European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

     In resource-constrained settings, primary health centers (PHCs) are critical for universal health coverage. Laboratory service is one of its important components. While PHC and its performance are focused, its laboratory service has been neglected in developing countries.
A routine checkup is a general physical evaluation and is not performed for a specific injury, illness or condition. A routine checkup in laboratory service is one of its important components are beneficial for detecting diseases in early stages when treatments are most effective. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), free-of-charge healthcare services including the analysis to be carried out in laboratories are offered to citizens.  However, studies are consistently finding that Saudi people are not taking advantage of the free routine checkups. 

The global prevalence of diabetes is increasing exponentially and expected to reach 783 million by the end of year 2045. The burden of complications of diabetes can be mitigated if the disease is diagnosed early and treated adequately. A cross-sectional pilot study from July 2021 to October 2021 on 52 participants from diverse areas of Bareilly (Northern India) was conducted. Only 38.46% of participants found to have good knowledge (knowledge score ≥ 19). Characters like ‘level of education’, ‘close relative with diabetes’, ‘income’ and ‘education in the medical field’ were having significant association with good knowledge score (p<0.05). Around 67.28% population showed positive attitude towards diabetes. Although ‘the education related to medical field’ and ‘level of education’ were found significantly associated with positive attitude (p < 0.05) and binary logistic regression showed both the variable as the predictor of positive attitude. The mean knowledge score of participants possessing positive practices in relation to ‘doing regular exercise’ was higher compared with who do not do regular exercise (p<0.001). Conclusively, the current study can be considered as a baseline for nationwide diabetes awareness programs to revamp the knowledge of population towards diabetes emphasizing the development of attitude & practices.

The aim of this study is to Study the knowledge & practices of service providers on diarrhoea, its prevention & management of diarrhoeal diseases among under 5 children. 12 Anganwadis, 6 each from urban and rural block were selected by random sampling. For the selection of beneficiaries mothers of under 5 children were selected by sequential sampling at selected study sites and through house to house interviews in areas in proximity to selected study site to achieve the required study sample.
Result: There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) between service providers for their knowledge regarding general aspects of diarrhoea and its misconceptions. The knowledge was good for HW(F)s (74), and Poor for ASHAs (47.8) and AWW’s (40.6) regarding General aspects of diarrhoea. misconceptions like no requirement of treatment for seasonal diarrhoea and diarrhoea is not a serious illness were high (57% &50%) and misconceptions were highest regarding diarrhoea in AWWs.There was a significant difference (p<0.001) between service providers for their knowledge regarding treatment during diarrhoea. The knowledge was maximum for HW(F)s , followed by ASHA and AWW. The knowledge levels for treatment were poor in AWW (27%)
Conclusion: Most common source of knowledge was private sector health providers which constituted 61%. The care seeking from private sector was higher in rural areas. Public health providers were a source of knowledge in 21 % of beneficiaries. The most common place of care seeking was private sector by 61% of beneficiaries. Government sector was utilised by 23.5 % of beneficiaries’ .utilisation of government sector was higher in urban areas. In Anganwadis, ORS-Zinc corners were functional in only 25%. According to guidelines the ORS-Zinc corners should also be established at clinics of private providers giving treatment of under 5 children It was found that no corners were established at their clinics.

Introduction Breastfeeding confers short-term and long-term benefits on both child and mother. The prevalence of suboptimal breast feeding practices is very high in developing countries. Previous studies revealed that infant mortality rates in developing countries are 5-10 times higher among children who have not been breast fed, or who have been breast fed for less than 6 months. Effective breast feeding technique (Right positioning and good attachment of baby) is the key to success of breast feeding because it facilitates milk production and milk release. Thus Present study was done to assess the breast feeding techniques & Practices.
Methodology: A cross sectional observational study was conducted in Garha region of Jabalpur city between Septembers to December 2015. Interview of 102 lactating mothers of infants aged < 6 months was conducted at their home using a predesigned and pretested questionnaire along with observation and assessment of infant’s positioning, attachment & suckling as per IMNCI guideline.

Introduction: The increase in severity of diabetes every year has been linked to patient’s lack of knowledge and practice of proper self-care. Due to its extreme importance, an annual assessment of patients' skills and knowledge has been recommended by The American Diabetes Association.
Objectives:
1. To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of diabetic patients and to study the impact on glycemic control.
2. To educate the patients about the importance of lifestyle modification in the management of diabetes.
Methods: This study was conducted at the tertiary care level center in latur city of maharashtra. All the patients suffering from type 2 DM for more than one year attending the OPD and at IPD were included in the study irrespective of their age.
Results: On analyzing the data, it is found that only 7.14% participants had knowledge about the insulin deficiency as the cause of DM. only 37.30% of people knew that it is hereditary disease. Participants knowing that DM causes delayed wound healing were 58.73%. Only 50% participants follow the diet plan. Participants examining their feet daily were just 7.14% and only one patient was carrying the diabetic ID card.
Conclusion: The results of the study state that type 2 diabetes patients are deficient of sufficient knowledge on the understanding of causes of DM, risk factors of DM, progress of the disease, complications of DM, different signs and symptoms of complications for early identification, and basic rules of foot care. Practices of eating green leafy vegetables, exercise daily and checking blood sugar regularly are followed well but simple practice of feet examination daily is not followed.

Background: Father and mother as they are regarded as the primary care providers. Father has important role in
child health such as companion, care provider, protector moral guide, teacher, bread earner. Ultimately, the
family will be responsible for shaping a child and developing their values, skills, socialization, and security.
However, there is emerging evidence on the positive outcomes for child nutrition and development of expanding
father’s involvement beyond their traditional roles. Thus, this study explored the knowledge, attitude, and
practices of father’s and mother’s involvement in child care.
Methods: A cross-sectional, community based study was carried out among 400 under five children in field
practice area of rural health training center of Dept. of Community Medicine of Govt. Medical College,
Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India during the period of Jan. 2017 to Dec. 2018. Data was entered in MS Excel
2007 worksheet and analyzed using open Epi version 3.01.
Results: Majority 133(66.50%) of father in urban area think that the father role is important in child health care.
47(23.50%) of father of under five children residing in rural area think that the child health care is the
responsibility of mother only. However 40(20%) of father in rural area think that the father role is also important
in child health care. Father primarily see themselves as providers, not caretakers, a perception widely held by the
larger community as well.
Conclusion: Quite significant proportion of fathers had knowledge about child health and practices of taking
care of child was found but proportionately higher percentage of knowledge and practices were found in
females.

Background/Objectives: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging viral respiratory disease
that has currently reached apandemic status.This study aimed to assessCOVID-19 knowledge,
attitudes, and practices among the Kurdishpopulation in Iraq.
Methods: This cross-sectional studywas conducted fromJuly 15 to September 15, 2020 among the
Kurdish population in Iraq. A total of 885 subjects were interviewed. All subjects were aged 15–75
years. Knowledgescores, attitudes, and practices of subjects were analyzed according to demographic
characteristics.
Results:The study subjects were largely male,the average age was31.79 years,and 41.92% subjects
were from Erbil province. Approximately 85.31% subjectshad enhancedknowledge regarding disease
prevention and control. The lowest subscale scores were related toclinical manifestations of the
disease. Knowledge scores were significantly associated with age, place of current residence, and
level of education.A large number of participants believed COVID-19 would be controlled and the
fight against the pandemic would be won.Subjects’ attitudes toward success differedsignificantly by
demographic characteristics, except marital status. Approximately 40.03% subjects reported that they
had not visited a crowded place, and 60.22% of these subjects wore face masks when leaving home.

Good knowledge about Covid-19 transmission and nature prevents transmission of microorganisms and reduces the incidence of Covid-19 in the community. To assess knowledge of Iraqi people about covid-19&to find the source of information about covid-19. Method: Cross-sectional study was done from 1stJune-1stJuly 2020, by electronic version of questionnaire through Google-form. Any Iraqi adult can read Arabic and use the internet media (e-mails, telegram, viber, whatsapp, Facebook) or by hand to hand as hard-copy, and accepted to answer the questionnaire through friend, friend of friend, relatives, work colleagues with A Brief message.Analysed by SPSS ver. 23, frequencies and percentages calculated. The study revealed enrolling of 700 Iraqi people from difference part of Iraq and difference were participant in it, the main age of them 230(32.9%) aged 20-29 years old, females 416(59.4%), complete secondary school388(55.4%), near 60% of them working in non-medical field, and governmental employee 364(52.0%), and there-residency in Baghdad city 457(65%), followed by holly-Karbala 8%, and bible 4%, good knowledgein prevention of Covid-19 transmission, Strength the immunity against covid-19 infection and its complication, and the Overall knowledge appear as good 691(99%) the Internet is the major source of the information about the covid-19; 568(81.1%). Conclusion: most of participants had good knowledge in prevention and strength the immunity and vaccination of covid 19, and the main source of information is the internet then TV & radio.

The term Religion and Spirituality are to be sure proportional of neither one another, however neither they are unfavourably inverse nor the equivalent. Religion and Spirituality are two untethered facts of uncanny reality. Religion is set of creeds, confidence, and ceremonies laid or established on supernaturally mediating belief systems (at any rate that is what is assumed by adherents) which gather devotees into a strict network maybe continuing a moral and good exchange with Spirituality. The term Spirituality exclusively bears no weight; in any case, it flourishes deliberately on pieces and pulsates of religion on a mundane scale. Methodologically this paper depends on non-empirical investigation, different writing have been skimmed and checked on. Accordingly an endeavour by the methods for this paper has been made to figure an investigation in the terms of Religion and Spirituality. In addition this article will assist with breaking down the sociological comprehension and will carry on to two isolated but intermingled terms Religion and Spirituality at this point.

Objective. To determine the relationship between knowledge and the practice of preventive control of cervical cancer. Methods. A correlational study was carried out with 120 housewives attending the CLAS Pillcomarca in Huánuco 2017. In the data collection a knowledge questionnaire and a practice questionnaire were used. For the inferential analysis of the results, the Chi Square Test of independence was used. Results. 50.0% (60 housewives) presented regular knowledge about cervical cancer and 90.8% (109 housewives) had preventive cervical cancer control practices. On the other hand, a significant relationship was found between the knowledge about cervical cancer and preventive control practices (p 0,000). And, the general knowledge of the disease and knowledge about the prevention of the disease relate to the preventive control practices of cervical cancer (p 0.000). Conclusions. There is a significant relationship between the knowledge about cervical cancer and the preventive control practices of cervical cancer of housewives attending the CLAS Pillcomarca - Huánuco.