European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

The aim of this research was to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonogrphy (USG) for differentiating the level of biceps tendon injury and correlate with surgical findings. USG of normal bicep tendon was used as the reference standard. Clinical follow-up was conducted to assess the condition of the biceps.
Materials and Methods: The study population included 100 consecutive elbow USG cases with surgical confirmation and 10 cases of a clinically normal biceps tendon in volunteers. The cases were reviewed by two trained radiologists. Bicep tendons were classified as complete tear, partial tear and normal biceps tendon. The posterior acoustic shadowing at the distal biceps tendon was assessed as present or absent. The USG findings were correlated with the surgical findings and clinical follow-up.
Result: Ultrasound showed 95% sensitivity, 71% specificity, PPV, NPV and 91% accuracy for the diagnosis of distal biceps tendon tears and level of tearing. Posterior acoustic shadowing on the distal biceps had sensitivity of 97% and accuracy of 91% for indicating complete tear versus partial tear and sensitivity of 97%, specificity of 100%, and accuracy of 98% for indicating complete tear versus normal tendon.
Conclusion: Ultrasonography can play an effective role in the diagnosis of elbow injuries when a distal biceps tendon tear is suspected and helps in surgical decision.

The most common target organs where fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is performed are salivary glands because of their superficial location and easy accessibility introduced into a mass, cellular material is aspirated, and a cytological diagnosis is rendered as It separates reactive and inflammatory processes that do not require surgical intervention from neoplasia and benign from malignant tumors.
OBJECTIVES:
To study the cytomorphological features in lesions of salivary glands. To correlate the cytological features with histopathological features wherever possible. To evaluate the diagnostic utility of fine needle aspiration cytology of lesions in the salivary glands.
METHODOLOGY:
A total of 120 patients with salivary gland diseases were included in the study. This is a retrospective cohort study, undertaken in the Department of Pathology, Fathima Institute of Medical sciences, Kadapa during the period of Jan 2016 to Feb 2020. The sensitivity, specificity and overall diagnostic accuracy was calculated using Galen and Gambino method.
RESULTS:
Our study included 120 patients with salivary gland diseases. Age group of patients with salivary gland diseases ranged from 10 years to 88 years with the mean age of 44.62 years. Majority of the patients belonged to the age group of 31-40 years (35%). Male to Female ratio was 1.25: 1. Among the 120 patients, most common non neoplastic 67.52%, benign 71.79% and malignant 28.20% lesions.
CONCLUSION:
FNAC of salivary gland is a reliable and sensitive diagnostic method for diagnosis of salivary gland lesions. It not only provides preoperative diagnosis for management but also can prevent unnecessary surgeries.

BACKGROUND:
The most common target organs where fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is performed are salivaryglands because of their superficial location and easy accessibility introduced into a mass, cellular materialisaspirated,andacytologicaldiagnosisisrenderedasItseparatesreactiveandinflammatoryprocessesthatdonotrequiresurgicalinterventionfromneoplasiaandbenignfrommalignanttumors.
 
OBJECTIVES:
To study the cytomorphological features in lesions of salivary glands. To correlate the cytologicalfeatures with histopathological features wherever possible. To evaluate the diagnostic utility offine needleaspirationcytologyoflesionsinthesalivaryglands.
METHODOLOGY:
Atotalof120patientswithsalivaryglanddiseaseswereincludedinthestudy.Thisisaretrospective cohortstudy,undertakenintheDepartmentofPathology,FathimaInstitute of Medical sciences, Kadapa during the period of Jan 2016 to Feb 2020.Thesensitivity, specificityandoveralldiagnosticaccuracywascalculatedusingGalenandGambinomethod.
RESULTS:
Our study included 120 patients with salivary gland diseases. Age group of patients with salivary glanddiseases ranged from 10 years to 88 years with the mean age of 44.62 years. Majority of the patientsbelongedtotheagegroupof31-40years(35%).MaletoFemaleratiowas1.25:1.Amongthe120patients,mostcommonnonneoplastic67.52%,benign71.79%andmalignant28.20%lesions.
CONCLUSION:
FNACofsalivaryglandisareliableandsensitivediagnosticmethodfordiagnosisofsalivaryglandlesions.Itnotonlyprovidespreoperativediagnosisformanagementbutalsocanpreventunnecessarysurgeries

Background:Aim & Objectives: To correlate preoperative TIRADS scoring system with postoperative histopathology of thyroid swellings.
Materials and Methods: A total of 66 patients of thyroid swellings who were treated at the Department of General Surgery, Govt Medical College, Nalgonda, with an age range of 20 – 68 years, were evaluated in this study with respect to age, sex, symptoms type and symptom duration and were investigated with routine hemogram, thyroid profile, FNAC and USG with TIRADS score. The results of USG TIRADS score were compared with the histopathology after excision of the thyroid swelling.
Results: Thyroid swellings are more common in females than in males (M:F ratio = 1:4). Majority of the patients are in the age group of 30-50 years. Swelling in front of the neck is the most common complaint. Majority of the patients had an average duration of symptoms of 6months to 3 years. On clinical evaluation all patients had swelling of thyroid. On USG with TIRADS scoring, TIRADS – 3 is the most common category of the thyroid swelling with 30 patients (45%). On USG TIRADS score, majority were benign lesions 55 (83%), while the rest were malignant 11 (17%). On histopathology, 55 lesions (83%) were benign, while 11 lesions (17%) were malignant. Incidence of malignancy with respect to TIRADS score is TIRADS 2- 4%, TIRADS 3 – 16.7%, TIRADS 4 – 50%, TIRADS 5 – 0%. The present study has a USG TIRADS score sensitivity of 45.5%, specificity of 89.1%, positive predictive value of 45.5%, negative predictive value of 89.1% and accuracy of 81.8%.  The prevalence of malignancy among the patients with thyroid swellings in the present study is 16.7%. USG proved to be a more sensitive modality to evaluate the nodularity of thyroid swellings than clinical evaluation.
Conclusion: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of clinical evaluation and USG TIRADS score in management of thyroid nodules High resolution ultrasound is an accurate technique, that has helped to analyse the suspicious sonographic features of thyroid swellings and to assess the risk of malignancy and quantify it using TIRADS score.

Background & Method: The aim of this study is to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the traditional triple assessment of symptomatic breast lesions with contrast-enhanced dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. patients with palpable breast lesions were recruited from the symptomatic breast clinics. All underwent clinical examination by consultant breast surgeons, FNAC was performed according to our standard protocol for symptomatic patients, which does not include image guidance.
 
Result: MRI proved to most sensitive and specific modality. Triple assessment MRI and FNAC all have specificity of 100%. MRI proved to be most sensitive modality with 96 % sensitivity, (physical examination 91%, USG 91%, FNAC 84% and Triple assessment 84 %.)
 
Conclusion: With the aim of improving the accuracy of triple assessment, MRI can provide valuable information and with improvements in technology can further enhance specificity. Contrast-enhanced dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the breast is as sensitive and more specific than the combined traditional triple assessment for the diagnosis of malignant breast lesions.

Renal stones are quiet commonly encountered in this part of the world and are also associated
with complications. The tremendous loss of work hours by this disease is seriously impairing
the work hours as working young population is often hit with this disease. The demography is
never recorded in India but the demography of the western world is available. It is understood
that the stones that are encountered are the tombstones of the bacterias in majority of times.
Million Dollar question is whether the infection preseeds the stone formation or is a
consequence of the same. A number of reasons contribute for the stone formation as
previously recorded by different authors. Approximately 10% of people will have a urinary
stone during their lifetime. This study puts in an effort to find the culture and sensitivity of
renal stone.

Background: An assessment scale, namely, the DMIST (deep, moisture, infection/inflammation, size, tissue type of wound bed, type of wound edge and tunnelling/undermining), was designed to identify the healing time of chronic ulcers. An evaluation was then conducted to test the predictive validity of DMIST. This study aimed to evaluate whether the total scores from the DMIST scale could predict healing time of diabetic ulcer.
Method: A prospective study cohort was obtained from the Kitamura Wound Clinic in Pontianak, Indonesia. A total of 33 patients with diabetic ulcer were recruited to participate in the study. Collected data included DMIST score, demographic information, Wagner wound classification, neuropathic status, ankle brachial index, HbA1c level and wound images. Using the DMIST scale, trained data collectors scored patients every 7 days until ulcers were healed or patients were discharged.
Results: A cutoff score of 9 was valid as a predictor of non-healing after 12 weeks. The DMIST scale was found to have high sensitivity (90%) and specificity (96%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.98 (95% confidence interval, 0.856 to 1.000).
Conclusion: The DMIST scale was found to be a valid assessment scale to identify wound healing time in a period of 12 weeks in patients with diabetic ulcer.

MEMS plays a vital role in manufacturing several electronic devices.It has a wide application in electronics manufacturing field.The fabrication of MEMS is very popular because of its miniature size,capacity power,sensitivity,etc. MEMS fabrication is possible even at high resonant frequency devices which can be operated at regular frequencies and greater bandwidths.Simulation is done using COMSOL multiphysics software.A surface capacitive pressure sensor has been simulated using different materials.The capacitance is analysed and the graphs are plotted.

Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), the group of conditions with the risk of malignancy being present in a lesion or condition either at the time of early diagnosis or future date. Oral carcinoma is a major global, health care issue with high morbidity and mortality rates to date. Leukoplakia, Erythroplakia, Palatal lesion associated with reverse smoking, Oral Lichen Planus, Oral Sub Mucous Fibrosis, Actinic Keratosis, Discoid Lupus Erythematosus are other OPMDs. The aetiology varies from exogenous factors such as tobacco and various autoimmune disorders or inherited genetic aberrations. Early detection of the lesion is essential to prevent malignant transformation, and also to improve the chances of the patient’s survival. Though tissue biopsy and histological assessment is the gold standard diagnosis for OPMDs, in recent years, demand for non – invasive adjunctive diagnostic techniques are increasing for early detection. With this in view, the early diagnostic methods were divided into 3 main categories such as vital Staining, light-based detection systems, and optical diagnostic technologies. Among the recent developments in optical imaging systems, the tissue autofluorescence, optical coherence tomography have been proved to be considerably efficient. These techniques have proven valuable for screening and monitoring OPMDs. Awareness should be created in public in employing screening methods that are non-invasive, robust and economic thereby it would enhance early detection of oral cancer which gives a positive impact on patient’s survival. This review explains the sensitivity, specificity and limitations as well as their advantages, disadvantages and clinical applications of these techniques and to identify which one is better advisable and adaptable for all population groups

The main aim of this review article is to provide information about Dentin Hypersensitivity(DH). Dentin Hypersensitivity ,a common condition of the teeth, characterized by short sharp pain arising from exposed dentinal tubules in response to stimuli. The article reviews its clinical features, pathogenesis, mechanism, diagnosis, prevention and management. The diagnosis should be accurate and all the differential diagnosis should be omitted. Desensitization remains the major choice for dentin hypersensitivity. The basic principle of treatment of dentin hypersensitivity is to block the patent tubules or block pulpal nerve response.

Oral cancer is a global health disease that has a major impact on an individual's health, psychology and
lifestyle. It is the 6th most common cancer in the world and has a high prevalence worldwide, and is found
more in men than women. It is attributed to a myriad of causes which especially include tobacco smoking,
alcohol consumption and chewing betel quid. Survival rates of oral cancer are very poor despite advances
in therapeutic interventions. Detecting oral cancer at an early stage is believed to be the most effective
means of reducing death rates. Thus arises the need for an important diagnostic tool which is able to detect
pre-malignant and malignant lesions at an early stage. Treatment helps only for about 5 years after which
recurrences are seen. The only way to reduce recurrences is early diagnosis. VELscope, also known as
Visually-Enhanced Lesion scope, serves this purpose. It is an important diagnostic tool that uses an autofluorescence
based imaging system to detect lesions and allows enhanced visibility of the premalignant
and malignant lesions. It emits a harmless, non-invasive blue coloured LED fibre optic light that shines in
the patient’s mouth. The fluorescent light is absorbed by normal tissues whereas neoplastic lesions lose
fluorescence and become dark. This helps in quick and non-invasive diagnosis

The current study was observational study undertaken to study sensitivity and specificity of FNAC in a thyroid swelling. It was observed that majority of patients with goiter were in age group 31-40 years. The majority of patients with goiter were females 50 (89.29%) as compared to males 14 (73.68%). The carcinomas were also more prevalent in females as compared to males. The results of thyroid cytology must be assessed in conjunction with the clinical findings and other investigations like TFT and USG findings, in view of the possibility of false negative or false positive cytological diagnosis. The viability and applicability of cell pattern analysis in applying pattern analysis to the understanding of thyroid cytology is also seen in this study.

Oral cancer is a global health disease that has a major impact on an individual''s health, psychology and lifestyle. It is the 6th most common cancer in the world and has a high prevalence worldwide, and is found more in men than women. It is attributed to a myriad of causes which especially include tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and chewing betel quid. Survival rates of oral cancer are very poor despite advances in therapeutic interventions. Detecting oral cancer at an early stage is believed to be the most effective means of reducing death rates. Thus arises the need for an important diagnostic tool which is able to detect pre-malignant and malignant lesions at an early stage. Treatment helps only for about 5 years after which recurrences are seen. The only way to reduce recurrences is early diagnosis. VELscope, also known as Visually-Enhanced Lesion scope, serves this purpose. It is an important diagnostic tool that uses an auto- fluorescence based imaging system to detect lesions and allows enhanced visibility of the premalignant and malignant lesions. It emits a harmless, non-invasive blue coloured LED fibre optic light that shines in the patient’s mouth. The fluorescent light is absorbed by normal tissues whereas neoplastic lesions lose fluorescence and become dark. This helps in quick and non-invasive diagnosis.