European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent hyperglycemia, and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following (WHO, 1999): Fasting plasma glucose level at or above 126 mg/dL (7.0mmol/l).  plasma glucose at or above 200 mg/dL or 11.1 mmol/l two hours after a 75 g oral glucose load as in a glucose tolerance test.
Objectives- To find the actual prevalence of diabetes mellitus in various professionals in Jhansi city. To study the various epidemiological factors associated with Diabetes mellitus.
 Methods- It is a cross sectional study (prevalence) which was conducted in urban area of Jhansi city. The study was conducted in University and Degree College (teachers), Banks (bank employee), Court (lawyers), and various other professional groups (businessmen). We took 100 members in each professional group. We took 100 bank workers in different banks, 100 teachers of Degree College or university, 100 lawyers and 100 different kinds of businessmen.

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is defined as glucose intolerance of variable severity or hyperglycemia occurring for the first-time during pregnancy but the glucose intolerance reverting back to normal after the puerperium. GDM is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity for both the mother and the infant worldwide. Previous history of GDM, antenatal depression, family history of diabetes, low physical activity, overweight and/or obese women and inadequate dietary diversity might be the factors associated with GDM.

Aim and Objectives: Type I Diabetes mellitus previously classified as juvenile diabetes is supposed to cause derangements in lipid metabolism, consequent on impaired glucose metabolism just like type II diabetes mellitus. If these patients are early diagnosed and properly treated, with good control of diabetes, degenerative changes may be postponed or stopped (or) onset may not occur. Aim is to Study lipoprotein patterns and disturbances in lipid metabolism in cases of type I diabetes mellitus, who are on regular treatment with Insulin.
Materials and Methods: Glucose tolerance test and lipid profile in IDDM patients is done and compared with same biochemical parameters with the healthy non diabetic controls. Cases are being selected from the medical wards of Govt., General Hospital, and Guntur. Cases of about 35 diabetics (IDDM) of both sexes, of various age groups from 6 to 40 years, without clinically manifested complications were investigated. At the same time about 35 controls of nondiabetic healthy persons without hyperglycemia and glycosuria were investigated for comparison with the cases.
Results: The mean HDL cholesterol level for IDDM patients is 37.514 mg % (S.D = + 6.213). In case of normals, the HDL-C is 43.57 mg% (S.D = +6.31) P value is 0.01. So there is significant decrease in HDLC in IDDMpatients compared with normals. The mean VLDL-C level for IDDM patients is 46.25 mg% (S.D= + 9.419) and the mean VLDLC concentration in case of normals is 29.71mg% (S.D± 10.53) P value is 0.01. So VLDL-C is increased in IDDMpatients compared with normals.The mean LDL-C concentration for IDDM patients is 141.971ng% (S.D+51.64) and the mean LDL-C concentration in case of normal94.51 mg% (S.D± 21.88) P value is .01. So there is increasedconcentration of LDL-C in IDDM patients compared with normals. The LDL-C and HDL-C ratio is more in case of IDDM patents compared with normals.
Discussion: The history of the patients is studied. None of them are smokers (or) Alcholics (or) with abnormal food habits leading to obesity. So the basis of the study of lipoproteins is purely is in relation to type I Diabetes mellitus. None of the patients showed any signs and symptoms of cardiac insufficiency (or) cardiomyopathy symptoms. The lipoprotein pattern studied in these patients have shown significant rise of LDL-C in almost all the patients. Mild rise of Triglycerides is seen in all the patients with the mean of 242.628 mg %. The patients studied are on treatment with insulin for more than one year and are with adequate control. Inspite of their treatment of diabetes with insulin therapy, the observation is that, there is increase in cholesterol and triglyceride levels. This indicates that Acetyl COA and FFA are shunted towards fat synthesis. HDL fraction is seen in all the patients studied by lipoprotein pattern. The mean value of HDL obtained is 37.5 mg% for normal controls LDL, HDL and VLDL are lower range than Type I diabetes patients.
Conclusion: This study shows that if the patients with diabetes are on regular treatment with insulin and maintaining the normal blood sugar levels, the complications are postponed and less likely to appear. Those whose GTT is increased showing increased or abnormal blood sugar levels have altered or increased lipoprotein levels. This increased lipoproteins may lead to cardiovascular complications in future which life are threatening