European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: Cirrhosis is a condition that result from chronic liver disease, and is characterized
by advanced fibrosis, scarring, and formation of regenerative nodules leading to architectural
distortion. Patients with cirrhosis are at increased risk of numerous complications that can
occur secondary to portal hypertension, abnormal liver synthetic function, or combination of
both. Portal hypertension (PH) is an increase in portal pressure beyond the threshold of 10
mmHg (clinically significant portal hypertension, CSPH) increases the risk of gastroesophageal
varices (GEVs). Gastroesophageal varices (GEV) are the most relevant porto-systemic
collaterals resulting from clinically significant portal hypertension, for which the presence of
EV is an independent predictor of mortality. Variceal bleeding is one of the most fatal
complications of portal hypertension which caused by rupture of gastric and mainly OV with a
mortality rate of 17% to 57%. Non-invasive predication of varices in cirrhotic patients is useful
as generalized screening of all cirrhotic patients by endoscopy would increase the work load of
endoscopy units.

Abstract: It is known that, against the background of the progression of chronic hepatitis,
significant changes in blood elements are occurring. The number of red blood cells, the
level of hemoglobin, the color index, the content of reticulocytes, platelets and leukocytes
in patients with chronic diffuse diseases of the liver are significantly lower than in people
without diseases of the hepatobiliary system, and blood counts decrease as the activity of
inflammation in the liver and the transformation of chronic hepatitis B increase cirrhosis
of the liver. The purpose of this work is to identify the features of the hemogram in patients
with cirrhosis of the liver.

Objective: The current study aimed to estimate the magnitude of liver hepatocellular damage in adult men suffering from advanced stages of liver infection considering various important variables (age, BMI, TSB, DSB, GOT, GPT, Na+, K+, Cl-). Background: The main cause of hepatocellular injury is viral hepatitis C. Development of this disease leads to transformation of normal liver tissue into fibroses and nodules (cirrhosis), and it is associated with numerous complications, including gastrointestinal bleeding, ascites, renal function disorder and electrolyte disturbance. Method: The sera of all participants, including 25 patients with VHC and 15 cirrhotic patients, were collected for comparison with 23 control donors (healthy men). The present study was conducted in Baaqubah General Hospital/Diyala. Serum electrolyte concentrations were measured by spectrophotometry assay. Results: significantly decreasing sodium concentration in cirrhotic patients and statistically increasing chloride concentration in patients with liver disease compared with the control (P value < 0. 05). Furthermore, a number of disorders that effect of the liver enzymes levels, Conclusion: The essential decrease in sodium (Na+) concentration was observed in cirrhotic men caused by reduction in renal perfusion. This result is in contrast to that of serum chloride, which increased in patients with liver diseases.

Hepatitis C is a disease caused by enveloped, RNA virus belongs to Flaviviridae family. It causes inflammation of the liver that lead to liver cirrhosis and finally hepatocellular carcinoma. Its genome consists of open reading frame (ORF) codes for structural and non-structural proteins. The ORF have 5´ and 3´ UTR regions. Hepatitis C virus is cause of post transfusion hepatitis. Symptoms of HCV include fatigue, dark urine, belly pain, joint pain, itchy skin, sore muscles and jaundice. It is a blood-borne transmitted agent. Use of unsafe therapeutic injections also leads to HCV infection. Diagnosis of HCV infection can be done by various methods like Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) and Recombinant Immunoblot Assay (RIBA). The aim of this study is to estimate seroprevalence of Hepatitis-C in both sexes and different age groups in hospital based general population. And to study the trends of HCV infections in a tertiary hospital located at Northern India.
A prospective study was conducted for four months (January-April) at Tertiary Hospital in Northern India. Total numbers of 1643 blood samples were screened for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies in patient’s serum. Samples were tested by HCV TRI-DOT rapid test. Positive samples were retested by SD BIOLINE HCV rapid test and confirmed by ELISA.Out of 1643, 102 (6.2%) samples were HCV positive. Among seropositive samples, 48 were males (2.9%) and 54 were females (3.2%). HCV seropositivity was shown by 40 IPD patients (2.4%), 52 OPD patients (3.1%) and 10 ICU patients (0.6%). Among departments, patients from Recovery showed (0.6%), General ward (1.0%), Private room (0.2%), Neurology lab (0.1%) and Emergency (0.3%) showed HCV seropositivity. On analyzing age-wise seropositivity, it was found that maximum seropositivity was seen in 30-40 years (2.9%) followed by >55 years (1.4%), 40-55 years (1.2%) and<30 years (0.5%). Analysis of patients on the basis of risk factors showed that 17 had history of surgical operation (1.0%), 18 had history of blood transfusion (1.0%), 6 had history of dental procedure (0.3%), 25 showed history of injecting drug use (1.5%), 21 used contaminated syringes (1.2%) and 15 patients was under haemodialysis (0.9%). Professional health worker should protect themselves while handling infected blood. Counselling and testing should be done for those who are at risk for infection.