European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Introduction: Sphenoid bone is an individual bone in the cranium which is unpaired. Its shape resembles a butterfly or bat shaped containing a central body. Sphenoidal tubercle is the bony projection present within the anterior aspect of the infratemporal crest. The purpose of this research work is to bring out the morphometrical variations of sphenoidal tubercle in dry sphenoid bone and its anatomical deviations.
Materials and Methods: The osteometric study was did in 42 dry processed cranial cavity of unidentified gender. Also skulls having large breakage and developmental defects were rejected. Good selected bones were collected from Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals for estimation. Statistical analysis was performed in the SPSS, using a paired sample ‘t’ test.
Results: Morphological analysis shows that sphenoidal tubercle represent a different morphology and measurements. Morphometrical analysis shows that the average of right sphenoidal tubercle and left sphenoidal tubercle is 3.901 and 3.394.
Conclusion: Since the groove for maxillary artery and groove for maxillary nerve are situated nearer to the sphenoidal tubercle, it is a remarkable landmark in anatomical structures. This key landmark could be regarded as a criterion for the surgical methodology to the infratemporal fossa.

Introduction: Eminentia arcuata is a crescent like raised projection observed at the middle cranial fossa on anterior surface of petrous part of the temporal bone. TheArcuate  eminence, in anatomical term referred as the “eminentia arcuata” shows the site of the superior semi-circular canal of inner ear.
Materials and Methods: The research work was carried out in Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science, Saveetha Dental College. No sampling bias is used. The disadvantage of this study is that skulls from different geographical regions are not included. The parameters included are length and breadth of Eminentia arcuata on left lateral and right lateral side. The measurements are taken with a digital sliding vernier caliper.
Results: Length along with the breath of Eminentia arcuata on the left and right  side was  found to be nearly the same. This work was done to analyse the clinical implications and morphometric examination which found that length breath of Eminentia arcuata in most of the cadaveric skulls were nearly the same.  In another research there was a controversy going on whether the Eminentia arcuata is formed by sulcus and gyri of the brain or by superior semi-circular canal.
Conclusion: On taking that research it is clear that the brain sulcus and gyri are just brain tissues which cannot cause Eminentia arcuata and its formation is by the superior semi-circular canal which is a bony structure of the inner ear.

Introduction: The hamate carpal bone is a three-sided designed bone which forms the portion of the distal carpal row of the wrist. It has a hook-like process called the hook of hamate. The hamate bone has a large articular surface which contributes to the incomplete ball and socket type of joint allowing some movements. The aim of the study was to analyse the morphological and morphometric properties of the hook of hamate bones among the South Indian population.
Materials and Methods: Total of 24 dry processed hamate bones procured at the Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science, Saveetha Dental College was used to carry out the study. The length, breadth and the diagonal length of right and left hamate bone was taken measurement with a digital sliding vernier caliper. The values obtained were tabulated, evaluated using statistical analysis. The data was interpreted for any structural variations between right and left sides.
Results: Right diameter of hook of hamate was greater than the left, right diagonal length was greater than left diagonal of hook of hamate and right width greater than left width of hook of hamate bone. All the three pairs were statistically significant indicating p value less than 0.05.
Conclusion: Morphometric knowledge of the hook of hamate is utmost important for surgical approach on those regions. Apart from that it will also help in other fields such as orthopaedic surgery, evolutionary studies etc.

Introduction: Knowing the morphology of abdominal aorta (AA) and its branches are important as
regards to diagnosis and surgical treatments. Despite that, data on morphometry of abdominal aorta
branches and abdominal viscera are lacking.
Aim: To investigate this subject authors performed a morphometric study on 80 adult fresh and
embalmed Asian cadavers and examined abdominal aorta branches to make morphometric
measurements of AA and its branches, to investigate sites of the origins of the branches and their
relationships and variations and to compare the results with literature. We believe that our results add
knowledge on abdominal aorta branches and viscera morphometry and are valuable for new radiologic
and clinical applications including stent grafts and chemoembolisation materials and surgical
applications including visceral arteries' aneurysms investigation, treatment, and transplantation
precedures.
Materials and Methods:
The study was conducted on 80 AA specimens that were obtained from human cadavers during
autopsies Guntur General Hospital from March 2020 to October 2021. These specimens of AA and
its branches were measured with a metal scale morphometrically to determine diameter of Aorta and
distances between branches
Result: The mean diameter of AA was studied at various levels and recorded. The study showed a
decrease in caliber from above to below. In both sexes, diameter of Aorta is more in > 40yrs age group
than age group < 40yrs. The average distance from CT-AB, CT-SMA, SMA-IMA and IMA-AB were
measured as 10.99cm, 0.76cm, 4.89cm, 3.54cm, respectively in males with average age and height was
38.26 and 158.2 respectively. Similarly, in females the average distance from CT-AB, CT-SMA, SMAIMA
and IMA-AB were measured as 10.12cm, 0.68cm, 4.69cm, 3.32cm, respectively with average age
and height was 36.24 and 145.9 respectively. Numerous variations were observed during the study
which include absence of renal artery, origin of renal arteries one above the other, 3pairs of lumbar
arteries etc.
Conclusion: Knowledge of morphology of AA and its branches is important in regards to the diagnosis,
surgical treatment and endovascular interventions of these vessels. We think our study will contribute
to the medical education and clinical medicine.

Background:Cricoid cartilage supports larynx and trachea. It has the form of a ring with the lower part of the signet omitted. It is smaller than thyroid cartilage, but it is thicker and tougher. Knowledge of anatomy of this cartilage is essential for those working in the field of larynx. The present study was conducted to obtain morphological data regarding human cricoid cartilage.
Materials and Methods: The present observational study included 28 adult cadaveric larynges. The laryngeal framework was carefully resected from the cricoid cartilage. Soft tissues (ligaments and muscles) were removed with care. Various morphometric characteristics were measured using an electronic Vernier calliper. The results were analysed using Microsoft Excel 2010.
Results: The average morphometric measurements were higher in males as compared to females. The inner transverse diameter of cricoid cartilage was greater than the inner anteroposterior diameter.
Conclusion: The cricoid cartilage's wide range of sizes and forms makes it difficult to standardize the firm stents used for intubation. This might be related to differences in body types between different populations, as well as race and ethnicity.

This article reveals the interrogative aspect of question forms in English and Uzbek, including the characteristics of interrogative pronouns ‘Kim’/’Nima’ in Uzbek and ‘Who’/’What’ in English. ‘What’/‘Who’ and ‘Kim’/’Nima’ in two English and Uzbek languages by definition indicate meanings of both “interrogation”, and thus it is anticipated that the semantic characteristics of these forms will not differ significantly. When studying the semantic characteristics of both ‘who/kim’ and ‘what/nima’ are listener-oriented interrogative sentences with strong communicativity possess the commonality in English and Uzbek. It is analyzed, the status of interrogative words “Who’ and ‘What’ (WH-words) for interrogative interpretations in English and Uzbek, including the derivation of constituent questions evolves from a specific interplay of syntactic representations with pragmatics. The given examples in English and Uzbek to compare the interrogative pronouns in morphological usage verify the evident distinctions. However, one perceives many differences when examining the morphologic characteristics of interrogative pronouns ‘Who’ and “What’ in both English and Uzbek languages. In a cross-linguistic overview, we discuss the characteristic elements contributing to the derivation of interrogatives in Uzbek. It also replies in the article that WH-words can form a constitutive part not only of interrogative, but also of exclamative and declarative clauses. Based on this, characteristic of interrogatives in exclamation and rhetoric usage the question usage does not solicit an answer.

In this work, the options for the topographic structure of the extrahepatic bile ducts were studied, compared with the portal vein and the own hepatic artery, different options for the location of the extrahepatic bile duct of a morphological nature. Consequently, a comparative study of the structural features of the extrahepatic bile ducts in mammals with and without a gallbladder and structural rearrangements of the extrahepatic bile ducts after cholecystectomy is an urgent scientific problem in theoretical and practical medicine.

Using the method of scanning electron microscopy learned the
state of the surface of dentures and the oral mucosa in individuals that
intolerant to acrylic dentures.
It was found that in case of intolerance to acrylic dentures significant
accumulation of microorganisms and their proliferation are determined on the
surface of the prosthetics in contact with the oral mucosa.
These microorganisms along with micro trauma of the surface of the oral
mucosa may be one of the etiological factors in the development of
intolerance to acrylic dentures.

This article presents the morphological, agrochemical, physicochemical and chemical properties of soils of irrigated meadow-alluvial and irrigated desert-sandy soils of Bukhara Oasis. Indicators of biological activity of soils, their seasonal dynamics, evaluation of the level of biological activity of soils on the basis of integral indicators of soil main texture-properties, transformation coefficient, biogenicity, ecological-biological status of organic matter of irrigated soils of the territory are given.

Using the method of scanning electron microscopy learned the state of the surface of dentures and the oral mucosa in individuals that intolerant to acrylic dentures.
It was found that in case of intolerance to acrylic dentures significant accumulation of microorganisms and their proliferation are determined on the surface of the prosthetics in contact with the oral mucosa.
These microorganisms along with micro trauma of the surface of the oral mucosa may be one of the etiological factors in the development of intolerance to acrylic dentures.

An experiment was done for the synthesis of the two types of polyaniline one is with the solvent and the other is without the solvent, after that we dry in the vacuum oven, which gives the two different types of morphologies. The polyaniline was prepared by the chemical oxidative polymerization method. For the characterisation of the polyaniline here we use scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Polyaniline is easily synthesised and available at a low cost. The prepared polyaniline has shown the amorphous nature of material.

Sella turcica is a saddle shaped bony structure present on the sphenoid bone. The pituitary gland is seated at the inferior aspect of the sella turcica, called hypophyseal fossa. Sella turcica serves as a cephalometric landmark, that being said any morphological changes can affect the overall craniometry of the individual as well as alter the function of the structures it lodges. The following review emphasis on the possible morphological changes of sella turcica and its effects on the individual.

This study aimed to determine the morphological profile among youth handball players based on anthropometric measurements and identify the most significant variables that differentiated the players. The samples of 156 male and 157 female were obtained among Malaysian youth handball players, and its main tributaries were evaluated for anthropometric measurements (body weight, standing height, body mass index, leg length and arm span). Multivariate methods of Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (HACA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA) were used to determine the groups and studied the variations of the most significant anthropometric variables. Three clusters of morphological characteristics (BS1, BS2 and BS3) in handball were shaped in view by HACA for male and female players. HACA assigned 41, 83 and 32 male players in BS1, BS2 and BS3 clusters, respectively. Meanwhile, a total of 63, 79 and 13 female players were assigned in BS1, BS2 and BS3 clusters, respectively. For male players, the percentage of classification correctness using standard mode is 97.44% with five significant variables (body weight, standing height, body mass index, leg length and armspan). Forward stepwise DA revealed 96.79% correctness with only two significant variables (body weight and arm span), while backward stepwise DA revealed 97.44% classification correctness with four significant variables out of five by removing leg length parameter. For female players, the classification correctness using standard mode is 93.63% with five significant (body weight, standing height, body mass index, leg length and armspan). Forward stepwise DA revealed 94.27% correctness with only two significant variables (body weight and arm span), while backward stepwise DA revealed 93.63% classification correctness with four significant variables out of five by removing also leg length parameter. Information on the physical characteristics of players can help coaches appointed the appropriate position according to their morphological profile category. This approach, in the long run, is beneficial to reduce the time, save manpower and make decisions scientifically.

In the experimental group of laboratory animals, visible changes in the spleen are noted, characterized by an increase in size, average weight, and changes in the structure and color of the organ under study. High synchronicity in quantitative changes in the cytoarchitectonics of the subcapsular, cortical and medullary substance of the thymus and the central and peripheral part of the lymphoid nodule and the red pulp of the spleen was revealed under the conditions of GMO use. It is characterized by inter-organ linear correlation relationships between cell types of the same name and different names, and in some cases even corresponds to the values within the organs. This means that a genetically modified product-soy flour - negatively affects the condition of the spleen and thymus.

Determination or identification of sex of an unknown individual is the most important step in forensic science and archeology. The morphometrical analysis of the human pelvic bone is considered to be the hallmark for sex determination. Morphometrical analysis is the study and measurement of shape, size and structure of the pelvic bone in this case. In the present study a total of 24 dry human pelvic bones of known sex (12 male and 12 female) and without any gross abnormality were collected from the department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, India for evaluation. Sliding vernier calipers were used for measuring the iliac crest length and depth. All the data obtained were statistically tabulated using SPSS and represented graphically. The average value of the right sided male pelvic bone was 41.47mm and the left sided average value for males was 40.92mm. The average value of the left side and right side of the iliac crest was 42.97mm and 43.63mm. Respectively for the females With clear varying mean values of the male and female pelvic bones it is clear that the sex can determined using iliac crest of pelvic bone and serves as a reliable criteria