European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

AIM: The aim of the study is to assess the specific antibody response in SARS-CoV-2 patients with and without comorbidities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective observational study conductedto measure SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies in COVID-19 infected patients. The study included total 60 patients, 30 with co-morbidities and 30 without co-morbidities. Both inpatient and outpatient patients, with positive COVID-19 RTPCR were included and they were followed up at 21 daysand 4 monthspost infection. The blood samples were collected after obtaining the consent from the study participants. Serum was separated by centrifuging the blood samples and were further subjected to ELISA to detect specific IgG antibodies against N and S proteins of SARSCOV2. Data was entered in MS excel and analysed using SPSS 23.0 version software. RESULTS: In the study out of 60 patients, most patients i.e., 48.3% (29/60) were in age group of 41-59 years; followed by 36.7% (22/60) were in age group of <40 years and 15% (9/60) were in age group of ≥60 years. Mean age of patients was 36.4 ± 6.8 years. It was found that, anti-N IgG levels at 21 days were positive in 78.3% (47/60) and negative in 21.7% (13/60) with increase in seropositivity to 93.3% (56/60) and fall in negative rate to 6.7% (4/60) at 4months. On the other hand, anti-S IgG levels at 21 days were positive in 83.3% (50/60), negative in 16.7% (10/60) with positive rate of 96.7% (58/60) and negative rate of 3.3% (2/60) at 4months. Both the antibody assays, anti-N IgG, and anti-S IgG in successive time periods, demonstrated the significant increaseinseropositivityandmaintainedlongevityofantibodieswithtime.Inthestudy, 5/5 patients with IHD and 3/3 patients with COPD had 100% serologic response to both N and S proteins of SARS-CoV-2 at 21 days and 4 months. But no significant strong correlation can be established between the seropositivity and longevity of antibodies with various comorbidities due to limited sample size.

COVID-19-causing SARS-CoV-2 is global. respiratory distress. COVID-19 exhausts oxygen in the lungs. COVID-19 patients worry about their own and their family's health, being alone, losing their job, feeling helpless, and dying, which causes anxiety, depression, physiological stress, decreased physical performance, and decreased physical activity. Respiratory rehabilitation helps chronic pulmonary disease patients breathe. Rehabilitating COVID-19 patients is rare. Thus, this study compares the male and female effects of physiotherapy management on performance, anxiety, and stress in hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients

Bauhinia variegata, a medicinal plant commonly known as Kachnar, belongs to the Leguminosae family. It is primarily found in tropical and warm regions around the world. It is known for its high pharmacological and commercial significance due to the presence of terpenoids, flavanoids, tannins, steroids, reducing sugars and cardiac glycosides, which aid in the cure of number of diseases. This study carried out profiling of Phytochemicals of this medicinal plant by using several in silico computational methodologies against SARS-CoV-2 virus. The 3D structure of Phytochemicals and the three target sites of the SARS-CoV-2 were constructed using Swiss-Model server and pre-processed in BIOVIA Discovery Studio followed by molecular docking carried on with Autodock tools-1.5.6. The pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of these compounds were assessed using the Swiss ADME and admetSAR web servers, respectively. The potential toxicities generated by these compounds, as well as the energies of molecule-target interactions, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions, were determined and analyzed. According to the findings, Phytochemicals such as Beta-sitosterol, Lupeol, Ombuin, and Quercetin exhibited higher binding affinity than the two reference drugs Ivermectin and Lopinavir, taken as comparison in the study. According to the preliminary results, these bioactive compounds exhibit the most promising docking scores with the three target sites of Corona virus. Hence, they could be regarded as prospective  Phytochemicals found in Bauhinia variegata, potentially making this plant an active source of Phytochemicals required for the treatment of corona virus infections. Further experimental validation may necessitate the application of bioethics principles, laws, and regulations.

Aim: Purpose of the present research was to assess the co-relation between covid-19 and periodontal disease.
Methodology: A case-control study was conducted amongst 150 participants. Patients who had positive real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were included in the case group (n = 79), and patients with negative results were included in the control group (n = 71). The periodontal examination involved recording the plaque scores, calculus scores, tooth mobility, gingival bleeding, probing depth, recession, and clinical attachment level (CAL).
Results: Logistic regression analysis showed significant associations of mean plaque scores ≥ 1 (odds ratio (OR), 7.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.83 to 26.94), gingivitis (OR, 17.65; 95% CI, 5.95 to 52.37), mean CAL ≥ 2 mm (OR, 8.46; 95% CI, 3.47 to 20.63), and severe periodontitis (OR, 11.75; 95% CI, 3.89 to 35.49) with COVID-19; these findings were more prevalent in the case group.
Conclusion: Based on the above mentioned observations, it can be concluded that there is an association between periodontitis severity and COVID-19. Gingival bleeding and dental plaque accumulation are also more frequent among COVID-19 patients. Hence, it is essential to maintain periodontal health and good oral hygiene as an important measure for COVID-19 prevention and management.

Introduction: COVID-19 Pandemic was supposedly one of the deadliest events in the 21st century which has caused immense strain on the healthcare and human resource. Globally this has caused 450 million of infective cases and over 6 million deaths till now. Studies have shown that ABO polymorphism plays a vital role in occurrence of various communicable and non-communicable diseases. ABO polymorphism was also considered to play a significant role in susceptibility and progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection by various studies. Though the results are not equivocal, globally researchers are interested in identifying the trend of infection and severity of illness among particular blood groups which could be helpful in framing certain prognostic markers for the COVID 19 disease and also can aid the researchers in inventing the vaccines and the novel therapies in curing the COVID 19 disease. This can also lay the foundation for some genomic studies which can link certain blood groups with certain novel diseases in the era of biological warfare.

Introduction: COVID 19 pandemic, caused by SARS –CoV-2 virus causes flu like mild
symptoms to severe acute respiratory syndrome. Pathogenesis is Immune system
deregulationand is haracterized by the presence of lymphopenia in the peripheral blood smears.
The clinical laboratory plays an important role in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of
coronavirus patients.

Objective: To study the Feto maternal outcome of Covid-19 in Pregnancy.
Methodology: This is a retrospective study done on 53 pregnant patients who tested positive
for SARS-CoV-2 and were delivered in D. Y. Patil Hospital, Kolhapur from April 2020 to
July 2020. Maternal and fetal characteristics and the outcome of Covid-19 infection in
pregnancy was studied.
Results: Among the 53 patients, 49 patients (92%) were asymptomatic. Remaining presented
with fever, sore throat, cough. 69% were primigravida and 30% were multigravida. 66%
underwent LSCS while 28% were delivered normally. In majority, LSCS was done for
oligohydramnios and fetal distress. All the patients were discharged after negative swab
report and no maternal death was reported. About 32% of neonates required NICU admission
for hyperbilirubinemia, pneumonia and sepsis. There was no neonatal death and none of the
neonates turned out to be positive for covid-19.
Conclusion: The severity of SARS-CoV-2 was seen to be mild to moderate in pregnant
women. Majority of the women infected with coronavirus disease were asymptomatic. The
risk of vertical transmission to the neonate was also found to be low. Oligohydramnios and
fetal distress were commonly seen in the patients, pointing towards the lack of antenatal
follow up visits due to restricted mobility in the covid era.

Introduction: As the global severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-
2) pandemic expands, genomic epidemiology and whole genome sequencing are being
constantly used to investigate its transmissions and evolution.
Aims and Objectives: To ensure that best use is made of the whole genome sequencing
programmes for SARS-CoV-2 results, in improving public health. Analyze and establish a
correlation of demographic features and vaccination status with clinical outcome of
VOC’s.
Material and Method: 478 samples (December 15, 2020- June 15, 2021) were shortlisted as
per state government policy of sample selection criteria for genome sequencing, packed in
triple layer according to standard transportation protocol and sent to the National Public
Health Laboratory (NPHL) for whole genome sequencing.. The data collected by us were
analyzed and correlated with the results of whole genome sequencing, shared by the NPHL
to enhance public health impact of the variant identified.
Observation and Results: In our study we found 92% of B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants and 8%
of B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variant. We found significantly high mortality (25%) in age group > 60
years compared to other age group (20-40years, 40-60years) with Delta variant (p value <
.05). We also found that Delta variant is significantly more transmissible (p value < .05)
than Alpha variant. Mortality was significantly higher among unvaccinated patients
having co-morbid conditions rather than vaccinated patients having co-morbid conditions
with delta variant (p value <0.05).
Conclusion: B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant has emerged as a common VOC among SARS-COV-
2 patients in southern Rajasthan. Vaccination has a very high level of protective role in
decreasing mortality, especially old age patients with associated co-morbidities among
Delta variant.

Background: Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most common surgical disease with a lifetime risk
of 7–8%.Traditionally, appendectomy has been the treatment of choice for acute appendicitis.
Mortality rate after appendectomy is very low and may range from 0.07 to 0.7% rising to 0.5 to
2.4% in patients without and with perforation. Over 250,000 appendectomies are performed each
year in the USA alone.It was observed during the outbreaks of influenza and Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012 , that referrals for non-respiratory causes decreased
significantly as the epidemics progressed. An outbreak of respiratory disease should not by itself
affect the incidence and presentation of acute appendicitis. Nevertheless, we have noticed in our
institution that as the COVID-19 pandemic spread in our community there was a significant
decrease in the number of cases of acute appendicitis presenting to the ED of our institution and
an increase in the number of admitted patients of AA requiring surgery.
Objectives: To compare the incidence and presentation of aute appendicitis before and during
the COVID-19 lockdown period.Also, to compare thepercentage of patients requiring operative
management, intraoperative findings and postoperative complications before and during the
COVID-19 pandemic for cases of acute appendicitis.
Methodology:This prospective observational cohort study was undertaken at Government
Medical College Baramulla which is a 300 bedded teaching hospital catering as a referral
institute for a catchment population of roughly 1.2 million. All consecutive patients of clinically
or radiologically diagnosed AA admitted between 25th March and 25th July were included in
this study (corresponding to complete lockdown in our country). This was designated as group
A. Data was also collected from hospital records of all acute appendicitis patients admitted in the
corresponding months of 2019 i.e from 25th March 2019 to 25th July 2019 and analysed for
comparison and designated as group B

Introduction: As the global severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-
2) pandemic expands, genomic epidemiology and whole genome sequencing are being
constantly used to investigate its transmissions and evolution.
Aims and Objectives: To ensure that best use is made of the whole genome sequencing
programmes for SARS-CoV-2 results, in improving public health. Analyze and establish a
correlation of demographic features and vaccination status with clinical outcome of
VOC’s.
Material and Method: 478 samples (December 15, 2020- June 15, 2021) were shortlisted as
per state government policy of sample selection criteria for genome sequencing, packed in
triple layer according to standard transportation protocol and sent to the National Public
Health Laboratory (NPHL) for whole genome sequencing.. The data collected by us were
analyzed and correlated with the results of whole genome sequencing, shared by the NPHL
to enhance public health impact of the variant identified.
Observation and Results: In our study we found 92% of B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants and 8%
of B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variant. We found significantly high mortality (25%) in age group > 60
years compared to other age group (20-40years, 40-60years) with Delta variant (p value <
.05). We also found that Delta variant is significantly more transmissible (p value < .05)
than Alpha variant. Mortality was significantly higher among unvaccinated patients
having co-morbid conditions rather than vaccinated patients having co-morbid conditions
with delta variant (p value <0.05).
Conclusion: B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant has emerged as a common VOC among SARS-COV-
2 patients in southern Rajasthan. Vaccination has a very high level of protective role in
decreasing mortality, especially old age patients with associated co-morbidities among
Delta variant.

6 months after the start of the COVID-19 epidemic in Uzbekistan, a comparative analysis of the reported incidence of COVID-19 and the level of herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 was carried out. The registration of patients with
COVID-19 in the country was carried out on the basis of the positive results of the examination for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, using the PCR method. To study herd immunity, the WanTai SARS-CoV-2 Ab Rapid test (China) was used to detect total antibodies (IgM and IgG) in blood. In the period from August 27, 2020 to September 11,   020, in all 14 administrative-territorial regions of Uzbekistan, blood samples of 86879 people who sought medical help at an outpatient clinic at their place of residence were tested for the presence of total antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. According to official figures, 0.14% of the population were infected with COVID-19. The proportion of the population with the presence of specific protective antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus was 23.1%. This proves that the actual incidence of COVID-19, on the national average, was at least 165 times higher than officially reported. An uneven territorial distribution of the level of herd immunity was revealed. All regions were conditionally divided into 3 zones: 1) regions with a high level of herd immunity ˃ 20% (8 regions), 2) regions with an average level of herd immunity ˂ 20% and ˃ 10% (3 regions), 3) regions with a low the level of herd immunity ˂ 10% (3 regions). The degree of population affected in different regions of the county did not depend on the population density in the region, its age and gender composition. It was shown that the factors that influenced the intensity of the epidemic process and the formation of the level of herd immunity were the degree of external and internal migration.

Objective: Our main aim is to review the published literature under the ENT manifestations in COVID19 positive patients having underlying causes. Materials and Methods: We have read about 45 peer-reviewed Elsevier, springer, wild pub, Jama network, British health magazine, Pub Med, Wiley's online booksellers, Karger journals, Europe PMC, new England newspaper, American Roentgen ology journal, and Nature's Public Health Emergency Series. We read about 45 peer-reviewed articles. The authors then summarized, collected, and analyzed the findings of research that met these criteria for inclusion and exclusion.

6 months after the start of the COVID-19 epidemic in Uzbekistan, a comparative analysis of the reported incidence of COVID-19 and the level of herd immunity to SARS-CoV- 2 was carried out. The registration of patients with COVID-19 in the country was carried out on the basis of the positive results of the examination for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, using the PCR method. To study herd immunity, the WanTai SARS-CoV-2 Ab Rapid test (China) was used to detect total antibodies (IgM and IgG) in blood. In the period from August 27, 2020 to September 11, 2020, in all 14 administrative-territorial regions of Uzbekistan, blood samples of 86879 people who sought medical help at an outpatient clinic at their place of residence were tested for the presence of total antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. According to official figures, 0.14% of the population were infected with COVID-19. The proportion of the population with the presence of specific protective antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus was 23.1%. This proves that the actual incidence of COVID-19, on the national average, was at least 165 times higher than officially reported. An uneven territorial distribution of the level of herd immunity was revealed. All regions were conditionally divided into 3 zones: 1) regions with a high level of herd immunity ˃ 20% (8 regions), 2) regions with an average level of herd immunity ˂ 20% and ˃ 10% (3 regions), 3) regions with a low the level of herd immunity ˂ 10% (3 regions). The degree of population affected in different regions of the county did not depend on the population density in the region, its age and gender composition. It was shown that the factors that influenced the intensity of the epidemic process and the formation of the level of herd immunity were the degree of external and internal migration.

6 months after the start of the COVID-19 epidemic in Uzbekistan, a comparative analysis of the reported incidence of COVID-19 and the level of herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 was carried out. The registration of patients with COVID-19 in the country was carried out on the basis of the positive results of the examination for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, using the PCR method. To study herd immunity, the WanTai SARS-CoV-2 Ab Rapid test (China) was used to detect total antibodies (IgM and IgG) in blood. In the period from August 27, 2020 to September 11, 2020, in all 14 administrative-territorial regions of Uzbekistan, blood samples of 86879 people who sought medical help at an outpatient clinic at their place of residence were tested for the presence of total antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. According to official figures, 0.14% of the population were infected with COVID-19. The proportion of the population with the presence of specific protective antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus was 23.1%. This proves that the actual incidence of COVID-19, on the national average, was at least 165 times higher than officially reported. An uneven territorial distribution of the level of herd immunity was revealed. All regions were conditionally divided into 3 zones: 1) regions with a high level of herd immunity ˃ 20% (8 regions), 2) regions with an average level of herd immunity ˂ 20% and ˃ 10% (3 regions), 3) regions with a low the level of herd immunity ˂ 10% (3 regions). The degree of population affected in different regions of the county did not depend on the population density in the region, its age and gender composition. It was shown that the factors that influenced the intensity of the epidemic process and the formation of the level of herd immunity were the degree of external and internal migration.

Currently, the world community is faced with a new infectious disease that has not only medical, but also enormous socio-economic significance - the COVID-19 pandemic. (coronavirus disease 2019). The article discusses brief etiopathogenetic aspects of the new coronavirus infection. The role of some of the factors contributing to the development of nephro- and cerebrovascular disorders in COVID-19 is discussed. Results of work on coronavirus infection summarized foreign researchers

Various possible and non-mutually exclusive mechanisms may play a role in the development of ischemic stroke in patients with COVID-19. Long duration of mechanical ventilation (ALV) makes patients with COVID-19 who require invasive respiratory supportb more vulnerable to complications associated with the development of critical illness, including the risk of hypotension and inadequate cerebral perfusion; risk of relative hypertension leading to posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; the possibility of septic embolism in the event of a bacterial infection; the possibility of cardiomyopathy and a concomitant decrease in the left ventricular ejection fraction.

Introduction: COVID-19 is the current global coronavirus pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The first reports of the disease outbreaks appeared in China on December 31, 2019 and the first clinical manifestations occurred earlier on December 8, 2019. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern. On March 11 it was declared a pandemic. Common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, and anosmia (loss of smell).Complications can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia. The incubation period is usually around five days, but can range from two to fourteen days.
Aim of the research isto study of clinical and diagnostic criteria for neurological disorders and changes of laboratory parameters in patients with COVID-19.
Material and methods: We examined 31 patients who had undergone COVID-19 and were hospitalized at the private clinic "Neuromed-Service" named after academician N.M. Madjidov. There were 19 males and 14 females. The age of the patients varied from 18 to 75 years (the mean age made up 41 years).
Results: Patients with inflammatory diseases of the peripheral nervous system (neuropathy, facial nerve, trigeminal neuralgia), considering an increase of C-reactive protein were performed anti-inflammatory therapy with NSAIDs and steroids (Dexamethasone intramuscularly). In patients with convulsive syndrome EEG was monitored using the "Neuron - range 2" (Russia). Diffusechangesinthebioelectricalactivityofthecerebralcortexwererevealedinthestudiedpatients.Epiactivityinthefronto-parietalregionofthebrain (against the background of taking anticonvulsants)was also recorded. The dose of anticonvulsants was increased for these patients and decongestants were prescribed. An increase in fibrinogen was also noted in the blood of these patients. Conclusion: Thereby, in patients after suffering COVID-19, the blood tests showed an increase of fibrinogen by more than 2 times and an increase of C-reactive protein. All this testifies the fact that in these patients after treatment, at the alleged improvement of their condition, the blood continued the process of thrombosis strengthening and inflammation persisted in tissues and organs. In patients who prematurely stopped taking antiplatelet agents and anti-inflammatory drugs after illness, neurological and other complications were developed

The role of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of pneumonia andsepsis has been investigated for past decades. This reviewaimsto translatethese findings into patients with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19). It has indicatedthat patients with pneumonia and sepsis have low vitamin C status and elevated oxidative stress.Additional oral or intravenous (IV) vitamin C administered patients with pneumonia can mitigate the severity and course ofthe disease. Severely ill patients with sepsis need for intravenous administration of amounts counted in grams ofthe vitamin to achieve adequate plasma levels, an intervention that some studies suggest reduces mortality.The vitamin has physiological functions like pleiotropic, many of which are closely connected to COVID-19.These are its antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antithrombotic and immunomodulatory functions.Previous observational studies found out low vitamin C status in critically ill patients with COVID-19.A number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conductedworldwideevaluate intravenous vitamin C as monotherapy in patients with COVID-19. Optimization of the intervention protocolsin future trials, e.g., earlier and continuously administration, is justified to potentially improve itsefficacy. In order to the excellent safety profile, low cost, and potential for rapid enlargement of production,administration of vitamin C to patients, especially with hypovitaminosis C and severe respiratory infections,e.g., COVID-19, appears warranted. In addition, there are few new ways of concurrent using vitamin C and other manipulations or medications.

The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome corona virus 2 (SARSCoV-2), first detected in Wuhan, Hubei province of China,
has emerged rapidly as a health crisis that has challenged health systems and health
professionals all over the world. Transmission occurs primarily through droplet spread or
contact routes. Due to these characteristics dental staff and dental practitioners are
considered to be at the highest risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection because of their
prolonged face to face exposure to patients and exposure to respiratory secretions and
aerosols produced during procedures like ultrasonic scaling and cavity/access preparation
using a high-speed air rotor with water jet cooling systems. Antiseptic mouthwashes have
been widely used as a standard measure before routine dental treatment, especially
preoperatively. They have an essential role in reducing the number of microorganisms in
the oral cavity. Hence, present review of literature provides details on role of mouthwash in
prevention of Covid-19 transmission.

The pandemic COVID-19, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to create havoc all over the world having caused more than 40 million cases and more than 11,32.528 deaths worldwide as of October 21, 2020. The treatment of COVID-19 is proving to be a challenge to the medical fraternity worldwide with no specific drug therapy or vaccine available in sight. The use of Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy, a form of passive immunization, in the treatment of COVID-19 has been gaining ground all over the world including India as convalescent plasma therapy has been used previously in virus infections like MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, H1N1 and other viral infection with some success, when the situation was similar as in any infectious outbreak situations. This review looks at CP therapy as a possible treatment option for COVID-19 in terms of: type of antibodies in the convalescent plasma, mechanism of action, possible adverse effects, current approval status and its limitations in the management of COVID-19.

From December 2019 until December 11, 2020, SARS-Cov-2 has cause 1,576,516 deaths to start in Wuhan, China, to 220 countries worldwide. In most people who have good immunity, the disease’s symptoms disease is mild. However, in people with comorbidities and older people, it can develop into pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and many organ disorders. This review aims to reveal the herbal plants that potentials are dealing with and complementary therapy because no specific drug exists for the Covid -19. Based on kinds of literature showed that some herbs that have antiviral activity are the potential to be anti-SARS-Cov-2 diseases (Covid-19), especially curcumin that exists in 6,34% of traditional medicine formulas in Indonesia. Herbal products Stimuno® (Phyllantus niruri herb extract), New Divens®(Phyllantus niruri herb extract, Nigella sativa cement extract), Vipalbumin Plus® (Ophiocephalus striatus extract), and Lianhua Qingwen®(a combination of 13 herbs) that clinically proven to Helps improve the immune system. The National Agency of Drug and Food Control (NA-DFC) recently assisting 13 herbal drug research studies for covid-19 agents as an acceleration process to obtain distribution permits. This is way herbal medicine can be a complementary preventive and adjuvant therapy for COVID-19. However, this hypothesis requires experimental validation on the infection model of SARS-Cov-2 and COVID-19 patients. Many research further still need to find a specific cure for the disease by herbs, vaccines, or antivirals. Even though the number of Covid patients continues to increase in Indonesia and worldwide, but we always have any hope.

Estimates have suggested that up to 12% of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 have required invasive mechanical ventilation, with the majority developing acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS). Corticosteroids are the most potent anti-inflammatory drugs. The therapeutic mechanism of corticosteroids might base on attenuating the action of many cytokines that participated in the inflammatory reaction associating severe CAP However, the clinical and efficacy of dexamethasone in COVID-19 patients are currently unclear, so research is needed to know the effectiveness of dexamethasone therapy in patients with COVID-19. This research uses a structured analysis focused on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyzes (PRISMA) in order to classify all existing literature with appropriate keywords. The database using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews & Meta Analyses) for instruments and used flowcharts based on the 2009 PRISMA checklist and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, we found that dexamethasone resulted in a significant increase in the number of ventilator-free days (days alive and free of mechanical ventilation) over 28 days in patients with COVID-19 and moderate or severe ARDS.

The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus which causes the COVID-19 disease, is mainly transmitted through contact with infected persons according to WHO. Breathing, as well as coughing and sneezing releases tiny infectious droplets into the air which potentially contaminate surrounding surfaces and of course the air in the immediate surrounding. These droplets, so called aerosols, can be of varying sizes, from 1 to over 10 μm (micron or micrometre, 1 micron equates to 0.001 mm). It is assumed by experts that viruses do not fly occasionally in the air but are always enclosed in droplets or attached to other particulate matter. This raises the question in which way ventilation and air-conditioning systems play a role in the transmission or containment of epidemic diseases like COVID-19. Maintaining a healthy indoor air quality thus becomes a general, basic – yet extremely important – necessity. While this is true at all times, it’s imperative in times of a wider health crisis to avoid not only the direct spread of a virus, but to support peoples immune systems to withstand more serious impacts by an aggressive disease and thus reducing pressure on a healthcare system fighting against overload.

In December 2019, an outbreak due to extreme acute Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cow-2) respiratory syndrome was first identified in Wuhan, China. The 2019 global coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020 culminated in an extraordinarily strong risk for spreading. No medications in large-scale trials have been validated with substantial effectiveness of clinical care for COVID-19 patients considering the declining pattern of COVID-19. Remdesivir is deemed the most promising antiviral agent; it acts by inhibiting RNA-dependent polymerase RNA function (RdRp). No medications in large-scale trials have been validated with substantial effectiveness of clinical care for COVID-19 patients considering the declining pattern of COVID-19. Remdesivir is deemed the most promising antiviral agent; it acts by inhibiting RNA-dependent polymerase RNA function (RdRp). No medications in large-scale trials have been validated with substantial effectiveness of clinical care for COVID-19 patients considering the declining pattern of COVID-19. Remdesivir is deemed the most promising antiviral agent; it acts by inhibiting RNA-dependent polymerase RNA function (RdRp).

The coronavirus (CoV-19) is exceedingly virulent and disease-causing infection produced by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome which is developed in China (Wuhan) and then expended globally. In the evolutionary examination declared that SARS CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are phylogenetically similar to each other while both were belonging to same family, same entry receptor ACE2 and both have common reservoir for viral infection and rapidly spread by the physical contact of suspected person to healthy person. The no. of cases of infected persons increased globally yet not controlled but still there clinically affirmed antiviral medicines have been check out against coronavirus disease. The structural examination of spike proteins and ACE2 receptors further subgroups properly explains the protocol of viral transmission a) alpha, b) beta, c) gamma, d) delta. International committee on taxonomy of viruses (ICTV) named novel virulent infection as SARS-CoV2 as virus and covid-19 as disease. SARS-CoV2 infected patients are of two types asymptomatic and symptomatic, both were capable to transfer the virus from infected individual to healthy individual and disease risk is not same for the all-age groups. We survey the comparison of SARS-CoV and SARS-COV2, Characteristics of coronavirus, molecular characteristics of SARA-CoV2, mechanism of entry, transmission and precautions. We also discussed therapeutic combination and effective drugs used to slow down or overcome with the covid-19 pandemic. At last, 80% infected patients were properly recovered from this viral infection covid-19 without any clinical consideration they recover with their own strong immunity and fight against infection.

The review gives an overview on the relation between obesity and n-CoV disease. A review has been done to understand the correlation of obesity with the n-CoV disease by retrieving a maximum of related articles from various search engines like PubMed, Google Scholar, MeSH, Core, Cochrane, bioRxiv, Semantic scholar and so on published from 2000 to 2020 (till date). Obesity is associated with SARS- CoV-2 which enhances inflammatory response in obese people compared to actual standard BMIs. Obesity is often specifically related to producing inflammation by triggering a cytokine storm in the lungs, which raises the likelihood of ARDS, thereby requiring respiratory assistance for the main issue. Obesity can hinder breathing by hampering the excursion of the diaphragm, inhibit immune responses to critical infection, it is pro-inflammatory and triggers diabetes and even oxidizing tension to worsen cardiovascular activity. This study indicates that obese people through respiratory viruses COVID19 are more likely to be hospitalized comparatively. The implementation of novel ideas on obesity control of ailments will certainly bring about a massive change. Constraining less dependence on recent literature in this area and also upgrading numerous research to increase consciousness among the general public so that they may take measures not to be vulnerable to COVID 19. The current research has shown a strong incidence of obesity in patients participating in medical treatment with SARS-CoV-2. Obesity can be hazard factored to SARS-CoV-2 severity which needs increased attention in susceptible individuals to take preventive measures

The key aim of this article is to provide a description of the structure and uses of N95 mask that is necessary to advance Personal Protective Equipment ( PPE) during this COVID19 pandemic. Examples of personal safety gear designed to shield the user from infectious debris and from fluids contaminating the skin include the N95 respirators and medical masks (skin covers). A commercially available N95 respirator needs a suit factor of one hundred within the work-place to be deemed adequate. While we did not subjectively locate the respiration function needed with the prototype masks to vary from that necessary with a standard N95 filtering face device, this mask should not be used by people with respiratory risk of any sort. Although testers wear the masks easily for an hour, at any point in strenuous work or adverse environmental environments we can not think about their usefulness. This review offers detailed knowledge and appreciation of the structure, applications of N95 masks and, in turn, the advantages of N95 masks over other forms of surgical masks. Limitation and prospective range of the research were also addressed, as this subject is necessary to advance PPE in this COVID19 pandemic. This research contributes greatly to learning about the composition and uses of N 95 masks, and also helps to educate and make the general public informed of the critical role of N 95 masks during this pandemic assault.