Immune Response Mechanism of the Gingival Epithelium in the Tissue Repair Exposed to Porphyromonasgingivalis Toxin on Topical Administration of Nigella sativa Extract
European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine,
2021, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages 886-898
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Periodontal disease is not the typical cause of pain experienced by sufferers. This discomfort is commonly observed in advanced stage. P. gingivalisbacteria infections, and Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been identified as the main virulence factors. Furthermore, numerous attempts have been exploited during treatment with unsatisfactory outcomes, including the administration of local or systemic antibiotics, periodontal curettage and flap surgery. Therefore, early prevention is one of the effective and efficient approaches, particularly involving the use of medical plants, and the natural material selected was black cumin (Nigella Sativa). The aim of this research, therefore, is to investigate the effects of Nigella sativa extract against the inflammation reaction and beta defensin-2 (BD-2) mechanism in gingival epithelium exposed to P. gingivalis LPS. Materials and Methods: This is an experimental research performed in the laboratory, using Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group Design. The animals used include white 45 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) randomly allocated to 3 research groups, comprising K (LPS P. gingivalis), P1 (N. sativa extract + LPS), and P2 (LPS + N. sativa). Furthermore, each set was subsequently divided into 3 on the basis of time span, at 4, 7, and 21 days. The tissue expressions of BD-2, and MMP-8 were examined using immunohistochemical techniques. Results: This investigation showed a significant difference between K, P1, and P2 groups at any span of time. Moreover, lower MMP-8 expression were observed in the P1 and P2 groups, compared to K on day 4, 7, and 21, while the BD-2 expression was higher in P1 (31.3) and P2 (32.2) than K (19.8). Conclusion: Based on the study results, Nigella sativa was determined to be capable of decreasing MMP-8 expressions, and increase BD-2, as part of the host innate response.
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