European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease
characterized by joint swelling, joint tenderness, and destruction of synovial joints,
leading to severe disability and premature mortality. Early rheumatoid arthritis is
defines as “RA with duration of disease/symptoms of disease < 6 month.”
Aim:To study serum vitamin D level in newly onset rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Methodology: It is a Case-control study, all patients fulfilling revised American College
ofRheumatology criteria/EULAR criteria(2010) for Rheumatoid Arthritis being
attended to in therheumatology clinic, Tools like Oral questionnaire, History &
Clinicalexamination,laboratory equipments will be used.Sample size is 45 cases and 45
controls, complying with inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Result: The study suggested that, mean value of Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI)
of RA was 12.24±8.05 in cases and 2.89±0.83 in control, DAS28 Score was 4.24 ± 1.07 in
cases and 3.00 ± 0.37 in control, it showed statistically significant association between
serum Vitamin D3 level with CDAI and DAS28 Score in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Conclusion: The study results suggest that the inverse relationship between serum
Vitamin D levels and RA disease activity.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, systemic autoimmune disease, affecting
the joints with varying severity among patients. The risk factors include age, gender, genetics,
and environmental exposure (cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and occupational). Many
complications can follow, such as permanent joint damage requiring arthroplasty, rheumatoid
vasculitis, and Felty syndrome requiring splenectomy if it remains unaddressed. As there is no
cure for RA, the treatment goals are to reduce the pain and stop/slow further damage. Here, we
present a brief summary of various past and present treatment modalities to address the
complications associated with RA.

Objective
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is regarded as the commonest and one of most known
inflammatory arthritis. Our study was to determine the effects of laser therapy and laser
acupuncture therapy on RA elderly patients.
Subjects and Methods
Forty patients with age of 65 to 75 years were being randomly allocated to 2 groups. Group(A)
included twenty participants having RA treated via low level laser therapy. Group(B) included
twenty participants having RA treated via laser acupuncture. All the patients underwent
treatment by methotrexate. Treatments were provided three times each week to the two groups
for twelve weeks.Independent laboratory technician and statistician were blinded to the study
groups.

Introduction: Women with RA have higher grades of disease activity and more declines in health status than men with RA; this recommends a relationship between estrogen and disease activity and severity.
Aim: Our aim was to detect the effect of sex hormone fluctuations and menopause on functional disability and quality of life of postmenopausal RA patients.

Background: The most prevalent form of inflammatory arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and it usually involves elbows, feet, wrists, knees, and ankles. The foot is the first region of the body to display RA signs and symptoms for certain patients. This research aimed to assess the prevalence of foot disorders in RA patients, identifying the relationship between the activity of the RA disease and foot disorders, as well as their effect and deformities occurrence.
Patients and methods: A total of 300 RA patients were included in this report. There were 240 women and 60 men, aged between 18 and 74. The following were done to all patients: complete historical review, complete clinical examination, and the evaluation of disease occurrence Complete blood count (CBC), Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), c-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF) titer, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP Ab) titer were used and X Ray on foot done to all patients
Results: We found that 31.6% of the study patients had foot deformities. 214 patients (71.3%) had normal gait while 86 patients (28.7.0%) had pathological gait. Hallux valgus was common among old age and obese RA patients. The foot deformities are associated with moderate and high DAS28 activity. Obese RA patients are more susceptible to have foot problems 2.89 times more than normal-weight RA patients. 176 patients (58.6%) had narrowing, 97 patients (32.33%) had osteoporosis 87 patients (29.0%) had erosion, 20 patients (6.67%) had bone cyst, 17 patients (5.6%) had subluxation and 14 patients (4.6%) had amalgamation.

patients under 30. The control group consisted of 110 healthy middle-aged
individuals. In the surveyed population, those with 1 to 5 years of age were the largest group
(38.3%), followed by those with 5 to 10 years of age (34%). In 66.3% of the patients of RA MT
was used as a base preparation. The average dose (median) of MT over the study period was
10 mg per week. 80% of patients took prednisolone in an average dose of 10 mg/day. The
content of lipids in venous blood was determined by photocolometry on Vitros SYSTEM
Chemistry DT 60 biochemical analyzer (Austria). Results: RA patients who took MT showed a
significant increase in the level of triglycerides (TG). Also, it is characterised by an increase
in TG levels and a decrease in the concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
(HDL) and an increase in the atherogenicity factor. A more pronounced decrease in HDL
levels. Significantly high indicators of the atherogenicity coefficient, which to a lesser extent
depended on the duration of MT use. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and
triglyceridemia are also proved to be serious risk factors for atherosclerosis and
cardiovascular heart diseases (CHD). Also according to the results of the research, special
attention is paid to the use of hypolipidemic drugs, which is promising in improving the
prognosis and reducing cardiovascular injuries in RA patients. In the group of patients who
received additional lipidex SR, there was a decrease in the level of OHS by 17.1%, an
important shift was observed on the part of TG, this indicator decreased by 29.7% and
practically did not differ from the control indicators. HDL cholesterol in the SR lipidex group
increased significantly by 37.7%. These fibrates have a stimulating effect on all components of

Smoking leads to disease and disability and harms nearly every organ of the body. Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. It increases risk for tuberculosis, certain eye diseases, and problems of the immune system, including rheumatoid arthritis. Secondhand smokers are also at great risk of developing certain disease conditions like stroke, lung cancer, and coronary heart disease in adults.

Arthritis is a type of joint dysfunction that includes one or more joint inflammation like rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis, and associated autoimmune disorders. The biggest concern about arthritis is that the discomfort is always persistent and may be confined to the injured joint due to swelling that happens throughout the joint, trauma to the joint induced by illness, regular wear and tear, muscle strains triggered by vigorous action toward hard sore joints and exhaustion, which in effect contributes to inflexibility, immobility and muscle weakening. Carbon nanotubes with unusual physicochemical properties (cell membrane penetration, large surface area and drug payload, biocompatibility, simple surface alteration, photoluminescence properties and non-immunogenicity) are employed to conquer the challenges of inflammation.

Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disorder which is responsible for glandular dysfunction most preferably salivary and lacrimal glands, caused mainly by the lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands. It can be classified into two, namely Primary Sjogren’s syndrome and Secondary Sjogren’s syndrome. Primary Sjogren’s syndrome (pSS) occurs in the absence of other autoimmune diseases and is characterised by keratoconjunctiva sicca (dry eyes) and xerostomia (dry mouth), collectively called the sicca syndrome. On the other hand, secondary Sjogren’s syndrome is associated with other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The prevalence of SS is estimated to be approximately 3% in subjects 50 years or older, with a female to male ratio of 9:1. Conditions associated with SS include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus and scleroderma. The clinical manifestations are often vague and mistakenly interpreted and attributed to other medical conditions or iatrogenic disorders. As such, incorrect diagnosis of SS is common and approximately half of all patients are thought to be undiagnosed