European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a highly contagious viral illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 and had a catastrophic effect on the world’s demographics. HRCT, a highly sensitive and time-effective imaging modality, is a better alternative to RT-PCR as it can detect the subtle changes in lung parenchyma that were otherwise difficult to assess on conventional chest imaging.
Aim - To evaluate the spectrum of HRCT patterns and to assess the CT severity score in COVID-19-positive patients.
Materials and Methods – A prospective observational study was conducted comprising 2000 cases of COVID-19-positive patients who presented to our institution for an HRCT scan between March 2021 and February 2022. The clinical and radiological data were studied and analysed.
Results- The majority of the patients, 25.5%, were 40-49 years old. In our study, peripheral pattern, bilateral and predominantly right-side distribution on HRCT chest was most common. Ground glass opacities were the most common typical finding on HRCT Chest seen in almost 1612(90.11%) of patients, followed by consolidation in 1100(61.5%) patients, interlobular septal thickening in 1009(56.4%) patients, crazy-paving in 682 (38.11%), halo sign in 216(12.1%), reverse-halo sign in 236(13.2%). Among atypical findings, lymphadenopathy was seen in 116(6.5%) patients, followed by pleural effusion in 75 patients (4.2%).
Conclusion – HRCT findings such as ground glass opacities, consolidation, interlobular septal-thickening etc., are found commonly. These imaging patterns help understand the pathophysiology and natural history of infection and the CT severity score in categorising the patient in mild, moderate and severe disease.

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a highly contagious viral illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 and had a catastrophic effect on the world’s demographics. HRCT, a highly sensitive and time-effective imaging modality, is a better alternative to RT-PCR as it can detect the subtle changes in lung parenchyma that were otherwise difficult to assess on conventional chest imaging.
Aim - To evaluate the spectrum of HRCT patterns and to assess the CT severity score in COVID-19-positive patients.
Materials and Methods – A prospective observational study was conducted comprising 2000 cases of COVID-19-positive patients who presented to our institution for an HRCT scan between March 2021 and February 2022. The clinical and radiological data were studied and analysed.
Results- The majority of the patients, 25.5%, were 40-49 years old. In our study, peripheral pattern, bilateral and predominantly right-side distribution on HRCT chest was most common. Ground glass opacities were the most common typical finding on HRCT Chest seen in almost 1612(90.11%) of patients, followed by consolidation in 1100(61.5%) patients, interlobular septal thickening in 1009(56.4%) patients, crazy-paving in 682 (38.11%), halo sign in 216(12.1%), reverse-halo sign in 236(13.2%). Among atypical findings, lymphadenopathy was seen in 116(6.5%) patients, followed by pleural effusion in 75 patients (4.2%).
Conclusion – HRCT findings such as ground glass opacities, consolidation, interlobular septal-thickening etc., are found commonly. These imaging patterns help understand the pathophysiology and natural history of infection and the CT severity score in categorising the patient in mild, moderate and severe disease.

Radiographic examinations are one of the primary diagnostic tools used in dentistry to determine disease states and formulate appropriate treatment.Digital imaging, plain and computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and other techniques such as cone beam CT are now part of the armamentarium in this specialty. Improvement in the understanding of disease states have also been the result of efforts by this specialty.

Background: The incidence of renal masses has risen significantly over the past years with the increasing use of radiological imaging modalities. For various treatment modalities of renal masses correct preoperative evaluation of renal tumors is very important. Present study was aimed to study of computed tomography (CT) in assessment in characterization of renal masses at a tertiary hospital. Material and Methods: Present study was single-center, prospective, observational study, conducted patients of either gender, with diagnosed renal masses on ultrasound, underwent biopsy/surgery & histopathological diagnosis was available. Multi detector computed tomography was performed using 16 slice MDCT scanner. Results: 38 patients of renal mass were studied, majority patients were from 51-60 years (23.68%), 61-70 years age group (28.95%), were male (65.79%) & left sided (52.63%). Mean age was 55.9 ± 11.2 years. Common complaints were pain in abdomen (60.53%), Hematuria (28.95%), Mass per abdomen (23.68%) & nonspecific complaints (63.16%). In present study, Renal Cell Carcinoma (39.47 %), Renal abscess (15.79 %), Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGPN) (7.89 %), Multi-locular cystic nephroma (MLCN) (7.89 %), Bosniak type Cyst (7.89 %) & Lymphoma (5.26 %) were common CT diagnosis. 36 CT diagnosis were correlating with histopathology report, 2 CT diagnosis were not correlating to histopathology diagnosis as Bosniak type cyst was a case of renal cell carcinoma & renal cell carcinoma was a case of renal metastasis of unknown primary. Conclusion: Computed Tomography is the imaging modality of choice for further evaluation and characterization & enables excellent detection of renal masses and differentiation between cystic, complex cystic and solid masses.

In recent era, myofascial blocks are proving to be efficacious in relieving chronic pain conditions and post-operative pain relief. Ultrasonography, computed tomography, land mark techniques are being used for the same. The advantages of these techniques are that they are easy to perform with good analgesic effect and relatively safe

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a syndrome found in the elderly, which is characterized by the clinical triad of gait disturbance, dementia, and urinary incontinence without overt signs and symptoms of elevated intracranial pressure. NPH has been estimated to account for upto10% of cases of dementia and is significant because it is treatable by ventriculoperitoneal shunting. NPH can be idiopathic or can be secondary. The secondary causes are: traumatic brain injury, meningitis, subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) or intracranial surgery. Patients with Idiopathic NPH respond better to treatment than secondary
Materials and Methods: It is a prospective cross-sectional study. Inpatients and outpatients of age group more than 40 years of age, of both gender (males and females) diagnosed with normal pressure hydrocephalus as per consensus criteria were referred to Department of Radiodiagnosis from the department of. The patients underwent Magnetic resonance imaging/computed tomography study of brain.
Results: A total 40 patients were included in this study according to consensus criteria. Computed tomography (CT) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) show ventricular enlargement disproportionate to cerebral atrophy, with associated ballooning of frontal horns, periventricular hyperintensities, thinning and elevation of the corpus callosum and widening of temporal horns without evidence of hippocampal atrophy in NPH.
Conclusion: Although diagnosis can be made based on CT findings alone, MRI is more accurate for disclosing associated pathologies (such as cerebrovascular disease) and for detecting NPH typical signs of prognostic value, besides avoiding exposure to ionizing radiation. MRI is the best modality to image anatomical changes and can further support the diagnosis with CSF flow studies.
 

Liver volumetric analysis has become a significant means in medical practice. Volume of the liver is mainly calculated by organ segmentation of Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) images. The purpose of this article is to deliver an open summary of liver division for radiotherapists and additional health care experts. By means of MRI and CT images, this article surveys signals for liver segmentation. This paper also deals with the technical methods used in computer program for segmentation along with the evolving part of liver segmenting in medical procedures. Liver division for volume evaluation is specified before a major hepatectomy, portal vein embolization, Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy(ALPPS) and transplantation. Segmentation software can be classified into manual, semi-automated and fully automated based on the quantity of operator input. Segmentation done manually is measured as the goldenbenchmark in medical procedure and study, but is tiresome and takes a lot of time. Although highly automated methods for segmentation are reliable, they may have some segmentation drawbacks. New methods for segmentation comprise combination of operation arrangement and MRI-dependent biomarkers. Liver division is widely used in medical operations and has a wide range of developing opportunities. Medical officials can have better results in their medical practice for volumetric measurements by using semi-automatic or fully automatic segmentation methods. Depending on the techniques used with CT and MRI images accuracy of 90-92%, 91-96%, 95-98% are observed in manual, semi-automated and fully automated segmentation respectively.

This study was carried out to know the frequency of occurrence of common anatomic variants in computed tomography of paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. Non contrast Computed tomography (CT) of paranasal sinuses of 50 patients referred to Department Of Radiology, were retrospectively studied. The Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) scans were evaluated for various anatomical variants of paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. The frequency of occurrence was calculated in percentage. We found out that deviated nasal septum (DNS) was the most common variant in this study, seen in 86% of cases, followed by Agger nasi cells which was seen in 56% and the third most common was supra-orbital ethmoidal cells seen in 42% of the study population. All the cases included in the study, had minimum of one variant. Most of the study population showed multiple anatomical variations of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity.

Backgroundandobjectives: Bowel obstruction remains one of the most common intra-abdominal problemsfaced by general surgeons in their practice, whether caused by hernia, neoplasm,adhesions or related to biochemical disturbances. Intestinal obstruction of either thesmall or large bowel continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Toidentify and analyse the clinical presentation, management and outcome of patientswithacutemechanical,obstructionalongwiththeetiologyofobstruction,theincidence and causes of bowel ischaemia, necrosis and perforation. The objectives areto studythe:
*variousmodesofpresentation,variouscauses,importanceofearlyrecognition, diagnosis and management.
*Influenceofvariousfactorslikeage,sex,dietandsocio-economicstatusinthepathogenesis of acuteintestinal obstruction.
*Morbidityand mortalityrates in acute intestinal obstruction.
Methods: Thematerialsfortheclinicalstudyofintestinalobstructionwerecollectedfromcasesadmittedtovarioussurgicalwards.Fiftycasesofintestinalobstructionhavebeenstudied. Patients belonged to the age groups ranging from 12 years to 85years,paediatricagegroupisexcludedfromthisstudy.Thecriteriaforselectionofcaseswasbasedonclinicalhistory,physicalfindings,radiologicalandhaematologicalinvestigations.
Conclusion: Acute intestinal obstruction remains an important surgical emergency in the Field ofsurgery. Success in the treatment of acute intestinal obstruction depends largely uponearlydiagnosis,skillfulmanagementandtreatingthepathologicaleffectsoftheobstructionjustasmuchasthecauseitself.ErectabdomenX-rayisvaluableinvestigation in the diagnosis of acute intestinal obstruction. Postoperative adhesionsare the common cause of intestinal obstruction. Clinical radiological and operativefindingsputtogethercandiagnosetheintestinalobstruction.Mortalityisstillsignificantlyhigh in acuteintestinal obstruction

Aim: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of computed tomography in the evaluation of paranasal sinus pathologies.
Methods: The Cross-Sectional Study was conducted at Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College and Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune from August 2020 to September 2022. 50 patients were included in the present study.
Results: Highest number of patients was males in his study accounting for 30 (60 %). In this study, majority of patients (20%) were in the range of 21-30 years followed by 9% patients in the range of 51-60 years. The youngest patient was 9 years old, while the eldest was 78 years old. 27 patients (54%) had midline nasal septum. 23 patients (46%) had deviated nasal septum with right side deviation seen in 12 patients (24%) and left side deviation seen in 11 patients (22%). Concha bullosa was seen in 11 patients (22%) with 5 patients having bilateral concha bullosa and 6 patients having unilateral concha bullosa. Osteomeatal unit obstruction was seen in 33 patients (66%). Most involved sinus in this study was anterior ethmoid sinus (86%), followed by maxillary sinus (84%), posterior ethmoid sinus (84%), sphenoid sinus (54%) and frontal sinus (50%).
Conclusion: As a conclusion, CT of paranasal sinuses has enhanced the ability to visualize the anatomical structures of the sinuses and increased the accuracy of diagnosing paranasal sinus diseases. A credible pre-operative road map is provided by the accurate delineation of disease and microanatomy by CT scan

Introduction: Computed tomography is in clinical practice of utmost important for differentiating stroke from other diseases, which may mimic stroke, it also distinguishes one type of stroke from other.The purpose of this study is to document the presence or absence of hemorrhage or infarcts, to find the location and reasonably assess the blood vessels involved and to spot the incidence of negative cases of clinically suspected stroke.
Materials and Methods: Detailed clinical history was taken in patients admittedinourhospital as per the Proforma. All patients referred for CT evaluation were scanned by using GE Hi speed dual slice spiral CT scanner and Toshiba helical CT scanner machine with the following specifications: 80 milliamperage, 120 kilovoltage, tilting angle ±22^o, matrix size of 512×512. Scans are taken parallel to the floor of the anterior fossa, the lowest section through the external auditory meatus and continuing to the top of the head. The gantry is angled towards the feet. Slice thickness of 4mm was used for scanning posterior fossa, 7mm for remainder of the head and wherever necessary still thinner sections weretaken.
Results: 75 cases were turned out to be intracerebral haemorrhage, which accounts for 26.7%.10 cases of CVT and the percentage calculation was 3.5%. Tumors deterred in 10 cases out of 280 cases of suspected CVA, which accounts for 3.5% of the total study and SDH cases were also 3.5%. 7.1 % cases were found normal in evaluation.
Conclusion: CT scanning is very useful and life caring technique for diagnosis of acute stroke as the rational management of stroke.

Detection of stones in the kidney through imaging is a predominant screening method and the foremost step in choosing the ideal treatment for kidney stone disease. The best first imaging modalities to employ to assess patients with suspected obstructive urolithiasis vary according to the recommendations offered by the American Urological Association (AUA), European Association of Urology (EAU) and American College of Radiology (ACR); the best definitive diagnosis is regularly made with non-contrast Computed Tomography of the abdomen and pelvis, however, doing so exposes individuals to ionizing radiation. Ultrasonography-derived compounds have less radiation than C.T. but have poorer specificity and accuracy. However, randomized controlled experiments comparing these imaging modalities revealed comparable diagnostic accuracy in the emergency unit. Each modality has benefits and drawbacks. Plain radiography of the kidney, ureter and bladder (KUB) is less beneficial in acute stones and perhaps most useful in assessing interval stone development in patients with established stone disease. Although MRI offers the prospect of 3D imaging without radioactive contamination, it is expensive, and at the moment, it is challenging to see stones. Future advancements are anticipated to improve all the imaging modalities for the diagnosis and management of stones in the kidney. Clinicians may benefit from a suggested approach for detecting patients with stone former in consideration of the recommended practices and a random control study.

The infection of the covid-19 fears the world population. As prevention strategies have not been developed, existing clinical approaches are only applicable to treat covid-19-positive individuals. Identifying the severity of the patient's illness is crucial for reducing the covid-19-related mortality rate. It is the pathology reports that are used as the foundation for determining the severity of the disease by the clinical specialists. However, a clinician's skill in making a diagnosis has a significant impact on how correct that diagnosis turns out to be. This manuscript described a supervised learning technique for performing computer-assisted covid-19 mortality scope using the pathology reports of the target patient. The experimental examination of the value of the suggested approach for anticipating mortality scope with few false alarms.

Background: Tuberculosis is one of the world’s potentially life-threatening communicable diseases. The disease burden is more in developing countries. Pulmonary tuberculosis can lead to several serious complications. Unilateral lung destruction and complete destruction of a major part of lung or entire lung is common, and it results from parenchymal and airway involvement. Chest radiographs & computed tomography of chest is the mainstay in the detection of the destroyed lung.
Objective: To describe the radiographic and computed tomographic findings in patients with tuberculous unilateral lung destruction.
Martial and Methods: In this report, we present a review of 50 patients withUTLD secondary to TB. Case records of the patients were retrospectively evaluated for clinical data and treatment history.Retrospective review of the images was performed by two radiologists and relevant findings were studied.  Important findings were noted.
Results: A total of 50 patients with unilateral complete lung destruction were evaluated. Age ranged from 25 to 68 years. Chest radiograph showed a small opacified hemithorax with mediastinal shift, crowding of ribs. Computed tomography showed loss of lung volume with fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and cavities. Left lung destruction was predominant (41/50, 82%). 22(44%) patients had fibrosis or cavities in contralateral lung. 16 (32%) patients had features of active disease in contralateral lung. 3(6%) patients had aspergilloma in the affected lung.
Conclusion: Males are more commonly affected. Left lung is more commonly involved compared to the right. Characteristic radiological findings are unilateral volume loss, reduced size of the ipsilateral pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins and hyperinflation and herniation of contralateral lung.

Aim: The purpose of the present research was to evaluate the co-relation of RTPCR and HRCT chest findings in COVID-19 patients in tertiary care centre.
Methodology: In our study, COVID-19 patients with positive RT-PCR results (RT-PCR (+) group) and patients with clinical suspicion of COVID-19 but negative RT-PCR results (RT-PCR (−) group) were compared in terms of CT findings. In CT images, ground-glass opacity and ground-glass opacity + patchy consolidation were the most common lesion patterns in both groups.
Results: No statistically significant differences in the rates and types of lesion patterns were observed between the two groups. In both groups, lesion distributions and distribution patterns were similarly frequent in the bilateral, peripheral, and lower lobe distributions. Among the 39 patients who underwent follow-up CT imaging in the first or second month, a regression in lesion number and density was detected in 18 patients from both groups.
Conclusion: Due to the false-negative rate of RT-PCR tests caused by various reasons, clinically suspected COVID19 patients with a contact history should be examined with CT scans, even if RT-PCR tests are negative. If the CT findings are positive, these patients should not be removed from isolation.

Background: A palpable neck mass is a commonly encountered clinical problem. They vary in etiology, pathology, and prognosis due to the complicated anatomy and physiology. This study was done to detect the effectiveness of high-resolution ultrasonography and computed tomography imaging in detecting neck masses.
Aim and Objectives:
1. To assess the utility of High-Resolution Ultrasonography and Computed Tomography imaging in the evaluation of neck masses.
2. To study mass lesions under the following headings- Location, Size and extent of the mass, relation to surrounding structures, internal mass characteristics that are benign or malignant.
Material and methods: The hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Radio diagnosis & Imaging, Muzaffarnagar Medical College, U.P. for eighteen months, with twelve months for data collection and six months for data analysis. A total of 40 patients of varied age groups presenting with a clinically palpable neck mass who underwent both USG and CT were studied.
Results: The maximum number of patients was 41-50 years old (28%), followed by 21-30 years (12.5%). Of the total cases (40), non-nodal masses were 22 (55%), and nodal masses were 18 (45%). The most common pathology in the present study was lymph nodal mass of aerodigestive malignancies, noted in 13 cases (32.5%), and followed by thyroid mass, noted in 12 cases (30%).
Conclusion: High-resolution sonography is valuable modality for the diagnostic evaluation of neck masses in every age group. It is a simple, non-invasive, and inexpensive diagnostic tool. It provides accurate and reproducible results. It can be used as a first-line modality for evaluating cervical soft tissue masses in many clinical conditions, especially in young and pediatric populations. CT ensures accurate anatomical localization and lesion characterization in benign lesions. It is helpful in staging malignant tumours and provides essential information about the tumour extent that directly affects the surgical approach necessary for curative resection.

Background: Paranasal sinuses fill in as a host to a wide range of illnesses and conditions from provocative to neoplasms, both benign and malignant. The use of СT with рrорer knоwledge аnd соgnizаnсe оf sinus аnаtоmy аnd rаdiоlоgiсаl lаndmаrks, аlоng with сliniсаl cоrrelаtiоn аids in diаgnоsing раrаnаsаl sinus раthоlоgies ассurаtely.
Aim and Objectives:
1) Evаluаtiоn оf раrаnаsаl sinus раthоlоgies аnd their аnаtоmiсаl extensiоn аnd bоny invоlvement using multideteсtоr соmрuted tоmоgrарhy.
2) Соrrelаtiоn оf the findings оf multideteсtоr соmрuted tоmоgrарhy with сliniсаl diаgnоsis.
Material and Methods: The hоsрitаl bаsed рrоsрeсtive оbservаtiоnаl study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis & Imaging, Muzaffarnagar Medical College, U.P, for eighteen months with twelve months for data collection and 6 months for data analysis. Total 40 patients of varied age groups presenting with symptoms and signs of paranasal sinus diseases underwent CT using Siemens Sоmаtоm Sсорe 16 sliсe СT mасhine as per standard protocol. Images were acquired in the axial and coronal plane with reformation in sagittal plane.
Results: Maximum numbers of patients were in age group of 21 to 30 (35%) with male to female ratio of 1.2:1. Most соmmоn sinus invоlved wаs right mаxillаry sinus (70%). Most common chief complaint was nasal obstruction (97.5%) and nasal discharge (90%) with maximum number cases of sinusitis (22%).
Conclusion: To conclude, Multidetector Computed Tomography of the paranasal sinuses has improved the visualization of paranasal sinus anatomy along with its variants and has allowed efficient diagnosis of paranasal sinus lesions. Precise description of the disease and related microanatomy detected by CT scan provides a reliable pre-operative road map.

Immediate and instantaneous death following cranial trauma occurs due to unpreventable primary brain injuries. However, death occurring within 24hrs of craniocerebral trauma can be averted by timely institution of diagnostic and therapeutic measures that could prevent secondary brain insults. A complete clinical history of the patients was noted on proforma, which included, age sex, type of injury, principal presenting complaints. The type of trauma was further classified into Road traffic accidents, fall, Assaults, industrial accidents and miscellaneous. Follow up of Patients during their hospital stay was performed. According to the study, commonest type of fractures associated with head injury were linear fractures accounting for 67(72.04%), followed by depressed fractures 18(19.35%) and sku11 base fractures 8(8.61%).

Background- Variations of renal artery are common in general population and gained
importance because of the wide spread development in renal transplantation surgery. The
purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the prevalence of variations in the origin
of right and left Renal arteries at Vertebral level.
Method and materials- The data was collected by using CT Scan machine G.E 64 slice with
software Syngo angiography of 100 patients was collected. CT angiography scan was made
and thin slices (0.6 mm) axial images were obtained. The variation in the origin of renal
arteries at the level of vertebral column can be evaluate by 3-D CT angiography results were
analyzed. A correlation is considered significant when p < 0.05. Most of the possible
correlations were examined. For comparing continuous variables, the t-test was applied. All
the statistical analysis was done by SPSS software.
Result - The most frequent position of RRA origin at vertebral level L1 LP are 32 %, L1 MP
are 16%, L1UP are 8% and also L2 UP are 32%, L2 MP are 10%, L2 LP are 2% cases.
Vertebral levels of left renal arteries L1 LP are maximum in 38 % cases. Others are L2 UP in
32%, L1 MP 20%, L2 MP 6% and L1 UP & L2 LP are 2% in each cases.
Conclusion- In our study, Mostly renal arteries are arising in between upper part of L1 to the
lower part of the L2 vertebrae.

Introduction: Chemically, stones are of various types including calcium stones, uric acid
stones, struvite stones and cystine stones among others. Each pathophysiological group has a
predisposition to form certain kind of stones. Hence, knowledge of the chemical composition
of the stone that a patient forms can and does direct the management of the patient.
Objectives: To evaluate if the chemical composition of urinary stones can be predicted with
mean Hounsfield Unit (HU) value on computed tomography (CT).
Methods: This is prospective and analytical study conducted in the Department of Radiology
of a tertiary care teaching hospital in India. Patients diagnosed with urinary stones who had a
non-contrast CT done and had stone retrieved were included in the study. The predominant
chemical composition of the stone was analysed by X-ray diffraction crystallography.
Results: Fifty-one stones of four types were studied. Statistically significant (p<0.001)
differences were seen in the mean HU, maximum HU and median HU values between all the
four types. No significant difference was observed in the difference between periphery and
core HU values. Hierarchy of density among the stone types correlated with previous studies
but absolute measurements varied among different studies.
Conclusion:Mean HU of urinary stones correlates with their chemical composition. Calcium
oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate, uric acid and hydroxyapatite stones can be
differentiated on their CT attenuation parameters if a database of attenuation characteristics
for stones of known composition is built for given scanner and protocol.

Identifying the predisposing factors is therefore important in understanding the
pathophysiology of chronic rhino sinusitis. Main etiology of respiratory CRS includes
structural anatomical obstruction, recurrent upper airway infections,common allergies,
biofilm formation and less commonly mucosal ciliary dyskinesia, MPS
(mucopolysaccharidosis) and cystic fibrosis. These etiological factors which impairs the
mucociliary clearance and causes stasis of secretions which constitutes the primary
pathophysiology for the chronic rhino sinusitis. CT scan was done for these 100 cases with
THOSHIBA Multi detector 16 slice CT machine. 0.5mmhigh resolution with 1mm
reconstruction, coronal,sagittal and axial sections were reviewed. The presence of anatomical
variations and sites of involved sinuses based on CT findings were investigated. Maxillary
sinusitis was seen in 63 cases out of which, 34 cases of maxillary sinusitis were associated
with anatomical variations.Ethmoid bulla in 2 cases.Uncinate process pathologies noted in2
cases.

Paranasal sinuses are the group of air-filled spaces developed as an expansion of the nasal
cavities. These air filled cavities mostly shows the complex design and also shares relations
with the adjacentstructures.Ventilation and drainage are the two most important factors in the
maintenance of normal physiology of paranasal sinuses and their mucous membranes. During
the study period, a total of 100 cases were evaluated who were referred from Department of
ENT to the Department of radio diagnosis to evaluate the paranasal sinuses by computed
tomography. The cases in acute phase of the disease were treated conservatively with a
course of antibiotics, topical and oral decongestants and the cases referred after persistent
symptoms and signs were counselled regarding imaging of nose and PNS by CT scan,
Written informed consent was taken and data regarding the patient was collected in a case
proforma. The intersphenoid septum was left sided in majority of cases i.e. 43 (43%). It was
right sided in 38(38%) and in 43(%) of cases it was in central

Background: Adrenal glands are vital part of endocrine system but very little has been
described in literature about normalcy of the glands. CT (computerized tomography) is
a very good modality to describe the morphology of the glands. Many conditions can be
diagnosed by knowing the radiological anatomy of the glands. The objectives is to assess
the normal adrenal gland thickness in adult population and to evaluate the relationship
of thickness with age and gender.
Materials and Methods: It is a hospital based cross-sectional study for a period of 1 year
in which the adult patients who underwent CT angiogram of the upper abdomen for
clinical indications other than adrenals were included. 1000 scans were included in the
study. The maximum thickness of the body, the medial and the lateral limbs were
measured at right angles to their long axis, in both adrenal glands.
Results: The mean age of the study participants was 54 ± 7.5 years and total of 700
males and 300 females were included. Mean maximum thickness of the right adrenal
gland body, medial limb, and lateral limb were 7.16 ± 1.67mm, 4.23 ± 1.45mm and 4.45
± 1.19mm respectively. The difference in all the measurements of the right and left sides
in which, left being larger than the right was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The
differences between the measurements among males and females were statistically
significant. There was positive correlation between the patient age and all the adrenal
gland measurements.
Conclusion: We recommend the use of our data as a useful baseline reference range for
the Indian adult population, and a guide for radiologists who can use this in their
routine cross-sectional reporting practice when they encounter a doubtful “bulky” or
“diffuse smoothly enlarged” adrenal gland.

This study evaluates the effect of mis-positioning of patients in relation to the iso-centre in CT examinations on the dose received by phantoms with various diameters. Phantoms with water-equivalent diameters (Dw) ranging from 8.5 cm to 42.1 cm were scanned using a GE Optima CT scanner with exposure factors as follows: 200 mA, 120 kVp, 1.375 Pitch, 50 cm field of view (FOV), 5 mm beam collimation, and 1 s rotation time. Doses were measured using the CT dose profiler (RTI Electronics). After obtaining doses in every hole of the phantoms, weighted doses were computed. It is found that the dose decreased with an increase in the Dw. The ratio of the doses when positioned off-centre by 2 cm and 4 cm with respect to the iso-centre have p-values of 0.914 and 0.919, which shows no significant difference (p> 0.05).

Background and aims:To evaluate the advantages of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the
assessment of detailed structures of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) compared to computed
tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted in Tropical medicine department,
Zagazig university hospitals and in Internal medicine department at Kasr Al Aini Hospitals,
Cairo University, in the period between March 2018 and March 2020. The study included 72
patients with PCLs, 29 were males and 43 were females, there ages ranged from 25 to 75 years.
All cases were subjected to the following careful history taking, thorough clinical examination,
laboratory investigations (CBC, LFTs, KFTs, Coagulation profile, serum amylase, serum CA
19.9), imaging (CT and/or MRI abdomen), endoscopic ultrasound examination and EUS-FNA
biopsies using the 22G or 19G needle.
Results:Validity of abdominal CT/MRI imaging, EUS, cytopathology and EUS with
cytopathology was calculated using diagnostic performance depend on sample 2x2 contingency
tables generation. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy and their corresponding 95%
CI were calculated. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, p-value < 0.001 was
considered highly statistically significant, and p-value ≥ 0.05 was considered statistically
insignificant.

Radiology is an essential aid to the diagnosis, treatment planning and monitoring of oral diseases. Advances in imaging technology have revolutionized our ability to study image and understand pathology on a macroscopic level. Digital radiology is the next step in the evolution of radiology, its features like significant reduction in radiation exposure, the ability to digitally manipulate the captured image to produce a more diagnostic image,
reduction in time between exposure and image interpretation, and digital documentation of patient’s records make it a valuable diagnostic aid in hands of a clinician. New diagnostic modalities, like computed tomography has revolutionized dental diagnosis by multi planar reconstructions and allowing virtually any view to be selected, making three dimensional imaging possible by a few clicks on the computer. Hence; we aim to summarize some of the important aspects of role of Computed tomography in jaw lesions.

It was found that the joint presence of bone and vascular changes in the
craniovertebral region, or even one of them, can lead to a clinically significant
decrease in cerebral blood flow. One of the fairly common anomalies is the arcuate
foramen, which does not have a characteristic clinic and is disguised as other
pathologies.
Purpose.To analyze the computed tomographic characteristics of the bone
jumper of the first cervical vertebra.
Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of computed tomographic
examinations of the upper cervical spine in 479 patients using 3-dimensional (3D)
reconstruction was carried out. The patients' age ranged from 12 to 85 years. In 61 
patients, Kimmerle anomaly was diagnosed. The average age of men was 39.7 ± 6.3
years, women - 44.8 ± 6.7 years.
Results.When conducting a computed tomography of the brain of patients with
Kimmerle's anomaly, in 25 cases out of 42 - signs of vascular encephalopathy, in 11
cases signs of cerebellar atrophy and in 5 cases - single cysts. In 84% of patients with
Kimmerle's anomaly, who underwent 3D CT of the cervical spine, osteochondrosis
was noted and in 21% - spondylosis, in 74% of cases combined with degenerative
changes in the intervertebral disc. In 70% of patients with Kimmerle's anomaly, there
is a bilateral arrangement of the atlas bone jumper. With a one-sided arrangement, the
atlas bone jumper is often located on the left. The vaulted hole was located on both
sides equally often. The anteroposterior dimension of the arcuate foramen on the right
is 5.4 ± 2.32 mm, on the left - 5.9 ± 2.43 mm. Vertical dimension - 3.35 ± 1.83 mm
on the right, 3.49 ± 1.87 mm on the left. The incidence of the anomaly was 12.7%.
Conclusions.A spondylogenic factor, in the form of Kimmerle's anomaly, can
cause impaired craniovertebral circulation, given the combination with ischemic
changes in the computed tomographic picture of the posterior parts of the brain.
Additional research is needed to assess the state of the vascular bed and blood flow in
the vessels, which will provide the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular
disorders in patients with Kimmerle's anomaly.