European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Oral cavity in humans act as one of the most frequent areas for the development of overgrowths. These overgrowths can be categorized on the basis of their etiopathogenesis, site, size and their extent.  These enlargements mostly effect a particular region and are localized in nature,  like pyogenic granuloma, irritation fibroma, peripheral ossifying fibroma, peripheral calcifying fibroma. These overgrowths seldom occur in aggressive forms and frequently occur due to chronic irritation or stimuli over the particular area. [1].
Irritation fibromas are basically provoked fibrous connective tissue overgrowths which are benign in nature and appreciated mostly in oral cavity. Particularly, in  “Inflammatory hyperplasic lesion there is an increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to a local response of tissue to injury or an aggravation in the number of constituent cells.” The trauma may occur from vigorous entrenchment of any foreign substance or irritant into the oral tissues [2].
These lesions are most commonly hyperplastic reactions that occur in response to chronic irritation or stimuli. The most familiar location of occurrence include, buccal mucosa, gingiva, tongue and lips but they also have the predilection to occur at other soft tissue locations in the oral cavity [1].
 These overgrowths can occur in both genders and at any age but slightly a higher predilection is seen in middle aged females. Fibromas  mainly develop from the periodontal ligament or from gingival connective tissues. They are defined clinically as slow growing tumors which are well defined, spherical in shape, smooth surface, firm in consistency, have a broad base and may be sessile or pedunculated. Fibromas are generally painless overgrowths and gradually increase in size over the progression of time [3].
The  histopathological diagnosis of fibroma is mandatorily required to demarcate its difference from other clinically identical hyperplastic lesions or neoplasm of the oral cavity.   

Background: Conventional vitiligo treatment on the hands and feet frequently yields
disappointing results. In the face, neck, and truncal areas, various ablative therapy
approaches were tested with positive results.
Material and methods: On 44 individual patients in each group with 44 pair-lesions of
non-segmental vitiligo on both hands, a prospective randomized study was done. In
(Group A) treatment with fractional CO2 laser, NB-UVB phototherapy, and 0.05 %
clobetasol propionate cream and NB-UVB phototherapy and 0.05 % clobetasol
propionate cream was given (Group B). For ten sessions, fractional CO2 laser was used
at four week intervals. NBUVB phototherapy was given twice a week for a total of 20
sessions. Twelve weeks following the last therapy, the patients were assessed. Standard
digital pictures, patient satisfaction, and adverse events were used to assess the
outcomes.
Results: Patients' satisfaction with lesions in group A was much higher than that of
group B. Lesions on dorsal surfaces of hands responded more quickly than those on
ventral surfaces.
Conclusion: In some individuals, combining fractional CO2 laser treatment with NBUVB
phototherapy and topical steroids enhances repigmentation in vitiliginous lesions
on the hands. Patients with vitiligo who have not responded to conventional therapies
may be offered this procedure.

Objective: To systematically review the efficacy of laser photobiomodulation in reduction of pain induced during orthodontic treatment in human participants.
Method: An extensive electronic search for randomized controlled trials and clinical controlled trials through Medline (PubMed), The Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register and Science Direct till 30/12/2020 was done. Hand searching was performed for relevant journals. Reference articles were retrieved and exported to Mendeley Desktop 1.13.3 software. Risk of bias of included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Articles were further analyzed using Revman 5.3 software. Forty-one articles were selected for review out of 175 retrieved articles.
Results: Around 85% of the articles indicated laser photobiomodulation to be an effective modality in reduction of pain induced during orthodontic treatment. Risk of bias assessment revealed 6 articles with high risk of bias, 33 articles with unclear risk and 2 with low risk.

In this review collected from the literature on usage of laser in oral minor surgery based on a Medline search in the time period between the years: 2008 and 2013, the most current evidence on laser-assisted oral minor surgery is going to be surveyed. Lasers in oral surgery are much useful in almost all surgical procedures in dentistry. More developed and innovative lasers are available in commercial markets. Dentists will be more knowledgeable if they tend to attend seminars regarding lasers to get used to the latest technologies. Laser is a monochromatic, collimated, coherent, and intense beam of light produced by stimulated emission of radiation from a light source. Lasers are classified according to different factors among which is the classification based on laser active medium such as gas, liquid, solid and semiconductor, which identifies and distinguishes the type of emitted laser beam.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare the influence of various surface treatments on the bonding surface of metal laser sintered Cobalt Chromium alloy cylinder and also to analyse the mode of failure in each category. The objectives were to evaluate and compare the bond strength of ceramic over Direct Metal Laser Sintered Cobalt Chromium alloy disc without surface treatment (Group I) and also with various surface treatments including sandblasting (Group II), acid etching (Group III) and laser ablation (Group IV).
Method: Forty samples of Cobalt Chromium cylinders of dimension 12 ×5 mm were fabricated using direct metal laser sintering. The samples were divided into four groups (N=10) samples each based on the surface treatments. After surface treatment, the samples were veneered with porcelain on the treated bonding surface. The shear bond strength test was done using Instron at crosshead speed 0.5 mm/min. The result were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA Post hoc test followed by Dunnet t test (p<0.05). The mode of failure was also analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy.
Result: The mean bond strength of Group II and Group IV were greater than all other groups. The least bond strength was observed for Group III. The SEM analysis showed a cohesive failure for Group II and IV and mixed failure for Group I and Group II.Conclusion: Laser ablation and sandblasting are effective surface treatments for bonding porcelain to Direct metal laser sintered Co-Cr coping.

Scarless tattoo extraction remains as a major problem in a cosmetology field nowadays. At the moment laser removing method is a basic procedure for tattoo removal. However, this technology is painful and leads to significant trauma of the skin cover. Thise article presents a new combination of laser and chemical technique for skin inclusions removal. The group of techniques belongs to the chemical industry and represents a lightning and neutralizing composition and a method for removing a dye introduced under the skin. The skin area with dye is exposed to a laser effect. After laser exposure an oxidizing composition of 2-3 mm thickness is applied. Oxidizing composition: carboxylic acids, fermented celandine oil extracts and propylene-glycol celandine extracts. The main novelty of the method is presented by several chain processes: in applying of the oxidizing composition on the skin surface after laser radiation, a significant role is played by physicochemical characteristics changes of the skin. Without the skin surface damaging, the percentage of chemical reactions dissociations aimed at removing the pigment is raising which shows better efficiency comparing with classical laser method of dye particles removing.

Minimally invasive procedures are the new paradigm in health care. Everything from heart bypasses to gall bladder, surgeries are being performed with these dynamic new techniques. Dentistry is joining this exciting revolution as well. Minimally invasive dentistry achieves the treatment objective using the least invasive surgical approach, with the removal of the minimal amount of healthy tissues. This paper reviews in brief, the concept of minimal intervention in dentistry.

LASERs have been used in the field of dentistry for more than 40 years. Their wide range of application and reduced pain perception and bloodless procedure makes them readily acceptable for clinical practice. They have multiple advantages such as reduction in treatment duration, increase patient’s level of acceptance that helps orthodontists to improve on their treatment efficiency, improve smile esthetics by reducing patient discomfort. Pertaining to orthodontics, LASER application includes pain reduction, alternate to routine etching and bonding techniques, accelerating tooth movement, debonding of brackets, numbering of brackets, increase implant stability a, bracket mesh designing, reduction in rate of demineralization and soft tissue procedures namely, frenectomy, gingivectomy, exposure of impacted teeth, operculectomy, papilla flattening, etc. Like any other technique, LASERs have their own disadvantages. This review article is about the use of LASER in orthodontics, their effects on different tissue, mechanism by which it is formed and various types of commercially available LASERs and their uses clinically.