European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Anxiety is characterized as a combination of an emotional reaction such as fear, apprehension, tension, uneasiness, and a physiological reaction such as sweating, feeling tense
symptoms that can arise out of a variety of reasons. Both patients and dentists face challenges dealing with dental anxiety. Aim of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the most relevant studies on non-pharmacological behaviour management techniques for contemporary alpha children, who undergo dental treatment. Data extraction was done according to the standard Cochrane systematic review methodology. Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched from the year 2010 to 2022, for randomized clinical trials (RCT)and observational studies. Search strategy was performed for children younger than 10 years old according to definitions set by the World Health Organisation

Introduction: Primary teeth have an important role in directing the eruption of permanent teeth. Premature loss of primary teeth can lead to unwanted tooth movement resulting in loss of space in the permanent teeth. Space maintainer (SM) is a tool-based process that plays an important role in preventive and interceptive orthodontics during the start of primary teeth or premature loss in developing teeth. Space maintainer (SM) has been used when there is premature loss of primary teeth to avoid unwanted teeth movement and loss of arch length.
Objective: To explore the use of spaca maintainers in pediatric dentistry. Methods: In the systematuc riview, the article search was performed on Pubmed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. Study published on 2013 to 2020. 60 were articles assessed, including 60 articles from the electronic databases, 0 from the manual hand search. 50 records screened, 30 records excluded, 22 full-text articles assessed for eligibility and 15 full-text articles were
included. Results: There were 15 articles about the use of spaca maintainer in pediatric dentistry. Conclusion: Based on 15 articles show that space maintainers are used in pediatric dentistry to preserve the space left by primary teeth that were extracted before the date of the teeth being removed.

Pediatric dentists commonly face with the task of giving the local anesthetic to the children who are dreaded of the procedure. There has been a focus worldwide to make any procedure as less as possible for all be it adult or child patient. There are very few studies regarding the efficacy of the cold and vibration application during the injection techniques. Along these lines, the reason for this examination was to assess the efficacy of a local anesthetic procedure without topical application when contrasted to the conventional insertion technique for alleviating pain in children receiving local anesthesia injections and also to compare the pain perception and comfort of patient between conventional and Buzzy system.

Background
Emotionally immature children are more likely to develop health problems, including dental
problems. Dental treatments require a good level of communication with the patient.
Therefore, in these patients, sedation and general anesthesia are an extremely humanistic
approach for comfortable and successful treatment. In such children, there is no standard
anesthetic approach due to varying clinical conditions. The aim of this study was to compare
general anesthesia and sedation during dental treatment of such children.
Methods
25 children with greater than 16 score on Rutters Child Behaviour Scale were treated under
general anesthesia or sedation. Demographic data, the American Society of Anesthesiologists
classification, Mallampati score, anesthesia duration, anesthesia type, anesthetic and
analgesic agents used, dental treatment performed, secondary diseases, and complications in
the perioperative period were recorded.

Background: In Pediatric Dentistry, Fear and anxiety associated with dental treatment are a well recognized factor which has a negative impact on the child’s willingness towards dental treatment. The role of a dentist in managing a child is to treat the problem with which the child report with anxiety and to modify and shape the behavior of a child towards a positive dental response.
Aim: This review article aims to discuss the development of dental anxiety, various coping strategies and whether the newer psychological approach of McGurk Effect in Attention Focused Coping Strategy can be acceptable at the reduction of dental anxiety in children in near future.
Methods: An electronic search was performed using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct, and Scopus by using keywords such as (“McGurk Effect”) AND(“Coping Strategy” OR “Coping Style” OR “Distraction”) AND (“Fear” OR “Anxiety”) AND (“Behavior” OR “Behavior management”) AND/OR (“Pediatric Dentistry” OR “dentistry”). The last search was performed in March 2020. Exclusion criteria included studies published in a language other than English and abstracts from congress.
Results: The McGurk Effect based Attention focused coping style with incongruent audiovisual stimuli can be an innovative behavioral technique in pediatric dentistry in reducing the child’s anxiety regarding dental drill.
Conclusion: It seems that the highly structured McGurk Effect based Attention focused coping style can be effective in managing the internal perceptions and emotions (e.g., anxiety, fear) that are aroused during the dental restorative procedure and can guide favorably the child’s behavior in the dental setting However, more evidence is required regarding the clinical outcome of applying this new coping strategy in behavioral pedodontics in near future

Background: Parental factors have an important role in the behavior of the child in the dental clinic. These factors include parent-child relationship, parental dental anxiety, attitudes and perceptions regarding child’s behavior in the dental clinic, past dental experiences, presence in the dental operatory during treatment. Understanding the ways in which parents influence behavior will help the dentist in behavior guidance of the child during dental treatment. Aim: To investigate the relationship of the child's behavior and parenting styles during simple dental treatment. Study design: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a private dental college. Parents of seventy seven children aged 4-12 years visiting a dental setting for restorative visits were asked to fill the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of demographic details (age, gender) and a Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) followed by Frankl behaviour rating scale. The actual behaviour of the child was also recorded during the treatment session by a silent observer. Descriptive statistics along with chi square test were done to analyze the data and to know the level of significance of determinate which was set at less than 0.05. Results: There were 29 (37.66%), 22 (28.57%) and 23 (29.87%) children who had authoritative, authoritarian and permissive parents respectively. We observed significant differences in children’s behavior, according to the parenting styles. The authoritative parents had 2 and 14 children with definitely positive and positive behavior respectively while the authoritarian and permissive parenting styles had same number of children with definitely positive and positive behavior (n=1 and 10, respectively, in each) Conclusion: The evidence supports a relationship between parenting style and children’s dental behavior. However, this association was limited to children with no dental experience. Overall, regarding children’s behavior, we found that children with authoritative parents exhibited slightly more positive behavior compared to other parenting styles.