European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

There has always been a significant disparity in the evaluation of undergraduate students by the faculty members. Each person has their own way of looking and assessing a number of different clinical procedures. Although scientifically the steps and procedures have been defined but the interpretation at an individual level may always be different.
Aim: This study was conducted with an aim to bring uniformity in the evaluation of undergraduate students by the faculty members.
Materials and Method: Seven hundred and fifty undergraduate final year students were evaluated and graded for restorative procedures over a period of three years by three faculty members. The grading was done for fifteen parameters designed for a restorative procedure including ethics and infection control protocol. A written guideline for grading of each step was formulated and grades were given based on those criteria.
Results: The results were statistically analysed using ANOVA and Bonferroni Multiple Comparisons. It was observed that there was statistically no significant difference in the evaluation by all the three examiners. The inter-examiner variability was found to be non significant. It was also observed that the performance of students had also improved over the period of the study.
Conclusion: A uniform grading system can be evolved by formulating certain guiding principles for various clinical procedures which will further help to reduce disparity between students’ evaluation by different teachers.

Objectives: Retrospective study aimed to investigate the number of direct restorations replaced and repaired, evaluate the reasons behind it, as well as compare between undergraduate and post graduate students in the dental hospital of Riyadh Elm University (REU).
Methods: Patient records were retrospectively screened from the electronic data base system (DentoPlus) of REU hospital for restorations replaced and repaired in the past year. Patients that are >18 years old, had restorations that were repaired or replaced, and proper documentation was present were included in the study. A form with the information was filled. Data was analysed using the IBM-SPSS, version 25, Armonk, NY. 
Results:A total of 78,413 documented procedures dated form March 2017 till March 2020 were viewed by the examiners.  A total of 2535 procedures (3.23%) were included in this study. Reasons for exclusion were restorations placed for the first time, procedures with improper documentation, or not approved by the instructor.
Conclusion: Even though restorative procedures are the most preformed during any given clinical day at REU, the replacement/repair of restorations represents only around 3.23% out of all included restorative cases. Recurrent caries was the most mentioned cause of restoration failure by operators. Those failed restorations were seen mostly among female patients, and it was mostly observed in class II restorations. The decision making depends mainly on operator’s knowledge, and clinical skills in managing defected restorations.

Endodontic procedure is not complete until the tooth's entire functionality has been recovered. Unrestored endodontically treated teeth are prone to fracture, which may result in tooth loss. Greater longevity of the tooth-restoration complex is favored by the preservation of as much healthy tooth structure as possible and the use of restorative materials with mechanical properties similar to dental structure. Multiple factors must be considered when determining the prognosis of endodontically treated teeth. Dentist is often in dilemma regarding selection of the post and core material in different case scenario.
Objective
The purpose of this study was to assess current opinions, applied techniques, and materials for the restoration of endodontically treated teeth (ETT) in a nationwide survey in Saudi Arabia.
Material and methods
Results
Completed responses from 148 dentists were recorded from a total sample size of 180 (response rate 82 %). In general, posts were reported to be used more frequently (51 %) for indirect restorations than for direct resto rations (21 %). Fiber posts were preferred by most dentists over metal posts and combined posts

In the article, based on the results of the physicochemical analysis of the mortar of the brick masonry of the Ismoil Samaniy and Minaret Kalyan mausoleum, it is shown that these mortars are gypsum-lime mortars with organic and mineral addition. Taking this circumstance into account, as a result of further research, modified solutions were obtained for the restoration of the aforementioned architectural monuments.

Digitalinpaintingisthetechniqueoffillinginthemissingregionsofanimageusinginformationfro
mthesurroundingareainavisuallyindistinguishableway.Inthispaper,wetrytoimprovetheExem
plarbasedmethod[2]bymanipulating the values of various parameters like patch size,shape
and size of the mask. We present an analysis of the
impactofvariousgeometricparametersonthequalityofinpaintedimages.Imagedenoisingrefers
totheremovalofunwantednoisefromtheimages.Inmostcases,theimageswhichneedto be
inpainted are noisy, which makes it necessary to
eliminatenoiseandfillinthemissingregionsfromneighboringpixels.Therefore,fillinginofmissi
ngregionsandremovalofnoisearethetwoveryimportanttopicsinimageprocessing.Thispaperals
oaddressestheissueofperformingbothinpaintinganddenoisingsimultaneouslyusingtwodiffer
entapproaches:pipelinedapproachandinterleavedapproach.Theeffectivenessof these
approaches is demonstrated with a number of results onvariousimages.

With the growing interest in conducting multi- centre and multi-modality studies on
neurological disorders, post-reconstruction PET image enhancement methods that take advantage
of available anatomical information are becoming more important. In this work, a novel method
for denoising PET images using the subject’s registered T1-weighted MR image is proposed. The
proposed method combines the non-local means approach with the twicing strategy from the image
denoising literature to restore a reconstructed PET image. Preliminary analysis shows promising
improvements in peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and contrast recovery coefficients (CRC) of the
lesions when denoising simulated images reconstructed using the MLEM algorithm.