approaches

Background. The paper presents data on the variability and relationship of microorganisms in the biocenosis of livestock farms. Methods. The analysis of the available literature on the formation, operation, correction, and diagnosis of biocenoses of livestock farms. Results. It is shown that the animal organism is constantly exposed to the environment. A special place among the environmental factors affecting the animal body is microorganisms – causative agents of infectious diseases. Survey available of the literature on the evolution and relationship of microorganisms in different natural habitats. So, in the process of evolution to parasitism in tissues and organs of animals have adapted a variety of microorganisms: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and arthropods. In the nature of a lot of evidence on the phylogenetic relationships of pathogenic microbes from nonpathogenic to the emergence in the evolution of new pathogenic forms of bacteria under favorable environmental conditions and organisms. Conclusion. Recommended livestock farms are to be regarded as ecosystems, artificially created by man. In them, there are special relationships between animals, protozoa, a diverse microflora, which are fundamentally different from those in vivo. In artificial biocenoses, the Association of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms that circulate in the economy can cause various diseases in farm animals.

Nowadays, neuroendocrine symptoms following twin brain injuries (twin brain injuries) are more common and negatively affect the outcome of Brain Double Injuries by reducing the overall quality of life. However, research from the scientific literature suggests that neuroendocrine dysfunctions, particularly hypopituitarism, play an important role in the etiology of complications. It has been found that postoperative hypopituitarism has been a clinically common phenomenon in the last twenty years and is likely to contribute significantly to these disorders, given the parallelism of adenohypophysis among those following neuroendocrine changes associated with hypopituitarism other than cerebral palsy. In this our scientific study, we sought to explore hypothesized pathophysiological mechanisms based on neuroendocrine anomalies after a Brain Double Injury through an overview, improved on the basis of an analysis of early diagnosis and treatment aspects

to assess MSCT and clinical and radiological features of dysplastic coxarthrosis.

Lipomas are one of the commonest mesenchymal tumors in grown-ups which is moderate developing benevolent delicate tissue tumors. Albeit most lipomas are < 5cm in size, goliath lipomas >10cm have likewise been accounted for in various pieces of the body that infrequently happen in head and neck locale. Invading lipoma is an extraordinary mesenchymal neoplasm when a patient presents with an enormous, quickly advancing penetrating lipoma of the head and neck district, the chance of threat ought to be kept in mind. Lipomas are kind mesenchymal neoplasms of delicate tissue that can be found in any piece of the human body. Then again, their presence in the oral mucosa is somewhat phenomenal, with approximately 4% of the cases happening in the oral pit. The aim of this paper is to introduce the significance of finding and treatment of intraoral lipoma. Clinicians must be capable to recognize uncommon injuries, as intraoral lipomas, to provide appropriate treatment, in this manner guaranteeing solace and quality of life for the patient.

Human Emotion detection either through face or speech became a relatively nascent research area. Speech Emotion Acknowledgment concerns the undertaking of perceiving a speaker's feelings from their discourse chronicles. Perceiving feelings from discourse can go far in deciding an individual's physical and mental condition of prosperity. These emotions can be used for further assessment of patient’s status for better diagnosis. This paper aims to categorize emotions in speech into four different categories which are happy, sad, angry and neutral. For this analysis, four different algorithms - the Support Vector Machine (SVM), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Random Forest (RF) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN-1D) are developed. Detection of Emotion through speech of an individual might be a bit hectic, because of the dynamic changes in voice signal of the same person within a very subtle period of time. So, features like mfcc, chroma, tomez contrast and mel were extracted and given to the model in order to detect the emotions. Those features were given as input to the algorithms and the empirical results implicate that Convolutional Neural Network-1D performs well comparatively. RAVDESS database is chosen for the categorization. A good recognition rate of 89% was obtained from CNN-1D.

Abstract: The paper presents an analysis of the data of ultrasound, CT, MRCP and
intraoperative cholangiography in patients with bile duct cyst. Echographic data are
presented in 86 patients, CT in 61, MRCP in 8 and intraoperative cholangiography in 73
patients with this pathology. Ultrasound is a highly sensitive and informative screening
method for the diagnosis of choledochal cysts in children. To increase the specificity of
ultrasound with cysts of the common bile duct, a dynamic study of the contractility of the
biliary system after taking a "choleretic breakfast" is proposed. Currently, in the diagnosis
of pathology of the biliary tract, CT of the abdominal cavity and MRCP are effective noninvasive
methods, alternative to invasive ERCP. It has been established that the final
verification of the form of bile duct cysts, abnormal fusion of the pancreatic duct into the
cyst cavity is determined using MRCP and intraoperative cholangiography, which allows
you to choose the optimal method of surgical treatment.

Abstract: Back pain is a syndrome that can be associated with degenerative-dystrophic
changes in the spine, muscle damage and diseases, damage to the nervous system (the spinal
cord, its roots, and peripheral nerves), pathology of the internal organs of the thoracic and
abdominal cavities, pelvis, and mental disorders. The most common cause of acute back pain
is changes that occur when the muscles, ligaments, or joints of the spine are overloaded

Oral cancer is a global health disease that has a major impact on an individual's health, psychology and
lifestyle. It is the 6th most common cancer in the world and has a high prevalence worldwide, and is found
more in men than women. It is attributed to a myriad of causes which especially include tobacco smoking,
alcohol consumption and chewing betel quid. Survival rates of oral cancer are very poor despite advances
in therapeutic interventions. Detecting oral cancer at an early stage is believed to be the most effective
means of reducing death rates. Thus arises the need for an important diagnostic tool which is able to detect
pre-malignant and malignant lesions at an early stage. Treatment helps only for about 5 years after which
recurrences are seen. The only way to reduce recurrences is early diagnosis. VELscope, also known as
Visually-Enhanced Lesion scope, serves this purpose. It is an important diagnostic tool that uses an autofluorescence
based imaging system to detect lesions and allows enhanced visibility of the premalignant
and malignant lesions. It emits a harmless, non-invasive blue coloured LED fibre optic light that shines in
the patient’s mouth. The fluorescent light is absorbed by normal tissues whereas neoplastic lesions lose
fluorescence and become dark. This helps in quick and non-invasive diagnosis

Nanotechnology is considered to be an upcoming technology. Nanotechnology in the field of dentistry helps in diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Nanotechnology incorporates the usage of nanoparticles less than 100 nm. The usage of nanoparticles in restorative materials has increased the quality and life of dental restorations resulting in better oral care and hygiene. The technology helps in modifying the existing restorative material in terms of physical, chemical and biological aspects to improve their quality. Nanotechnology uses nanoparticles which are synthesized naturally from plants and chemically. The usage of specific nanoparticles is based on the properties and cytotoxic actions. Conventional GIC (Glass Ionomer Cement) and composites have been modified and improved in numerous ways by the addition of different nanoparticles. The restorative materials with nanoparticles currently used are nanocomposites, nano glass ionomers, nano adhesives and endodontic sealers. Nanotechnology is paving the way for recent advances in nanomaterials innovations. The advances of nanoparticles are helping the future of dentistry and production of new developments of materials with high quality. The main drawback faced in using nanoparticles is the toxicity produced by the nanoparticles but the demand for nano based dental material preparation has increased so there is a need for new nanomaterials. The review article provides an overview of the advancement of nanotechnology in restorative dentistry.

Oral cancer is a global health disease that has a major impact on an individual''s health, psychology and lifestyle. It is the 6th most common cancer in the world and has a high prevalence worldwide, and is found more in men than women. It is attributed to a myriad of causes which especially include tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and chewing betel quid. Survival rates of oral cancer are very poor despite advances in therapeutic interventions. Detecting oral cancer at an early stage is believed to be the most effective means of reducing death rates. Thus arises the need for an important diagnostic tool which is able to detect pre-malignant and malignant lesions at an early stage. Treatment helps only for about 5 years after which recurrences are seen. The only way to reduce recurrences is early diagnosis. VELscope, also known as Visually-Enhanced Lesion scope, serves this purpose. It is an important diagnostic tool that uses an auto- fluorescence based imaging system to detect lesions and allows enhanced visibility of the premalignant and malignant lesions. It emits a harmless, non-invasive blue coloured LED fibre optic light that shines in the patient’s mouth. The fluorescent light is absorbed by normal tissues whereas neoplastic lesions lose fluorescence and become dark. This helps in quick and non-invasive diagnosis.

Artificial Intelligence is a progressive, rapidly developing field. It has the potential to ease diagnosis, treatment and care of patients. It is vital that medical professionals are aware about Artificial Intelligence and its scope in health care. Artificial Intelligence has the capability to ease diagnosis and care. The future of medicine is Artificial Intelligence based. A survey was carried to assess the awareness levels about Artificial Intelligence and its scopes in Healthcare. A questionnaire was circulated among medical and healthcare professionals. The total participation for the study was 100. The results were collected and tabulated to be analysed using SPSS windows version 20. There was an overall positive response from the participants. 92% believed that Artificial Intelligence is the future of medicine. Recent advancements have made it imperative that the healthcare workers be aware of Artificial intelligence and its scopes. Artificial Intelligence is reaching the medical field. It is a reality that a certain level of hyperbole seems to have taken over the discussion of Artificial Intelligence in healthcare. On one hand, healthcare industrialists and researchers highlight the need for high quality health data, on the other hand, physicians are still waiting for evidence of the usefulness of these tools and wonder who will be held responsible in case of an injury due to the tool, and the other ethical factors associated with it. It can be concluded that the participants had a moderate level of knowledge about Artificial Intelligence and its scopes, which can be improved.