European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: Drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes are the two most prominent high-risk activities that are prevalent among adolescents in this era. The prevention of unhealthy behaviours in adolescents, such as drunkenness and smoking, is one of the most difficult tasks facing nurses in the 21^st century. This is especially true when the adolescents are exposed to the habits of others around them in their environment. The adolescent years present an ideal window of opportunity to educate young people on the hazards posed by high-risk behaviours like smoking and drinking, as well as to instil in them the values and habits that will assist them avoid engaging in such dangerous pursuits in the future. The first goal is to determine whether or not the students at the selected school are aware of the negative impact that smoking and alcoholism have on one's health.

To evaluate the efficacy of health education programmes taught in schools regarding the harmful effects of smoking and drunkenness on one's body.
To determine whether or not there is a correlation between the level of the adolescent students and the sociodemographic factors that were chosen.

Background:Kallistatin is a glycoprotein found in human plasma. Kallistatin is mostly generated by the liver, with minor quantities made by the kidney, pancreas, heart, lung, and colon. In the tissue kallikrein – kinin system, kallistatin acts as a balancing agent. Kinins, kininogens, and kallikrein, kallistatin, and bradykinin receptors are all part of this system. When compensated disease sets in, kallistatin can be employed as a critical biomarker in detecting alcoholic liver disease early. In the early stages of liver disease, it is normally quiet and asymptomatic, but as it progresses to the symptomatic decompensated stage, it can cause serious consequences. The patient's prognosis is dismal, with portosystemic encephalopathy, variceael haemorrhage, and hepatocellular cancer. The  current study was done  to evaluate the use of Kallistatin  as a non-invasive marker in the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and to compare serum Kallistatin  levels in alcoholic liver disease patients and healthy controls.
Materials and Methods: This study includes sixty patients with alcoholic liver disease (divided into two groups based on compensated and decompensated features) and thirty healthy controls. Total and direct bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, albumin, and serum Kallistatin concentrations were determined using a regular automated analyzer and Kallistatin  levels were analyzed using an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. The t-test, Pearson Spearman rank correlation, Anova, and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) Curve have been used to examine the data (SPSS version 16.0 software).
Results: ThemeanserumKallistatin levelswere(25.22 ±3.62µg/mL   ),(15.2 ±3.8 µg/mL )and(13± 3.3µg/mL  ) in Control group,compensatedgroup and decompensatedgroup .A statistically significant p value (p value 0.001) was obtained. As liver damage progresses, Kallistatin  levels decrease. In alcoholic liver disease patients, serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT were increased, while albumin levels decreased, which was statistically significant. SerumKallistatin and albumin levels have a significant positive correlation (p= 0.05), while Serum Kallistatin and GGT levels have a significant negative correlation (p= 0.05). For Kallistatin , ANOVA revealed a statistically significant p value of 0.001 and a ROC with optimal cut off value of 0.922.
Conclusion: SerumKallistatin levelscanplay avitalandprotectivevariableinpreventingalcoholicliverdisease. This study leads a pathway for therapeuticinterventionto be started earlieron the basisofserumKalli statinlevels.Estimationofserum Kallistatin levelscanbeaddedinroutineinvestigationsforliverfunctiontestsin patientswithalcoholicliverdisease

The cause of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is heavy alcohol consumption. The ALD spectrum includes steato-alcohol, steatosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. Around 52% of cirrhosis-related deaths in western countries are caused by consuming alcohol. Alcoholic cirrhosis is no longer considered an irreversible condition, although there are currently no effective anti-fibrotic therapies. Specific factors influence the growth and development of alcoholic liver disease (ALDs), including the duration and volume of liquor intake. ALD reflects a variety of liver disorders from greasy alterations toward fibrosis to cirrhosis. Initialanalysis of ALD remains critical in order to promote liquor abstinence, reduce the growth of liver fibrosis, and handle complications connected to cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma. The drug in taking screening is used in a variety of questionnaires and laboratory tests. In 2010 the global approach of the research on burdens of alcoholic liver and alcohol related liver cancer was used for estimating Living years adapted also for burden of illness (DALY). This method measures the related percentages cantered on the alcohol consumption rate and the likely effects of specific product concentrations. In 2010 global liver cirrhosis caused by alcohol was due to 493,300 deaths, 14,545,000 daily deaths, reflecting 0.8% (0.8% women's and 1.3% men's) 0.6% of worldwide or 0.4% of the world average deaths among females or 0.8% of males and 47.7% (46.4% women and 48.6% men's) of all liver cirrhosis. The cause of 80,500 deaths was alcohol-related liver cancer.

The article dedicated to one of the widespread problems of society addiction. In it described research on social-psychological rehabilitation processes of patients with substance abuse and alcoholism. Authors investigated cognitive, emotional, motivational, volitional aspects of addicted patients in different stages of recovery. They also made appropriate conclusions and recommendations on effective therapeutic techniques for each stage of rehabilitation process.