European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

INTRODUCTION
Ropivacaine is an aminoamide local anaesthetic that is less cardiac and central nervous system (CNS) toxic than other long acting local anaesthetics like bupivacaine. Local anaesthetics alone for supraclavicular brachial plexus block provide good operative conditions but have shorter duration of postoperative analgesia.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesia at KD Medical College, Hospital and Research from November 2021to April 2022.After obtaining permission from institutional ethics committee, written informed consent was taken from the participants. Eighty adult patients were randomly allocated to two equal groups (n = 40 in each group) using computer-generated random number list.Patients with the American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II, aged between 25 and 55 years of both sexes undergoing elective orthopaedic surgeries of elbow, forearm, and hand under supraclavicular brachial plexus block were enrolled in the study.  The onset and duration of sensory and motor block, the perioperative vitals and requirement of post operative rescue analgesic were compared by us.
 
RESULTS
In group A 50% of patients achieved grade IV quality of block in comparison to 45% in group B which was not significant (p>0.05). 31 patients required rescue analgesic (intramuscular diclofenac sodium injection) in group A compared to 27 patients in group B.
Conclusion
We conclude that addition of 150 mg magnesium sulphate to ropivacaine 0.50% solution in supraclavicular brachial plexus block prolongs the duration of sensory and motor blockade and reduces the requirement of rescue analgesic in postoperative period with no significant adverse effects.

Introduction: Peripheral nerve blocks are the preferred choice of anaesthesia for surgeries involving the extremities of the human body, with fewer complications. Earlier, the most common drug to be used for the brachial plexus block was bupivacaine, but of late, levobupivacaine and Ropivacaine are used as substitutes to counter the toxicity by Bupivacaine.
Materials and methods: 100 patients aged between 18-60 years with ASA I and ASA II undergoing bony surgeries were randomly divided into Group L and Group R. Group L was given 30 ml of 0.5% Levobupivacaine and Group R was given 30 ml of 0.5% Ropivacaine. Results: The onset of the sensory blockade was significantly lesser in Group L (4.51 ± 0.45 minutes) rather than Group R (5.95 ± 1.33 minutes) while there was no significant difference in the onset of the motor blockade (8.13 ± 2.46 minutes in Group L and 8.42 ± 2.51 minutes in Group R). The duration of the sensory blockage was significantly more in Group L (11.13 ± 2.11 hours) than Group R (9.04 ± 1.42 hours) while there was no difference in the duration of the motor blockade. The duration of analgesia was 11.43 ± 2.17 in Group L and 8.23 ± 1.72 hours in Group R, which was statistically significant.
Conclusion: Since the onset is shorter and duration of anesthesia and analgesic is more effective in Levobupivacaine, it can be used as a preferred drug.

Aim: The purpose of this research is to assess the efficacy of bupivacaine against levobupivacaine in
supraclavicular brachial plexus block.
Methods: The research comprised 100 patients between the ages of 20 and 55 who had upper limb
orthopaedic and soft tissue lesions and weighed more than 61 kilos and had ASA grades I and II. The
first group received 1 ml (100g) dexmedetomidine mixed with 39 ml of 0.5 percentLevobupivacaine.
As an anaesthetic agent, category II received 1 ml of 0.9 percent normal saline and 39 ml of 0.5
percentLevobupivacaine. The heart rate, respiration rate, SBP, DBP, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation
were all monitored and recorded as soon as the patient entered the OT. In the previously secured
intravenous line, ringer lactate was begun. The supraclavicular technique was used to provide brachial
plexus block.
Results: The mean age in categories I and II was 34.25 and 35.87, respectively. Both outcomes were
statistically significant. All research participants in Category I did not need post-operative analgesia,
but all patients in Category II did. In Category I, 28 percent were mildly sleepy, compared to 100
percent in Category I. Both outcomes are statistically significant. In Category I, the average duration
of sensory and motor block was about 4.1 minutes less than in Category II. (5.87 vs. 9.98 minutes)
The onset of motor blockage in Category I was likewise 4.1 minutes sooner than in Category II (8.88
vs 12.96 min). The mean length of sensory block (577 vs 989 min) and motor block (596 vs 988 min)
was 392 minutes shorter in each category. The duration of post-operative analgesia was 404 minutes
shorter in both categories (579 vs 979 min). The findings are all statistically significant.
Conclusion: We believe that in peripheral nerve blocks requiring high amounts of local anaesthetic,
levobupivacaine may be a feasible alternative due to its lower hazardous potential.

Background and Objectives: Patients undergoing forearm surgeries have benefited considerably with the widespread use of brachial plexus block instead of general anaesthesia. This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of 0.75% Ropivacaine in supraclavicular brachial plexus block and to compare the results with 0.5% bupivacaine, which is already established as local anaesthetic for regional anaesthesia.
Methods: Sixty patients of ASA-I and II consenting adult patients undergoing elective upper limb surgeries were randomly divided into Group A and Group B. Group A received 30 ml of 0.5% Bupivacaine and Group B received 0.75% Ropivacaine in supraclavicular block after authenticating the position of brachial plexus with nerve stimulator. Patients were monitored for peak onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade and post-operative analgesia using visual analogue scale. Patients were also observed for any complications during the surgery and in the postoperative period. Sensory and motor block peak and duration of analgesia were evaluated statistically using unpaired t-test and p-value <0.05 was considered significant.
Results: There were no significant differences between the study groups with respect to pattern of changes in Heart rate, Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, Mean arterial pressure perioperatively.
Peak sensory blockade was attained faster in Group B (Ropivacaine) i.e. 13.10 ±2.5 minutes compared to Group A (Bupivacaine) i.e. 23.33 ±3.1 minutes which is statistically significant. Duration of sensory blockade was also longer in Group B (Ropivacaine) i.e. 720.66 ±38.09 minutes compared to Group A (Bupivacaine) i.e. 672.66 ±105.95 minutes and is statistically significant. Onset of Motor blockade was faster in Group B (Ropivacaine) i.e. 18.03 ±2.4 minutes compared to Group A (Bupivacaine) i.e. 24.76±3.1 minutes which is statistically significant. Duration of Motor blockade in Group A (Bupivacaine) was 637.100 ±88.72 minutes compared to Group B (Ropivacaine) i.e. 646.17 ±38.07 minutes and is statistically
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European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine
Volume ISSN 2515-8260 09, Issue 02, 2022
not significant. Also, the time for demand of rescue analgesics was prolonged in Group B (Ropivacaine) i.e. 752.66 ±40.33 minutes compared to Group A (Bupivacaine) i.e. 694.56 ±106.14 minutes and this difference is statistically significant.
Conclusion: Ropivacaine 0.75% has an added advantage over Bupivacaine 0.5% for Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus block in terms of early onset of sensory and motor blockade, prolonged duration of sensory blockade, and prolonged duration of analgesia leading to lesser requirement of rescue analgesic. The side effects and complications rate are almost negligible in both groups. Thus Ropivacaine even at higher concentrations of 0.75% and 30 ml volume has proven to be an absolutely safe local anaesthetic. So on the basis of our study we conclude that Ropivacaine 0.75% is an excellent choice for local anaesthetic, which provides better and safer regional anaesthesia.

Background: The supraclavicular approach to brachial plexus block is the most common peripheral nerve block technique used for upper limb surgeries. Aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of clonidine and dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to 0.25% bupivacaine in peripheral nerve stimulator guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block in upper limb surgery.
Method: Total 80 patients of ASA grade I and II, age between 25-55 years were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups of 40 each. Group C received 39ml bupivacaine 0.25% (2.5mg/ml) + 1ml clonidine (1µg/ml) and group D received 39ml bupivacaine 0.25% (2.5mg/ml) + 1ml dexmedetomidine (1µg/ml). Parameters were observed include hemodynamic stability, onset time and duration of sensory and motor blockade, duration of analgesia and complications.
Results: Onset of sensory (2.32±1.16min) and motor blockade (5.55±1.50min) was earlier in dexmedetomidine group compared to clonidine group (sensory= 6.52±0.71min and motor= 11.65±1.05min), (p<0.0001). Duration of sensory blockade was 427.75±19.14 minutes in dexmedetomidine group and 226.0±11.72 minutes with clonidine group. Duration of motor blockade was 486.50±28.96 minutes with dexmedetomidine group and 275.25±17.53 minutes with clonidine group. However, the duration of analgesia was 588.25±28.27 minutes with dexmedetomidine group and 341.00±27.34 minutes with clonidine group. Hemodynamic parameters and side effects were comparable between the two drugs.
Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine shortens the onset, prolongs the duration of sensory and motor block, and also provides longer postoperative analgesia as compared with clonidine when used as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in peripheral nerve stimulator guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block.

Aim: To Compare the Effectiveness of Bupivacaine Versus Levobupivacaine in
Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block.
Material and methods: This cross sectional comparative study conducted on 100 patients of
ASA I & II status in the age group of 20-58 years given brachial plexus block by
supraclavicular approach for various upper limb surgeries, were included in this study.
Result: There was no statistically significant difference between two groups in
demographic data i.e. age, gender, weight, ASA status. The mean onset time of sensory
block was 11.98 minutes in group B & 10.03 minutes in group L while the mean onset time
of motor block was 13.9 minutes in group B & 12.01 in group L. Mean onset time of
sensory and motor block were significantly shorter in group L than in group B. The mean
duration of sensory block was 878.88±118.55 minutes in group B & 1029.35±139.77
minutes in group L while the mean duration of motor block was 929.55±108.58 minutes in
group B & 1111.11±138.65 minutes in group L Mean duration of sensory and motor block
are significantly longer in group L that in group B. The mean duration of analgesia was
911±118.27 minutes in group B and 1068.69±151.47 minutes in group L . The mean
duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged in group L compared to group B.
Conclusion: We concluded that levobupivacaine has a faster onset of both sensory and
motor blockade as compared to racemic bupivacaine. Also, the duration of both sensory
and motor block is longer with levobupivacaine.