European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Active immunization (vaccination) is the main strategy adopted for the prevention of COVID-19 across the world. Vaccination is known to stimulate the human body to produce protective molecules and prepare for a possible encounter with the actual virus in the future. Antibody formation against the virus is one of the types of response to vaccination. The objective of the study was to analyze the antibody response of ChAdOx1-nCOV (Covishield^TMÒ) vaccine administration among health care workers (HCWs).
Methods: The transfusion medicine department of SNMC, Agra enrolled health care workers who received ChAdOx1-nCOV (Covishield^TM) vaccine and obtained their informed consent. The enrollment for the study was done in January and February2021 (6 months follow-up was done till August 2021). The sampling was done on five points: day 0 (prior to the first dose), day 28 (prior to the second dose), day 56, day 120, and day 180 (from the first dose). Antibody against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (mainly IgG) quantification was done by Roche (using Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S kit) based on Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay (ECLIA) at the department of microbiology, AMU, UP.
Results: A total of 117 HCWs were enrolled in the study who received the vaccine between 16^thJanuary to 18^thFebruary 2021. 57 health care workers out of 117 (48.8%) had pre-existing antibodies on day 0 (group A) and 60 did not have any pre-existing antibodies (naïve participants, group B). The mean gap between the first and second dose of the vaccine was 29.8 days. The baseline (day 0) antibody levels in group A were 150.8±332.2 U/mL compared to 0.47 ±0.14 U/mL in group B. The antibody response due to vaccination was significantly higher in group A than group B on the 28^thday and 56^thdays sampling. A total of 26 out of 117 enrolled HCWs (22.2%) reported a breakthrough infection of COVID-19 after 56^thdays sampling. The breakthrough infection resulted in a significant rise in the antibody levels compared to participants who were never exposed toSARS-CoV-2 in group B (39 out of 60; naïve participants).
Interpretation and Conclusion: We concluded that the antibody production in response to vaccination, was significantly higher in a group of participants who had previous exposure to the virus before vaccination. Exposure to the virus after a complete schedule of vaccination also induced a significant rise in antibody levels. The antibody response in naïve participants who hadboth doses of the vaccines (never exposed to the virus) had significantly lower levels at 180 days compared to their antibody peak at 56 days

Covid 19 has been responsible for one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, resulting in widespread human suffering and loss of life. Minor alterations in the menstrual cycle have caused females to worry about the covid 19 vaccination because they are seen as a threat to the health and fertility that regular menstruation represents. Understanding the correlation between the covid-19 vaccine & changes in menstural cycle is crucial for sustaining community confidence in vaccination programmes.
Aim: To analyse menstrual cycle patterns in reproductive age group women who have received covid 19 vaccination.
Materials & methods: It was an observational cross-sectional study of 382 women wherein before & after getting the immunisation, women were surveyed through web-based questionnaire to assess changes in menstrual cycle parameters such as menstrual cycle length, its duration, flow volume. Menstrual cycle patterns were evaluated before vaccination, between first and second dose, between second and third dose and post booster dose.
Results: Out of 382 women, majority of women were between the age group of 26-35 years.. Seventy-five percent of women got the covishield vaccine, and seventy percent of those were Hindu. Only 16% of women saw transient, minor changes in menstrual cycle characteristics such as flow volume and frequency of cycles.
Conclusion: Immunisation against COVID-19 did not significantly alter the characteristics of the menstrual cycle. Therefore, more research is needed to assuage worries about the impact of covid immunisation on the menstrual phase.

Efforts to prevent the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 infection are critical in light of the ongoing worldwide spread of COVID-19. Recently developed diagnostic tools include CRISPR, IgG tests, spike protein detection, and artificial intelligence. RT-PCR has been replaced with point-of-care assays, which may be performed at the patient's bedside (RT-PCR). All of these options are available to treat the disease: antivirals and other antiparasitic agents, anti-inflammatory medications like interferon or convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies like gamma-globulin, and RNAi treatments like mesenchymal stem cell therapy are among the options (ECMO). More than a dozen different types of vaccines are now being tested in clinical studies. Furthermore, breakthrough technologies that are easily deployable and transportable.In addition, vaccination delivery technologies are being developed. The threat of a second wave of infection needs strict and reasonable control mechanisms to keep mortality to a minimal when governments begin to loosen their lockdown tactics. Research into COVID-19's advances in diagnostics and treatment may serve as a platform for future research that can lead to improved containment strategies.

Background – There has been a significant impact of COVID-19 on the global economy and public health. Various countries have made unmatched efforts and awareness to ensure containment of this deadly virus. In order to make it possible, several routine activities have been affected which changed behavioural patterns of the common public. A lot of countries have imposed lockdown, social distancing, use of masks and sanitizers, frequent hand washing, vaccination, and other preventive measures. Elderly citizens have been the most vulnerable group which has been affected by the pandemic.
 
Objective – Considering the above arguments, this study is aimed to study the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on elderly people in India, especially their daily life, physical and mental health, social life, and preventive measures taken by them.
 
Methodology – An empirical survey was conducted as part of descriptive research. A self-structured questionnaire was sent through Google Form to collect survey data online. Total 126 responses were collected to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on elderly. All the survey participants are elderly to meet the inclusion criteria. SPSS version 22 was used to analyse the survey data.
 
Result – The finding of the study suggests that there was a significant impact of COVID-19 on daily life and overall health of elderly in India (p<0.05). However, the best part is that all of the survey respondents have followed all security measures suggested by the government, such as double dose of vaccination, social distancing, masks and sanitizers, and avoiding social gatherings.

Background & Aim of the work: Vaccination is a public health measure used to fight infectious diseases. One of the most frequent and painful procedures performed on children is receiving a vaccine injection, especially when no pain medication is used. The researcher employed cartoon video as a distraction method in the current investigation. The study aims to discover whether cartoon videos could benefit toddlers (1 to 3 years old) in reducing their behavioral response to vaccination pain, who visit the pediatric outpatient department inselected hospitals in Navi Mumbai.
Materials and Methods: Purposive sampling was used to collect data using a quasi-experimental post-test group design. The study's 82 samples, of both sexes and between the ages of 1-3 years, were divided into experimental (41 samples) and control (41 samples).A randomized number generator was used to avoid bias in selecting the sample groups. The demographic interview questions and the FLACC Revised scale were employed as the study's instruments for assessing and observing the toddler's behavioral response to the process. Descriptive (frequency, percentage distribution) and inferential statistics were used in the data analysis (X2 and Mann-Whitney U test). 
Results: The study's findings showed that while comparing the pain score among the groups, the experimental group experienced a pain score of 6.12 ± 1.926, while the control group experienced a pain score of 8.00 ± 1.466, with a difference of 1.88. The intergroup comparison of pain among the experimental and control group showed a Mann-Whitney U test value of 0.000**, which strongly showed a statistically highly significant difference between the two groups (p<0.01) with higher values in the control group as compared to the experimental group. An analysis of the relationship between pain intensity and demographic factors revealed a statistically significant relationship between children's prior experiences and their attitudes toward medical professionals. Hence the study has proven that cartoon video distraction is an effective distraction technique.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly become a global pandemic taking more than 1.7 million lives. Many developed countries had started their vaccination drive, India is not far behind but still not much is known about the willingness to get vaccinated in India.¹ Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the world faced a novel infectious disease, for which there currently is no treatment or herd immunity². The pandemic poses a serious threat to our health and well-being (WHO, 2020) and researchers are racing to develop and test vaccines against COVID-19 (Callaway, 2020).³
Aim: To determine Perception of covid 19 vaccination in rural population of Maharashtra: after one year of vaccine introduction.
Objectives: 1.To study Perception of covid 19 vaccination in rural population of Maharashtra after one year of vaccine introduction. 2. To study the socio-demographic profile with comorbid status of study participants.
Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out among 189 peoples coming to vaccination center as per inclusion & exclusion criteria in SRTRGMC, Ambajogai city (Maharashtra) from May 2022 to June 2022.
Results and Conclusion: Out of total 189 study participants majority of the participants in the study were from age group 30-50 years i.e. 89 (47.5%) and least were >50 years of age group i.e.36 (19.05%), Male and female participants were 96 (50.80%) and 93 (49.20%) respectively, 146 (77.25%) were Married, 174 (92.07%) were Hindu by religion, 115 (60.86%) were from Nuclear family, and 80 (42.32 %) were belonging to Class III Socio-economic status, Least i.e. 4.24% participants were having comorbidity. Over all perception of the participants in this study towards covid 19 vaccines was positive with sound knowledge regarding the covid 19 vaccines.

INTRODUCTION: Corona virus Disease is a fatal viral disease that continues to trouble
many countries around the world. Immunization is one of the most effective and costefficient
initiatives ever, saving millions of lives every year. COVID-19 vaccines are
considered to be of great importance in preventing and controlling the disease. This study
aimed to estimate AEFI, COVID-19 vaccine awareness, preference among people visiting
vaccination centre, SIMS, Shimoga. OBJECTIVE: 1. To estimate AEFI among people
visiting vaccination centre, SIMS, Shimoga. 2. To estimate COVID-19 vaccine awareness
and preference among people visiting vaccination centre, SIMS, Shimoga. MATERIALS
AND METHODS : A prospective longitudinal study was conducted for a period of one
month – July 2021. People visiting COVID vaccination centre, SIMS, Shimoga were
included in the study. Considering AEFI to be 30% after pilot study, sample size calculated
was 336. Data was collected from 373 participants. Ethical clearance was obtained by
Institutional Ethics Committee. Oral consent was taken from each participant. Each
participant is interviewed telephonically, and the relevant information was collected. The
collected data was tabulated in Microsoft excel sheet. Analysis is done by using epiInfo
software. Descriptive statistics like percentages, mean were used, and the results were
tabulated. RESULTS: Incidence of AEFI reported from our study population was 36%.
Majority of it was after first dose of vaccination (47%), and the most common complaint was
pain (64%) at the site of injection. Covishield was the most preferred vaccine as the
availability was good. Awareness regarding vaccine was mostly from the discussion among
friends, family members (25%) and from the health care provider (22%).

INTRODUCTION: Corona virus Disease is a fatal viral disease that continues to trouble
many countries around the world. Immunization is one of the most effective and costefficient
initiatives ever, saving millions of lives every year. COVID-19 vaccines are
considered to be of great importance in preventing and controlling the disease. This study
aimed to estimate AEFI, COVID-19 vaccine awareness, preference among people visiting
vaccination centre, SIMS, Shimoga. OBJECTIVE: 1. To estimate AEFI among people
visiting vaccination centre, SIMS, Shimoga. 2. To estimate COVID-19 vaccine awareness
and preference among people visiting vaccination centre, SIMS, Shimoga

Background: SARS CoV-2 infection has become a major public health concern. India started Covid-19 vaccination from January 16, 2021, after the approval of two candidate vaccines namely COVISHIELD ™ and COVAXIN ™. The present study was conducted to see the neutralizing antibody response to trimeric S protein of SARS CoV-2 in health care workers (HCWs) with 2 doses of COVISHIELD vaccination in a tertiary care hospital.
Methodology: A prospective cohort study was conducted among 156 healthy adult health care workers in a tertiary care centre, vaccinated during January-March 2021. They were divided into two groups, the first group comprised of individuals who were previously RT-PCR positive (n=36) for SARS CoV-2, and second group comprised of those who were RT-PCR negative (n=120). Blood samples were collected from all participants, the first sample on the day of vaccination, second sample after 4 weeks of vaccination, and third after 8 weeks of vaccination to measure the IgG antibodies against the SARS CoV-2 ‘S’ protein using a chemiluminescent quantitative immunoassay.
Results: The spike protein-specific IgG antibody titre was demonstrated reactive cut-off in 98.3% of the participants after 2 doses of vaccine. The median antibody titre declined from 710.5 (IQR, 338.5-1577.5) to 266 (IQR, 116-557.75) in RT-PCR positive HCWs after 8 weeks of vaccination whereas it increased from 45.1 (IQR, 31.475-76.575) to 83.4 (IQR, 52.075-104) in RT-PCR negative HCWs.
Conclusion: We could demonstrate the development of an adequate spike protein-specific IgG titre against SARS CoV-2 following vaccination with 2 doses of COVISHIELD in HCWs.

Background: COVID Vaccination has given a ray of hope in fighting against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Since the experiences are relatively new to all, it is important to monitor safety of vaccines in a real-world setting. With this background, this study was conducted.
Objective: To assess the pattern of AEFI among undergraduate students.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a Hospital setting with 200 vaccinated medical students being enrolled in the study and Data were analysed using SPSS version 20.00.
Results: Total of 200 medical students, 142(71%) and 74(37%) of study subjects had one or more AEFI following COVID-19 vaccination following 1st and 2nd dose respectively. All the AEFI’s (100%) were only minor reactions.
Conclusion: The study reflected that COVID-19 vaccination caused only mild and non-serious AEFI in most of the vaccine recipients. Hence the vaccine given can be considered safe. 

Abstract. This article presents the results of a study of the nasopharyngeal carriage of
Streptococcus pneumoniae in 76 organized children before vaccination and 77
unorganized vaccinated children in Tashkent. It was found that the frequency of
nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcus is higher in children of closed children's
groups. The disappearance of the most common pneumococcal serotypes after vaccination
indicates the effectiveness of vaccination

Cholera is a contagious diarrheal disease which spreads through contaminated food and water. It is caused by Gram negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae of the O1 or O139 serogroup. Cholera can potentially spread as epidemic or endemic. If undiagnosed and untreated at the earlier stages, it can result in dehydration and death. Different endeavors are made for the treatment of cholera. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT), use of antimicrobials and antibiotics, probiotics and vaccinations are amongst the various alternative modes of treatment that can be used to treat cholera depending upon the severity of the disease. Also, antibiotics like tetracycline, azithromycin and doxycycline can be used synergistically for the treatment of acute infection and intense dehydration. Researchers have also advocated the use of different vaccines including oral cholera vaccine. In this review, we have provided a brief overview of the cholera disease and its pathogenesis along with different treatment strategies that can be used to treat it or reduce its symptoms.

There was studied the immunological structure of populations of karakul sheep lambs, vaccinated against colybacterios, salmonellosis and anthrax antigen from the age of 2-3 days tile 2-3 weeks. There was revealed the nature of wavelike character of the immune reaction of an organism of newborn animals of vaccination. There was determined the immunomodulation role of anti idiotypic antibodies.

Infection control practices are important in a clinical setup to avoid the risk of infection among the patients and practitioners. Proper infection control measures such as proper basic disposal and sterilization of instruments that are basic infection control measures should be directly followed in a clinical setup. This study aims to access the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding occupational hazards and infection control measures among dental students. The study was conducted among dental undergraduates and postgraduates.The study group consisted of 3rd year, 4th year and Interns and Postgraduate students. Total number of students included in the study was 121 participants. The data was collected and analysed through IBM SPSS statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were done. About 90.9% of the dental students answered that the dental clinics are more prone for infectious disease. Among all the dental students, 76.9% of the students experienced the accidental injury in clinics. Among them 44.6% of the students reported that needle injury was the cause for the occupational injury followed by 21.5% of scalpel blade, 4.1% of burs. About 11.4% of dental students were not immunized against Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Among them who received vaccination, 43.8% of them had completed the three recommended doses of HBV vaccination. The students know the importance of infection control and the knowledge among all students about the protocols about infection control was high but practice was quite low. A better knowledge of infection control is essential for safe practice in dentistry. This will ensure the provision of better and safer dental health-care service for the population.

  Background
       The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) annually hosts more than three million Muslim pilgrims from around 184 countries during the Hajj pilgrimage. Respiratory tract infection (RTI) is a major public health challenge during the Muslim pilgrimage to Makkah. It is necessary to take health precautions among these pilgrims the uptake of health preventive measures among Hajj pilgrims from Saudi Arabia, bacteremia, otitis media, and bacterial meningitis, in addition to a significant cause of sinusitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, and peritonitis. Complications of each of these diagnoses are common. Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and intensive care unit among pilgrims in Saudi hospitals during Hajj. During the 1986 Hajj season, pneumonia was the second most common cause of hospitalization with the highest case fatality ratio among those aged over 50 years, therefore pneumococcal vaccination is recommended. Clinical symptoms, signs and physical examination findings alone cannot differentiate pneumonia disease from infections caused by other pathogens,to our knowledge there is no study that has explored the knowledge, attitude, and practices related to pneumococcal infection and vaccination among all Hajj pilgrims in KSA.
Aim of the study:To assessment of awareness and Attitude toward Prevention of Pneumococcal Infection and vaccination among Hajj and Umrah Pilgrims from Makkah in 2018
.Methods:Methods: Across sectional descriptive study conducted among pilgrims who resident in Makkah city during May 25, 2018 to 24 October 2018  Hajj 2018,  Our total Sample size of pilgrims participants were (500)
Results: the majority of participants (67.0%) have a weak knowledge while Range (1-21) Mean± SD (8.155±3.011). While more than half of them (61.0%) have a positive attitude about the disease, while Range (0-8) Mean± SD (3.944±1.098
)Conclusion:Before Hajj doctors must teach and inform all the participants about how to deal with any infectious disease, particularly pneumonia.Significant opportunities for improving Knowledge and awareness among Hajj pilgrims about the importance of using preventive health measures. Moreover, emphasizes the need for better communication between official health authorities in Saudi Arabia and all Hajj pilgrims regarding Hajj health information.