European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

The viral virus transmitted by mosquitoes that can be fatal, dengue, has been a public health issue. Despite being lethal, dengue is an illness that can be avoided. Health education, mosquito eradication, and immunization are the three basic forms of preventive that are frequently used in tandem.
Method: Quantitative research design was used for study. A practical simple random sampling procedure was used to select 60 mothers in total. Questionnaire methods were used to gather the data. Age, religion, degree of education, and other socio-demographic characteristics were taken into account when formulating the questions.
Results: In this study, the majority of participants, 36 (60%) had average knowledge about dengue fever, followed by 13 (21.7%) who had bad knowledge and just 11 (18.3%) who had strong knowledge. The majority of 28 (46.7%) were between the ages of 18 and 25, and the majority of 45 (75%) were Hindus, according to other results. Of the relationship between mother and selected socio-demographic factors and their level of understanding regarding their dengue fever. The results indicated that while religion and educational status are significant at the p0.05 level, socio-demographic variables like the mother's age, residence, employment status, earning members of the family, family monthly income, marital status, family type are not significant at that level.
Conclusion: It is important to give mothers enough information about prevention of dengue fever so that they can help and encourage other mothers.

One of the key ways The Joint Commission establishes standards for sustaining The National Patient Safety Goals are used to ensure patient safety throughout all healthcare settings (NPSGs). The Joint Commission reviews the NPSGs on a regular basis to verify that health-care organizations are focusing on avoiding significant causes of patient harm. Surgical infection prevention, prescription mistakes, inpatient suicide, and particular clinical difficulties like as falls and persistent wounds are also areas of study’s. Along with accessibility, acceptability, efficacy, efficiency, and people centeredness, one of the features of high-quality treatment is patient safety. It includes a variety of factors that are critical to providing high-quality health care. It's about safe surgical treatment and delivery, as well as safe injections, blood, pharmaceutical, medical device, and organ, tissue, and cell transit and donation. It also covers biomedical waste management, infection control in hospital settings, and much more. Objective to determine how well staff nurses understand patient safety objectives. And to determine whether there is a link between education level and certain demographic characteristics. Methodology: A non-experimental Descriptive design carried out among 100 staff nurses. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used and was statically analyzed after collecting the data through structured questionnaire was prepared for data collection. Ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional ethics committee. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Results The goal of this study was to determine how much information people had of staff nurses in a chosen hospital in Pune about patient safety objectives. The major findings are 67 (67%) of staff nurse having average knowledge, the remaining 33 (33%) had good knowledge and 0(0%) had poor knowledge. There was no statistically significant relationship between staff nurse understanding of safety objectives and selected socio demographic characteristics

Diabetes is a long-lasting metabolic condition characterized by abnormally elevated fructose (or sugar levels) levels. Diabetes may have a disastrous effect on the heart, capillaries, eyes, lungs, and nerves over time. The most common kind of diabetes, that often affects adults, occurs when the body gets resistance to or inadequate insulin production. Type 2diabetes has been more prevalent in countries of all income backgrounds during the previous three decades. Type 1 diabetes, previously known as high blood sugar or renin - angiotensin - aldosterone mellitus, is a chronic condition in which the gastrointestinal insulin acts as a self-regulating hormone. Micro vascular and macro vascular problems linked with type 2 diabetes are debilitating and possibly fatal. Cardiovascular problems occur in up to 80% of individuals with type 2 diabetes and account for around 65% of fatalities in this group   Methodology: The study design was descriptive design. Total 200 sample were selected for data collection. A Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from the samples. Tool was constructed to identify the demographic variables, and a set of structured questionnaires prevention of micro-vascular and macro vascular complication among client with Diabetes Mellitus. Result: Knowledge on micro vascular- and macro vascular problem prevention. The significant results are that 147 (73.5%) of clients had average knowledge, 33 (16.5%) had strong knowledge, and 20 (10%) had low understanding. The mean degree of knowledge for micro- and macro vascular problem prevention is 13.18, with a standard deviation of 3.94. Conclusion: The results indicated that the majority of clients have only rudimentary information about the prevention of micro- and macro vascular complications. There really was no significant correlation between knowledge about micro- and macro vascular complication prevention and selected socio-demographic variables among clients with Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculi. The disease primarily affect the lungs and cause Pulmonary Tuberculosis. In India, Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem. So the present study aimed to assess knowledge regarding Tuberculosis and importance of drug regimen.
Objective- To assessknowledge regarding Tuberculosis and importance of drug regimen among Tuberculosis patients attending clinic.
Design: A quantitative approach using pre experimental one group pre-test post-test design. 
Methodology:  A community Based study was conducted in rural area of Karad Taluka, Maharashtra. Data was collected from 60 subjects selected with Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select the respondents. A structured knowledge questionnaire was administered to assess knowledge of tuberculosis and importance of drug regimen among tuberculosis patients .Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results:  Overall knowledge score of sample was 14 (23.3%) are having good knowledge , 33 (55 %). average knowledge and 13 (21.6 %) samples were having poor knowledge regarding tuberculosis and importance of drug regimen The mean pre-test knowledge score (10.6 ± 1.1).
 Conclusion: There is need for TB awareness campaign , use of mass media and social media and awareness workshops should be held in schools and colleges so that the young generation is well informed about the disease.

Background: Mosquito borne diseases are increasing problems in various parts of the world’s . Every year more than 1 billion cases and over 1 million deaths from VBDs. In India, 27% population live in malaria high transmission area.Assessment of knowledge of vector born disease and preventive practices among rural community is important for designing community based interventions.
Objective :To assess the knowledge regarding vector born disease among the rural population in Karad Taluka . 
Design: A quantitative approach using pre experimental one group pre-test post-test design. 
Methodology : A community Based study was conducted in rural area of Karad Taluka, Maharashtra. Data was collected from 60 subjects selected with Probability Simple random sampling technique Data was collected by Structured Questionnaire on demographic variable and used to assess the level of Knowledge of subjects regarding Vector borne diseases.Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.
  Results:   Overall knowledge score of sample was 9 (15%) are having good knowledge , 39 (65 %). average knowledge and 12 (20%) samples were having poor knowledge regarding Vector borne diseases.  The mean pre-test knowledge score (11.9 ± 3.5). Whereas in post test knowledge score of sample was 11 (18.3%) having good knowledge , 41 (68.3%) average knowledge and 8 (13.3 %) having poor knowledge regarding Vector borne diseases.  The mean post-test knowledge score (17.03 ± 3.3).
 Conclusion: There is need to increase Community awareness about practices and methods to prevent vector borne diseases amongst people.

Background
Health care associated infections (HCAI) are one of the most serious and complex worldwide health problems. Commitment to standard precautions (SPs) and infection control (IC) measures are important to all healthcare providers (HCP) to prevent occupational exposure to hazardous materials. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are particularly more prone to blood-borne pathogens through contact with infected blood and body fluids during their work. It is based on the presumption that every person is infected or colonized with an organism that could be transmitted in the healthcare setting and thus health care workers need to apply infection control practices during the delivery of health care.Health care worker at risk of health associated infection (HAIs) due to their exposure to the patients during carrying out their duties. Health care workers in primary health care centers are the first to detect and to prevent the spread of infection. Standard precautions are regarded as an effective means for protecting health care worker, patients and community.
 Aim of the study: The study aimed to assess the level of Knowledge and practices of infection control standard among health care workers at the primary healthcare level in Makkah City.
Method:  A cross sectional study enrolled HCWs (doctors, nurses, lab workers) from 10 primary healthcare (PHC) centers in in Makkah, during the April to June, 2021, Our total participants were (200)
.Results:the knowledge regarding standard precautions of infection control study results show the majority of participant had average information were(55.0%) while weak knowledge were(21.0%) the data ranged from(5-18) by mean ±SD(12.15±3.11), also the Nationality is a significant relation between knowledge and Practices increase in the non-Saudi healthcare workers were mean+ SD respectively (12.980±2.606, 6.603±1.510), compared to the Saudis had adequate level of knowledge Practices where (T=-5.33, T=-6.152) and P-value=<0.001.
Conclusion: There was a gap between the actual and desired Knowledge and practices of Healthcare providers regarding IC. Continuing education programs are needed to improve their Knowledge and practices scores towards SPs and IC measures in order to reduce HCAI, inadequate knowledge particularly concerning the disposal of sharp instruments and hand hygiene were also detected. The studies highlighted the necessity of the provision of a comprehensive training program to ensure compliance with infection control measures by HCWs.
 

Background:
Primary health care physicians manage most patients with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of disability. The prevalence of OA is expected to increase because of ageing and obesity, and health care professionals must prepare for a rise in the demand for OA care. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and the leading source of physical disability in elderly people. The Prevalence of OA is increasing and will continue to do so as the population gets older. The OA is predominantly managed in primary care centers by primary health care physicians and much can be done to alleviate symptoms from osteoarthritis by combinations of therapeutic options including pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The diagnosis is made by history, typical x-ray findings and non-contributory laboratory investigations. The understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition is undergoing change. The development of osteoarthritis is dependent on age, sex, genetic predisposition, and previous trauma to the joint and abnormal mechanical forces caused primarily by obesity.
Aim of the study:To  assess the level of knowledge of Osteoarthritis Management among Primary Health Care Physicians at Primary Health CareCenters of Ministry of Health.
Methods:Cross-sectional study was done, including a representative random sample of PHC physicians working at PHC centers of MOH in Makkah city. during the October to December, 2019, the Sample size of physicians working at PHC centers . Our total participants were (150)
.Results:the majority of participant (44.0%) have weak level of total knowledge about Osteoarthritis Management followed by (35.0%) of participant average while Range(2-8) and Mean ±SD(5.15±2.877) and also shows that is a statistical significant were Chi-square 12.52and P=0.0019
Conclusion:Conduct Saudi guidelines and further studies to assess the practice of PHC physicians regarding osteoarthritis, is recommended. Overall knowledge of PHC physicians in Makkah city regarding OA is acceptable; despite being deficient in some important issues.  Finally, when the conservative management by the primary care physician is of benefit no longer, judicious referral to an experienced Orthopedic Surgeon for the modern surgical approaches should be