European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

This paper is proposed for early tumor detection by photonic crystal tweezers with the use of a support vector machine (SVM) and artificial intelligence (AI)-based K-nearest neighbor (KNN) technique. Tumors are very serious and can cause more serious problems with human cells when infected. Previously, photonic crystal tweezers were used to detect tumor cells and proved very effective in many types of tumor detection. Among different AI techniques like     K- nearest neighbor (KNN), Adoptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Fuzzy KNN (FKNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and probabilistic neural network (PNN); SVM and KNN observed accuracy of 96% and 92% respectively while the sensitivity is important observed by these two techniques are 32,358 nm/RIU and 11,258 nm/RIU was observed to be 1.251 and 1.337 for tumor cells, respectively. Majorly the research is supposed to offer advantages early detection of infected tumor cells by implication of tweezers with AI. 

Introduction: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the relatively most prevalent bone malignancy accounting for 20% of primary bone tumors. Differential diagnosis of OS is a daunting problem as they can masquerade with different kinds of bone tumors. None of the studies correlate the radiological findings of suspected cases of osteosarcoma with biopsy.
Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective study is to correlate the radiological findings with biopsy of suspected osteosarcoma.
Materials and Methods: The current retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Orthopaedics in collaboration of Department of Pathology at a tertiary care center in north India from 2015 to 2021. A total of 162 patients of suspected OS included in this study after carefully examination of clinical and radiological features analyzed by two Orthopaedic surgeons. The differential diagnosis of OS was observed in all patients through analyzing the clinical and radiological features followed by biopsy. The accuracy of radiology was calculated against biopsy procedure. 
Results: Out of 162 patients, 102 patients were male and 60 were female with a mean age of 29.65±10.55 years. The accuracy of clinical and radiological findings as compared to biopsy diagnostic procedures was 44.44%. A discrepancy between radiology and biopsy was 55.56%.
Conclusion: Radiological finding reveals that OS mimics different kinds of tumors reflected with low diagnostic accuracy of radiology. Hence, biopsy must consider confirming the diagnosis of bone tumors.          

Introduction: Major salivary glands pathologies are a significant source of morbidity in
general population. The role of ultrasonography in evaluation of salivary glands masses
is become increasingly important due to availability of high frequency probe which
permit visualization of more subtle anatomical and pathological details.
Objectives: The study was conducted to determine the diagnostic role of real-time
ultrasonography& color Doppler in diagnosis of major salivary gland tumors.
Material and methods: This study was conducted in the Radiodiagnosis,
DepartmentofGajra Raja Medical College andHospitals, Gwalior (M.P.) in USG
Machine SSD4000SV (AlokaTrivitron) from August 2011 to September2012. A total 46
patients was enrolled in study after taking detailed history and relevant clinical
examination. Subsequently the patient was subjected to real time
ultrasonographyfollowed by histological examination by On-site fine needle aspiration
cytology.
Results: According to the study out of 46 major salivary gland tumors, benign tumors
32(69.57%)were morecommon than malignant 14 (30.43%).The age distribution of the
patients with salivary gland neoplasm ranged from 1-80 years and majority of belongs
to the 30-70 years age group.Male : Female ratio for malignant tumors is 6:1 and equal
in benign tumors.
European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine
ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 9, Issue 3, Winter 2022
11139
Parotid gland was the most common site accounting for 91.30% followed by
submandibular gland (8.7%) of all salivary gland tumors. On USG examination all
tumors were hypoechogenic. Most benign tumors (87.5%) had well defined borders, but
12.5% of malignant tumors also had well defined (sharp) borders. The internal
structure of tumor was not a relevant indicator of malignancy. According to the study
the commonest tumors was pleomorphic adenoma which accounted for 60.87% of all
cases followed by mucoepidermoid carcinoma( 17.4%)of all cases confirmed by
histopathological examination.
Conclusion: Ultrasonography is a highly sensitive, specific,easily available and
affordable imaging modality to assess salivary gland tumors.however it is more sensitive
for detecting benign tumors and more specific for malignant tumors.

Introduction: Tumors of ovary have an amazingly diverse pathology, the variety being more
than other organ. Owing to their large number and difficulty in diagnosing them at an early
stage, we have chosen to study theSurface epithelial tumors which account for 2/3rd of all
ovarian neoplasm.
Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of Surface epithelial tumors of
ovary amongst all ovarian tumors received and to assess their clinical presentation, gross and
histomorphological features.
Materials and Methods: This study is a retrospective study of 100 cases of surface epithelial
tumors diagnosed in the department of pathology over a period of 2 years in a tertiary care
center. Detailed clinical data was reviewed.Grossing was done as per standard grossing
protocols. Tissues were processed routinely and stained with Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
stained. Special stains and IHC (Immunohistochemistry)was done wherever required. Final
histological diagnosis was given as per WHO classification of ovarian tumors (2014).
Results: Surface epithelial ovarian tumors accounted for 71.43% of primary ovarian tumors of
which 83% were benign, 8% were borderline, and 9% were malignant. The commonest
symptoms were pain in abdomen, abdominal lump, and menstrual abnormality. The
commonest surface epithelial tumor was Serous tumor(57%) followed by Mucinous tumor
(38%), Brenner tumor (2%), Seromucinous tumor (2%), endometrioid tumor (1%). Bilaterality
was seen in only 2% of cases and both were diagnosed as Serous carcinoma. Metastasis was
seen in 2 cases, both of them were high grade Serous carcinoma.
Conclusion: The panorama of ovarian neoplasm is vast, diverse and complex. As concepts
change, newer entities are published and criteria are better defined. To conclude we
recommend histopathological examination of every ovarian mass as pre-operative imaging
modalities like ultrasonography and gross morphology of tumors is not definitive. Targeted
therapy depending on the type of tumor is essential to improve outcome in cases of ovarian
tumors emphasizing the need for histopathological examination and grading in every case of
ovarian tumor.