European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

The development of 3D printing in dentistry has positive impact on the student education and management of dental procedures. Complex surgical and non-surgical endodontic cases are easily planned and treated with the use of 3D-printed guides. 3D printed models help to overcome the challenges faced in endodontics which includes locating root canals, locating osteotomy perforation sites, undesirable root perforation, auto-transplantation, pre-surgical treatment planning, educational modeling in preclinical practices. This review explores the need for 3D printing and the applications of 3D printed objects in teaching and managing endodontic procedures

In industries,the wear of material is a topic of great concern, as it directly as well as on a large scale, affects product life cycle and cost estimation. Here, the approach for the study is to study the wear rate of material depending on various experiments performed. These experiments are done using various fillers, reinforcement, and changing process parameters. Results explain improvements and variations in properties. However, alteration leads to various mechanical changes, and this paper mainly focused on the effect on the wear rate of material under different design conditions. Materials for studying wear rate are mainly PLA and ABS polymer used in the fused deposition method of 3D printing. This paper is explained using various images and results, and conclusions are drawn by integrating them all.

INTRODUCTION: The constant development of new technologies in the field of medicine and health care has paved the way for the exploration of three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) imaging technologies in dentistry. Faster manufacturing rate and patient friendly approach of this technology has potential to revolutionize the field of pediatric dentistry.
AIM: To assess the knowledge and limiting factors of applicability of 3D printing amongst practicing pediatric dentists of India.
METHOD: A cross sectional survey was conducted among 600 randomly selected practicing pediatric dentists in India. A self-structured closed ended validated questionnaire containing 15 questions was forwarded to the participants. The questionnaire gathered data regarding demographics, knowledge, application and challenges faced by pediatric dentists for the use of 3D printing. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 21.0. Chi square test at 95% confidence interval and level of significance at P<0.05 was used to assess significance of obtained responses.

As the Demand of low cost, tailor-made products are increasing in the contemporary
industries, the research and development of different material processing techniques has
been intensified. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is most successful and popular
additive manufacturing technique which used thermoplastic polymers as raw materials.
This paper aims to study and analyze the fundamental working process, applications,
limitations and challenges for FDM technology in present and future. Poor surface finish,
which is one of intrinsic defect of this technology, has been considered as major barrier
against implementation in critical application areas. Various chemical, mechanical and
pre-processing techniques are elaborated along with detailed literature review. The impact
of finishing operations in materials properties and overall cost of product has also been
discussed in detail. The study also discussed the current and future challenges along with
remedies which would help this technology to sustain in competitive environment

Background: Direct 3D printing of aligner trays involve printable materials; the study aims to investigate the in-vitro cytotoxicity of the direct-printed aligner using photopolymer resins and SmartTrackInvisalign tray for varying time intervals on 3T3 mice fibroblast cells using MTT assay.
Materials and Methods: Directed printed aligner trays using two 3D printing materials with SmartTrackInvisalign tray were compared in this study. Samples were placed in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM; 0.1 mg/mL) for 1,3,5& 7 days interval. Cell viability percentage was calculated, and data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests (α = 0.05).
Results: All materials exhibited slight cytotoxicity on MFCs with a visible trend of a significant increase in cell viability from day 1 to 7. Among the groups, the higher cytotoxicity was by E-Guard clear, and Dental LT, and the least cytotoxicity by Smartrack material. The highest level of cell viability and no cytotoxicity was exhibited by Invisalign (94.07% ± 3.00 of cell viability) at day 7. No statistically significant difference in viability percentage was seen between Dental LT and E-Guard material.
Conclusions: SmartTrackInvisalign material (polyurethane) was found to be more biocompatible, followed by directly printed aligner materials (polymethylmethacrylate). Cytotoxicity was found to be more on the first day for all materials and gradually decreases as day’s progress. The results indicate the increased leaching of material during the initial period of use though the level of cytotoxicity is slight.

3D printing otherwise known as additive manufacturing, rapid prototyping or layered manufacturing is a relatively new, quickly growing and rapidly expanding method of manufacturing that has got numerous applications in healthcare and also in many other fields. Recently, it has become a subject of great interest in planning surgeries. Additive manufacturing method involves the production of a 3D model by laying down or adding successive layers of material. 3D printers are equipment that produces 3D models using CAD technology or 3D scanners. It has received more importance with the advancement in 3D imaging and modelling technologies such as CBCT, intraoral scanning and CAD/CAM in dentistry. Different techniques are employed in 3D printing namely stereolithography, photopolymer jetting, power binder printers, direct light processing, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modelling, electron beam melting, etc. Dental laboratories are able to produce 3D printed restorations, crowns, bridges, orthodontic appliances, surgical guides and implants quickly with higher precision and accuracy. This is done by methods that combine oral scanning, CAD/CAM designing and 3D printing. The rate of success of 3D printing has improved the quality and accuracy of dental treatment. With the application of 3D printing, it has become possible to replicate the desired complex geometry which was not feasible with conventional techniques. Thus 3D printing has led to a transformation in digital dentistry with its extensive learning and penetrating opportunities and a wide range of applications. The aim of this article was to review the techniques and current applications of 3D printing in dentistry.

Regenerative medicine is a promising field with the potential to overcome the increasing need for donor organs either by stopping disease progression (e.g. with cells, genes or biologics) or by providing novel organ options. Furthermore, regenerative medicine strategies are unlike other treatments in that they are meant to persevere and treat the underlying injury rather than symptoms. This requires a level of persistence and safety and long term efficacy not always previously required for new therapies. In the past decade, clinicians have been able to utilize cell and gene therapies in unprecedented numbers, but with mixed results. At the same time, scientists have engineered organs (bladder, esophagus and blood vessels) that are considered simple structurally and functionally. However, regenerative medicine is yet to fully succeed with cells or genes or to fabricate fully functional solid organs such as kidneys, livers, lungs, and hearts. Yet, development of organs in the laboratory is proceeding both via 3D printing and use of decellularized scaffolds