European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

School-going age is full of challenges when it comes to growth and puberty. Anthropometric measurements including body mass index (BMI) remain the most popular methods to assess the nutritional status of children. On the other hand, body image is a complex term and includes how we perceive, think, and act toward our bodies. This study was undertaken to determine the association between body image perception and nutritional status in students of independent schools. 
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 402 students of the middle and secondary stage (class 6-12) attending independent schools in Dehradun, India. An interview method was used to collect the data on their body image followed by a physical examination and nutritional assessment.
Results: 63.18% of students (n=254) were having normal BMI, 2.24% (n=9) were underweight, 26.62% (n=107) were overweight and 7.96% (n=32) were found to be obese. 25.62% (n=103) of students had an accurate perception of their body image when compared to their BMI. On the contrary, 74.38% (n=299) of students were observed with inaccurate perceptions of their current height and body weight. 
Conclusion:In this present study, we could conclude that the majority of the students were not aware of their current weight and height. Also, the majority had a false perception of their body image as compared to their weight/ BMI. 

Malnutrition is a multi-dimensional issue, underreported and untreated major public health problem. Elderly population is a vulnerable group who needs medical attention, the rise in inflation combined with the slowdown of the global economy likely adding more and more health concerns towards older patients. The objective of the study is to evaluate the nutritional status of elderly patients and to correlate the sociodemographic variables and chronic diseases in relation to nutritional status.

The theoretical foundation of dietary recommendations in family practice is covered in this paper. Nutrition counseling is an essential aspect of everyday practice due to the many conditions and disorders encountered in family medicine about which nutrition and diet are effective therapies. The advantages of the family doctor, including the patient-centered methodology that allows for different goals and consistency of care, which gives the family doctor multiple contacts over time to current and reinforce advice, must be linked to the success of diet-related suggestions and counseling in family practice. From this stance, family doctors should encounter their patients with guidance and counseling in "ready bits" that fit the time restrictions of routine consultations. They should also ensure that these portions are consistent throughout the years and identify particular patients' value systems and barriers to changing their eating habits. Individuals' indicated willingness to alter orientation can serve as a model for patient-centeredness. The benefits of family medicine should be highlighted in primary care nutritional recommendations. The first part looks at some of the traits of public health, family medicine, and the communities in which family medicine is practiced. This then leads to exploring several food, nutritional, and consumption goals that establish the background for family physicians' work. These schedules outline the range of nutritional advice provided by family doctors. They imply that the existing nutritional objectives are just one option among several. Ultimately, several potential actions are suggested to enhance family doctors' influence on patients' lives.

The aim of the present study was to assess knowledge and awareness about the prevalence of diabetes mellitus due to consumption of junk food among the general population.
 
INTRODUCTION:
Junk food is also known as fast food due its ease of making and consumption. It is also called HFSS , High fat, salt or sugar. It’s concise packing and attractive colours draw children's attention.
 
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A cross-sectional study in the form of a survey was conducted among the parents of the victims in particular along with the general population. Through the online platform the survey was done by distributing the questionnaire. Around 100 responses were collected, data was circulated, results were collected and statistically analysed through SPSS software.

Covid-19 has largely maintained its effect in our country as well as in the world. This has adversely affected the lives of people by staying in quarantine or curfew. It was aimed to determine the Nutritional Levels and Physical Activity Habits of Physical Education and Sports Teachers during the Covid-19 Process with this study. The model of our study was applied to determine the nutritional habits and physical activity levels of physical education and sports teachers in the Eastern Anatolia region during the COVID-19 process. The population of our research consists of physical education and sports teachers among the teachers in the Eastern Anatolia region. The sample of our study consisted of 278 randomly selected people from among physical education teachers. In our study, in order to determine the healthy lifestyles of physical education and sports teachers, a questionnaire aimed at "Examination of Nutritional Habits and Nutritional Knowledge Levels of Healthcare Professionals" through Yücel (2015) and a short form of "International Physical Activity Questionnaire" were developed by Erdoğan(2021) and adapted to the pandemic process bydeveloping "Nutritional Knowledge Level, Nutritional Habits and Physical Activity Levels in the Pandemic Process" and a questionnaire with 26 questions was applied to determine the nutritional knowledge levels, nutritional habits and physical activity levels of teachers. The data obtained in our study were transferred to the SPSS 22 package program and analyzed and the significance level was accepted as p<0.05. It was determined that 37.1% of physical education teachers had changes in their eating habits, they ate 2 meals with 56.8% of their daily main meals, Lunch with 56.1% of the meals they skipped during the day, Meal skipping reasons were caused by changes in their sleep pattern with 30.9%, 36% of them did not change the type of food they consumed at the snack, the most common type of food/beverage they consumed between meals was fruit/dry fruit with 40.6%, and 47.8% of them did not change their daily fluid consumption and as daily water consumption, 33.5% of physical education teachers consumed 1.5 liters of water. When the physical activity levels were examined, it was found that 45% of the physical education teachers did not do regular physical activity, 42.8% exercised once a week, and in physical activity, there was no change, 59% of them did their physical activities in the gym, it was also determined that  36.7% of them think their physical activities are beneficial, 37.4% were partially affected by the stay at home project, and 53.2% had increased body weight.
As a result, it is thought that there are changes in nutritional knowledge levels and physical activity levels, that it negatively affects human health during the pandemic period, and that adequate/balanced nutrition and physical activity during the COVID-19 process will positively affect people's health.

INTRODUCTION: Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome resulting from structural and functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood, which in turn leads to the cardinal clinical symptoms of dyspnea and fatigue and signs of HF, namely edema and rales^.[1] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), anemia is defined as hemoglobin (Hb) levels <12.0 g/dL in women and <13.0 g/dL in men.^[2] Anemia in HF decreases the oxygen delivery to the tissues leading to dyspnea and fatigue which worsens the quality of lives of the patients. The guidelines of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association and the European Society of Cardiology both recognize anemia as an important comorbidity in patients with HF. ^[3,4] Management recommendations focus on determining the underlying etiology and subsequent treatment, although, often no specific cause is found. In this study, we evaluated the patients of heart failure for anemia.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To study anemia in hospitalized patients of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
METHOD AND MATERIAL: This is a hospital based cross sectional study of 140 patients of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction admitted in the Department of General Medicine, NHL Medical college, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The material for this study was formed by adult patients admitted in the hospital between October 2019 to 2021 fulfilling the inclusion and the exclusion criteria.
RESULT: Out of 140 patients admitted heart with reduced ejection fraction, 58 (41.3%) had anemia with 59% being male. The mean age of patients in the anemic group was 58.5±9.95 years and iron deficiency anemia (53.44%) was the most common cause of anemia in patients of HFrEF with mean Hb being 8.42±1.62 g/dl. We found an inverse relationship between NYHA class grading and mean Hb but no correlation between EF severity and mean Hb.
CONCLUSION: Anemia is a common comorbid condition in patients with HFrEF and has been associated with poor clinical outcome. In this study, nutritional anemia is the most common cause, hence by providing adequate nutrition and awareness we can reduce the burden and can attenuate worse outcomes in patients of heart failure.

Background: Anemia is the world’s second leading cause of disability and thus one of
the most serious global public health problems. Adolescents of both sexes are
particularly vulnerable for developing anemia because of rapid growth and girls
additionally because of the onset of menstruation. The aim of this study to assess the
clinic-hematological profile of nutrition anemia among adolescents at a tertiary care
centre.
Materials& Methods: This is a hospital based observational study done on 50
adolescents attending OPD at JNUIMSRC, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India during one year
study period will be participating in this study as per the inclusion and exclusion
criteria. Anemia will be diagnosed according to the World Health Organisation (WHO)
criteria. Student t test (two tailed, independent) has been used to find the significance of
study parameters on continuous scale between two groups (Inter group analysis) on
metric parameters by using SPSS version 22.0 software.
Results: In 50 anemic adolescents studied, 34 were females, 16 were males. 50%
belongedto middle adolescence. 30% of study population belonged to lower middle
socioeconomicstatus according to modified Kuppuswamy’s classification. Anemia was
high amongvegetarian adolescent girls (55.88%). The commonest clinical presentation
was fatiguewhich was 56%. 42% adolescents had severe thinness according to WHO
classificationof body mass index (BMI). 48% had food skipping, 20.58% of adolescent
girls hadmenstrual irregularities. There was no significant difference among the
adolescent males and females pertaining to clinical eatures and laboratory values.
Conclusion: Nutritional anemia is a burden on adolescent children, as it affects the
transition of childhood to adulthood, and it influences the future health. B12 deficiency is
highly prevalent among the vegetarians. Nutritional awareness education should be
given to adolescents as they fear of gaining weight, irregular food habits, food faddism,
decreased intake of green leafy vegetables/animal proteins.

Horse gramis used as a remedy for kidney stones, bronchial asthma, bronchitis, leukoderma, urinary discharges, heart diseases and piles. Besides, it also possesses anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer interest and helps in nutritional management of obesity due to the presence of beneficial bioactive compounds.The opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) produces a variety of extensively used medicinal alkaloids like morphine, codeine, thebain and porphyroxine which might be the maximum important element of this plant. It is used as analgesic, narcotic, sedative, stimulant in addition to nutritive, and so forth. It is also beneficial in headache, cough, insomnia, cardiac asthma, and biliary colic.Sesame seeds likewise contain two exceptional substances: sesamin and sesamolin known to have a cholesterol bringing impact in people and down to forestall hypertension. Cephalin, a phospholipid from sesame seed has been accounted for to have haemostatics action.The product is made by using different methods including soaking, drying, grinding, roasting and microwave baking. Overall, 4 samples have been advanced to determine the most ideal food product thru sensory evaluation by using different individuals.Statistical tests like MAHP and TOPSIS were used to rank the samples. Sample D shows both highest ranking in TOPSIS as well as high hedonic rating, among all four samples containing 40% horse gram, 35% poppys seeds and 25% sesame seeds. The aim of the product developed is to prevent and control Calcium deficiency. Apart from this, the product is calorie dense; rich in protein, omega fatty acids and antioxidant, which are required in building immunity.

Objective :This study aimsto analyzetherelationshipbetween macro and micro nutrientsintakeandbreastfeedingduration on stuntingas well asnon-stunting toddlers. Method: Thestudywasconductedusingthequantitativedescriptivemethodwithacase controldesign. Sixty-eight(68)infant were selected after 224 candidates were screened.Stuntingwas measuredonz-score WHZandanalyzedwithWHO Anthro2005 while nutrientintakewasmeasuredbyRecallform1x24 hours,breastfeeding reports were obtained fromquestionnaire. Furthermore, bodyheight(WHZ)wasmeasuredusing microtoise whileBivariateanalysis was carried out usingChisquaretest.Results: The results showedthat thereisa relationshipbetweenstunting and
energywithp=0.000<α=0.05CI9.905(0.630- 37.911),proteinP=0.000<α=0.05CI9.905(0.630-37.911, andvitaminA,p=0.000 <α=0.05CI3.125(1,724-5,664). In addition, there wasalso acorrelationwithcalciump=0.000<α=0.05 CI6.008(2.045- 17.650),zinc=0.000<α=0.05CI8.727 (2,287- 33,303),andexclusivebreastfeedingp=0.000<α=0.05CI9.905 (0.630-37.911). Conclusion:Based on theresults(pvalue 0.000),there isa significant correlation between energy, protein, vit A, Ca, as well as zincintake and stuntingin underfivechildren.

Horse gramis used as a remedy for kidney stones, bronchial asthma, bronchitis,
leukoderma, urinary discharges, heart diseases and piles. Besides, it also possesses antidiabetic,
anti-ulcer interest and helps in nutritional management of obesity due to the
presence of beneficial bioactive compounds.The opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)
produces a variety of extensively used medicinal alkaloids like morphine, codeine, thebain
and porphyroxine which might be the maximum important element of this plant. It is used
as analgesic, narcotic, sedative, stimulant in addition to nutritive, and so forth. It is also
beneficial in headache, cough, insomnia, cardiac asthma, and biliary colic.Sesame seeds
likewise contain two exceptional substances: sesamin and sesamolin known to have a
cholesterol bringing impact in people and down to forestall hypertension. Cephalin, a
phospholipid from sesame seed has been accounted for to have haemostatics action.The
product is made by using different methods including soaking, drying, grinding, roasting and
microwave baking. Overall, 4 samples have been advanced to determine the most ideal food
product thru sensory evaluation by using different individuals.Statistical tests like MAHP
and TOPSIS were used to rank the samples. Sample D shows both highest ranking in
TOPSIS as well as high hedonic rating, among all four samples containing 40% horse gram,
35% poppys seeds and 25% sesame seeds. The aim of the product developed is to prevent
and control Calcium deficiency. Apart from this, the product is calorie dense; rich in protein,
omega fatty acids and antioxidant, which are required in building immunity.

Humans require different quantities of diet to lead a healthy and active life. Good nutrition or proper intake of diet is necessary which is in relation with the body's dietary needs. A well balanced diet plays a major role and becomes the cornerstone of good health. The type of diet consumed by the people has lost it‟s quality over the years due to the work pressure and stress experienced by the people. During a pandemic, where people are forced to stay at their homes, the food consumption changes. There is a lot of possibility of people to change their diet inorder to improve the quality of their life. A questionnaire was prepared regarding the changes in the dietary habit of the people during the lockdown vs normal period. It was circulated among the people of Tamil Nadu. The questionnaire was uploaded in google forms. Finally, the data was collected, compiled and statistically analysed.The dietary habits have changed to a significant level during this lockdown period. There is an increase in the consumption of food during the lockdown when compared to the normal lifestyle.This study reveals that the lockdown has affected the people‟s dietary habits due to multifactorial reasons

ABSTRACTCoronavirus disease ( COVID-19 ) is caused by SARS-CoV2 and is a great global public health concern. The zoonotic origin of COVID-19 is likely to be the wet animal market in Wuhan city, China. The transmission of COVID-19 can be from person-to-person and this leads to the isolation of patients. Extensive measures were taken to reduce person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 and to control the current outbreak. So it is necessary and important to know the dietary patterns which play an important role in the prevention of COVID-19. This study involves college students in the age group of 12-40 years. A well structured questionnaire was prepared comprising 15 questions covering socio-demographic information, knowledge , attitude, perceptions was framed and administered to the participants through an online google forms link. A total of 116 responses were collected out of which 42.6% were male and 57.4% were female. 80% of the total population were aware that diet patterns play an important role in COVID-19. Pearson Chi square value= 0.61, p=0.89 ( p>0.05 indicating statistically not significant. 73% of the total population were aware that an increase in immunity of our body prevents COVID-19. Pearson Chi square value=5.88, p=0.11 ( p>0.05 indicating statistically not significant). It may be concluded that most of the students are aware of the diet pattern in COVID-19. Awareness may be created to have an intake of balanced diet during the pandemic period.

Malnutrition includes both over nutrition and under nutrition. Country like Indiaharbours burden
of both types. College students are highly vulnerable to malnutrition as they seem tobe nonchalant
about their dietary habits, physical activity and general health due to academic burdenand lack of
time. With increasing importance given to physical appearance one group of students areinto diet,
consumption of dietary pills and bulimia. On the other hand another set of students areaddictedto
junk food andsedentarylife and end up in overnutrition. Our study aim is a) To estimate the
prevalence of malnutrition among medical studentsb) To assessthefactorsassociated with
malnutrition amongmedical students.Acrosssectionalstudy was done among undergraduate
medical students. Asemi-structuredquestionnairewasselfadministeredamong200studentsandalsoanthropometricexaminationwasconducted
andBMI
wascalculatedwiththe quetlet’s equation(weightinkgdivided by height in m2 ) The dietary habits
and intensity and frequency of physical activity werequestioned.Thedatawasentered in an Excel
sheet and theresults weretabulated.According to the WHO BMI scale , 13 students were
underweight , 113 were healthy ,55 were overweight and 19 were obese . Obese and Overweight
students were found to be morelethargicand had worsedietaryhabits than
thehealthystudents.Obesity and overweight is quite common among medical students .
Awarenessabout the ill effects of malnutrition has to be provided and medical students should be
encouraged totake care of their health so that they can adapt to a healthy lifestyle and also
practice the education ofhealthpromotion amongtheirpatients in future.