European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Abstract

Pain⁴, which includes sensations⁵ evoked by, and reactions⁶, noxious stimuli, is a complex experience and oftenaccompanies orthodontic appointments. This, among themost cited negative effects of orthodontic treatment, is ofmajor concern to patients as well as clinicians ( Oliver andKnapman, 1985 ; Kluemperet al. , 2002 ) and is evident inrecent publications ( Asham and Southard, 2004 ; Keim,2004 ). Surveys performed to determine the experience of  orthodontic⁷ pain have rated it as a key deterrent⁸ to orthodontictherapy and a major reason for discontinuing treatment( Haynes, 1974 ; Oliver and Knapman, 1985 ; Brown andMoerenhout, 1991 ; Kluemperet al. , 2002 ). One survey ratedpain as the greatest dislike during treatment⁹ and fourthamong major fears¹⁰ and apprehensions prior to orthodontictreatment ( O’Connor, 2000 ).Pain is a subjective response, which hows largeindividual variations. It is dependent¹¹ upon factors such as