Abstract

Inflammatory and neoplastic lesions are the most common cause of upper GIT tract lesions. Although the inflammatory conditions could be easily treated, but the malignancy are the most lethal ones. Cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract account for more than one-quarter (26%) of global cancer incidence and more than one-third (35%) of all cancer-related deaths in 2018, with an estimated 4.8 million new cases and 3.4 million deaths worldwide.(1) Because of the similarity in benign causes of dysphagia and dyspepsia, as well as the insidious nature of the onset of symptoms, the majority of these neoplasms are detected at an advanced stage. (2) Globally, esophageal cancer is 7th most common cause of cancer morbidity and the sixth leading cause of death, and stomach cancer is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of death. (1,3) The use of the upper gastrointestinal flexible fibre optic endoscope in 1968 was a major breakthrough in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) lesions.1.. It explores the upper gastrointestinal tract visually with a flexible fibre optic or video endoscope, allowing for easy inspection of the GIT with no gaps. Endoscopic guided biopsy is a well-established diagnostic tool and the current gold standard investigation for patients suffering from upper GIT symptoms. It may prevent neoplastic tumours from developing into invasive cancer by detecting them in their early stages.(4) Histopathological examination of endoscopic biopsies enables an exact diagnosis for further management