European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

The overall goal of the review is to discuss about establishing a panel of salivary metabolomics markers which may be useful as a non-invasive prognostic markers of oral precancerous and cancerous conditions. The non-invasive panel of salivary metabolomics may be unique in predicting the prognosis of oral pre-cancer and cancerous states, progression of the disease states as well as the effectiveness of treatment. A future researchstudy may be planned to develop a panel of salivary metabolomics for predicting the prognosis of oral leukoplakia as well as oral cancer. It may also predict association of salivary metabolomics with the treatment effectiveness oral cancer.
A non-invasive and cost-effective salivary metabolomic parameters may be developed for predicting the prognosis of oral leukoplakia and oral cancer. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of salivary metabolomics panel may be compared as routine histopathology in predicting the transformation of precancerous to cancer may be established

Gold is one of the first metals to have been discovered; the history of its study and application spans at least several thousand years. In particular, the optical properties of GNP are determined by their plasmon resonance, which is associated with the collective excitation of conduction electrons and localized in the broad region. The application of nanotechnology for the treatment of cancer is mostly based on early tumor detection and diagnosis by nanodevices capable of selective targeting and delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the specific tumor site. The nanotechnology‑based detection and diagnostic methods used are Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Optical coherence tomography (OCT), Photoacoustic imaging, Surface plasmon resonance scattering, Surface‑enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Diffusion reflection imaging, Quantum dots imaging, and Nano‑based ultrasensitive biomarker detection. Due to the remarkable properties of gold nanoparticles, they have long been considered a potential tool for the diagnosis of various cancers and for drug delivery applications. Recent advances in nanomedicine make it auspicious for cancer diagnosis and treatment. The attractive properties of gold nanomaterials, particularly, anti-angiogenic properties, are highly useful in a variety of cancer studies. In addition, they can bind many proteins and drugs and can be actively targeted to cancer cells by over-expressing cell surface receptors and they are biocompatible in nature with a high atomic number, which directs to greater absorption of kilovoltage X-rays and provides greater contrast than standard agents. Nano-based contrast agents for MRI, OCT, and photoacoustic imaging have lower toxicity, prolonged blood circulation half-life, and the ability to target unique cell surface molecules. The nano agents exhibit better image contrast properties and improved penetration depth than routine contrast agents. They can provide molecular-targeted imaging, analyze biomarkers at the nano-scale, enable intraoperative identification of surgical resection margins, and monitor oral cancer prognosis after treatment. Using nano-based techniques can help clinicians to detect and better monitor diseases during different phases of oral malignancy. This review will focus on such current modalities in the diagnosis & management of oral cancer and pre-cancerous lesions using gold nanoparticles.

Aim:
The aim of this study is to investigate the Oral cancer knowledge, attitudes and practices of undergraduate medical and dental student at university of hail, Saudi Arabia.
Objectives:
To assess knowledge, attitudes and practices of oral cancer among medical and dental students.
Materials and Methods
Study Design Cross-sectional study. Study population clinical year’sundergraduate medical and dental student at hail university in Saudi Arabia. Sample collection Pre-validated Online questionnaire. Sample collection and processing pre-validated and translated self-administered electronic questionnaire. The sample size was calculated by using the Raosoft sample size calculator. We will be collecting a sample size of 241, with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%.Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis will be processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). 
Ethical Consent
Ethical approval obtained from the ethical committee of university of hail.
 
Rationale:
In Saudi Arabia only a few studies have been conducted to assess medical or dental undergraduate OC knowledge. And no known studies to date were done to compare between medical and dental undergraduate OC knowledge in Saudi Arabia.
Results:
A total of 241 students from hail university completed the study questionnaire. A total of 186 students (77.2%) were from college of medicine and 55 (22.8%) were from college of dentistry. A total of 141 (58.5%) students were males. As for their academic year, 120 students (49.8%) were at 4th grade, 53 (22%) were at 5th grade, 42 (17.4%) were at 6th grade while 26 (10.8%) were interns. This study showed that most of hail university undergraduates are aware and had accepted knowledge towered oral cancer

Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer throughout the world and is a crucial issue in
regions where tobacco habits, in the form of chewing and/or smoking, with or without alcohol
intake, are common. Squamous cell carcinoma is the cause for 95% of oral cancers and is
associated with avoidable aetiological risk factors. The most successful means to enhance the
survival and reduce morbidity, damage, duration of treatment and hospital cost is the
detection of oral cancer at an early stage. It is essential to study marker levels in patients with
oral precancer who are at a high risk of developing oral cancer.
The present study was carried out to evaluate usefulness of serum Total Sialic Acid (TSA)
and serum Lipid-Bound Sialic Acid (LSA) as markers of oral submucous fibrosis and oral
cancer. Study consisted of 60 patients and 30 controls. There were 3 study groups, Group I
control, Group II OSMF, and Group III oral cancer consisting of 30 patients each. Serum of
all the patients in the control group and study groups were collected and stored at -20 oC until
analyzed. Levels of serum TSA and LSA were estimated spectrophotometrically. The results
also demonstrated that the assessment of TSA and LSA by simple, in-expensive and
reproducible methods can provide significant clinical information about the extent of
malignant disease and can differentiate between patients with oral precancer and oral cancer.

Indigofera Aspalathoides has been an important ingredient to prepare oils used for the skin diseases and studies with the stem extract demonstrates that it has antitumor, antiviral and antibacterial effect. In our study chemopreventive effect of ethanolic and chloroform extract of Indigofera aspalathoides(EIA) and (CIA)was tested on DMBA induced buccal pouch carcinoma in hamster . The biochemical analysis of Phase I xenobiotic enzymes and histopathological examination of oral tissues were done using gold standard methods.The activity of Phase 1 enzymes were significantly elevated in 
the buccal pouch of DMBA painted animals when compared to control animals. The expression of CYP1B1was significantly elevated in the buccal pouch of DMBA painted animals when compared to control animals. Also the expression of AHR, ARNT and CYP1B1 in buccal pouch showed a significant elevation in the level of these protein in the DMBA alone treated group when compared to control animals. This study shows that there is a lack induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and other aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-dependent responses after exposure to AHR agonists, suggesting an overall down-regulation of the AHR signaling pathway.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) primarily affects the soft tissues,but involvement of jaw bones is seen in about 12–56% of patients.In these cases,radiographic analysis is essential inorder to observe the pattern of bone involvement.A retrospective study was conducted on patients who visited the department of oral medicine from march 2019 to march 2020.The clinical findings,histopathological diagnosis of OSCC patients who showed bone involvement in the digital panoramic radiographs were reviewed from electronic database.Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the radiographic findings.We observed that the majority of patients presenting with oral squamous cell carcinoma involving the jaw bone belonged to the age group 40-50 years with male predilection(76.9%).Mandible was most commonly involved with the right posterior alveolar region being the most commonly affected site.The radiographic changes observed predominantly in the lesions were smooth borders(53.85%) with an altered trabecular pattern (46.15%).The effect of the lesion
on the surrounding structures were spiked root appearance in 84.62% and floating tooth appearance in 69.23% of cases.Presence of saucerization was seen in 76.92%.Hence digital panoramic radiographs are valuable aids in diagnosing the involvement of jaw bones in oral malignancy and thereby help in devising the treatment plan.

Oral cancer is a global health disease that has a major impact on an individual's health, psychology and
lifestyle. It is the 6th most common cancer in the world and has a high prevalence worldwide, and is found
more in men than women. It is attributed to a myriad of causes which especially include tobacco smoking,
alcohol consumption and chewing betel quid. Survival rates of oral cancer are very poor despite advances
in therapeutic interventions. Detecting oral cancer at an early stage is believed to be the most effective
means of reducing death rates. Thus arises the need for an important diagnostic tool which is able to detect
pre-malignant and malignant lesions at an early stage. Treatment helps only for about 5 years after which
recurrences are seen. The only way to reduce recurrences is early diagnosis. VELscope, also known as
Visually-Enhanced Lesion scope, serves this purpose. It is an important diagnostic tool that uses an autofluorescence
based imaging system to detect lesions and allows enhanced visibility of the premalignant
and malignant lesions. It emits a harmless, non-invasive blue coloured LED fibre optic light that shines in
the patient’s mouth. The fluorescent light is absorbed by normal tissues whereas neoplastic lesions lose
fluorescence and become dark. This helps in quick and non-invasive diagnosis

Metabolomic analyzes move the medical diagnostics sector forward at unparalleled levels because of its ability to accurately classify concentrated metabolites at the metabolic stage. Biomarker research has benefited from these advances to the point where saliva is now recognized as an excellent diagnostic medium for disease detection. Oral cancer (OC) is defined as a malignant tumor of the oral cavity and is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an attractive strategy to increase the survival rate of patients. If detected early, oral cancer survival is better than 90% at 5 years, whereas the late-stage survival of disease is only 30%. Therefore, novel metabolic markers have an obvious clinical utility that helps to diagnose oral cancer at an early stage and monitor the response to treatment. In combination, five salivary biomarkers (propionyl choline, N-acetyl - L-phenylalanine, sphinganine, phytosphingosine, and S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine) yielded adequate precision (AUC = 0.997), sensitivity (100%) and specificity (96.7%) in separating OSCC from control in the early stages. In this study, a comprehensive saliva metabonomics analysis review for identifying potential biomarkers to early diagnose OSCC is successfully demonstrated, which has the advantages of non-invasive, simple, reliable and low-cost. Such novel metabolic biomarkers have an clear clinical usefulness that will aid in the early diagnosis of OSCC. Their diagnostic utility for clinical applications has been discussed by the discovery of salivary biomarkers that could be used to track health and disease surveillance. Comprehensive salivary metabolome will be an important resource for researchers studying metabolite chemistry, especially in the fields of salivary diagnostics, and will be helpful in analyzing and thus identifying appropriate salivary biomarkers related to the disease.

Oral cancer is a global health disease that has a major impact on an individual''s health, psychology and lifestyle. It is the 6th most common cancer in the world and has a high prevalence worldwide, and is found more in men than women. It is attributed to a myriad of causes which especially include tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and chewing betel quid. Survival rates of oral cancer are very poor despite advances in therapeutic interventions. Detecting oral cancer at an early stage is believed to be the most effective means of reducing death rates. Thus arises the need for an important diagnostic tool which is able to detect pre-malignant and malignant lesions at an early stage. Treatment helps only for about 5 years after which recurrences are seen. The only way to reduce recurrences is early diagnosis. VELscope, also known as Visually-Enhanced Lesion scope, serves this purpose. It is an important diagnostic tool that uses an auto- fluorescence based imaging system to detect lesions and allows enhanced visibility of the premalignant and malignant lesions. It emits a harmless, non-invasive blue coloured LED fibre optic light that shines in the patient’s mouth. The fluorescent light is absorbed by normal tissues whereas neoplastic lesions lose fluorescence and become dark. This helps in quick and non-invasive diagnosis.

Globally oral cancer is one of the ten most common cancers with prevalence being high in Central and South East Asian countries. This retrospective study conducted to estimate the prevalence of oral pre- malignant lesions(OPML).A institutional retrospective study was carried out among individuals aged ≥18 years. The first clinical sign and their first dental visit was noted. Oral cavity of all the participants was examined in detail by the study investigator as per WHO guidelines and biopsy reports were thoroughly
.The mean duration of the patient dental visit after initial clinical symptom seen is 64.3 days.A significant association was seen between the number of males affected more compared to females.The study reinforces that use of substances such as tobacco, alcohol and areca nuts are the modifiable risk factors for OPML.

Oral leukoplakia is seen as a predominant white patch in the oral mucosa and is the most common potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa. Habits such as tobacco, betel nut chewing and alcohol increases the incidence of oral leukoplakia. This study was aimed to evaluate the association of oral leukoplakia in patients having smoking and alcohol habits. In this study, patients having oral leukoplakia were sorted out by reviewing and analysing 86,000 patients records who visited the private dental college during the time period of June 2019 to March 2020. The personal history with habits such as smoking and alcohol were also recorded. A Chi-square test was used to determine association between variables to obtain the results. In our study, we found that the males showed higher prevalence of Oral Leukoplakia than females. A statistically significant result was found in patients between 41-50 years of age (29.2%) with smoking habits (84.8%) and alcohol intake habits (51%). It also showed that there was stronger association between oral leukoplakia and patients with both smoking and alcohol habits, than in patients having alcohol habit alone.

Cancer is defined as the uncontrollable growth of cells that invade and cause damage to surrounding tissues. Oral cancer appears to be a growth or a pain in the mouth that doesn't go away. Oral cancer, including lip, tongue, cheek, mouth floor, hard and soft palate, sinuses, and pharynx (throat), can be life- threatening if not diagnosed and treated early. Cancer that occurs inside the mouth is sometimes referred to as oral cancer or oral cancer of the cavity. Mortal cancer is one of several types of cancer in a category called head and neck cancers. Mouth cancer and other cancers of the head and neck are often treated in the same way. This study was designed to create and assess awareness on oral cancer among employees of gas agencies in Tiruppur district. A self administered questionnaire prepared and circulated via google form link. The data was manipulated, analysed and tabulated. The obtained data was represented as cumulative percentage in pie charts. Association analysis between age groups of the participants and awareness on oral cancer was done by Pearson Chi square test (SPSS version 22) and the data was depicted in a Bar graph. The results of the study revealed that the participants were aware that smoking, chewing tobacco, and pan leads to increased chance of oral cancer. The present study concludes that the people of Tirupur were aware of the incidence of oral cancer and risk factors associated with it.

A wide range of organic compounds that are naturally occurring called flavonoids are primarily found in a large variety of plants. Some of the sources include tea, wine, fruits, grains, nuts and vegetables. There are a number of studies that have proven that a strong association exists between intake of dietary flavonoid and its effects on mortality in the long run. Flavonoids at non-toxic concentrations are known to demonstrate a wide range of therapeutic biological activities in organisms. The contribution of flavonoids in prevention of cancer is an area of great interest in current research. A variety of studies, including in vitro experiments and human trials and even epidemiological investigations, provide compelling evidence which imply that flavonoids’ effects on cancer in terms of chemoprevention and chemotherapy is significant. As the current treatment methods possess a number of drawbacks, the anticancer potential demonstrated by flavonoids makes them a reliable alternative. Various studies have focussed on flavonoids’ anti-cancer potential and its possible application in the treatment of cancer as a chemopreventive agent. This article summarizes the effects of flavonoids in relation to its anticancer potential and its clinical application in treatment of oral cancer.