European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

Background: Current evidence supporting the predictive value of coronary artery calcium scores (CACs) and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) for adverse cardiac events in low-risk CAD patients is based on short follow-up periods. However, a long latency between the onset of coronary artery disease (CAD) and the occurrence of adverse eventswarrants longer follow-up periods. Methods: We reported our experience on the predictive power of CACs and CCTA for cardiac deaths and hospitalization in low risk chest pain patientsfollowed for five years. In total, we enrolled 346 patients (mean age=62.07: male=53%)presenting with chest pain, no prior CAD on CCTA and negative to low CACs. The primary endpoint was cardiac death and hospitalization for cardiac causes. Results: During followup, six patients died due to non-cardiac causes (old age, cancer or stroke) and excluded from analysis (person-time follow-up rate=99.13%). In the remaining 340, none achieved the primary endpoint. There were no reported cases of cardiac deaths or hospitalization for cardiac causes (event rate = 0%). All patients were free of coronary artery problems. Conclusion: In low-risk chest patients, CACs and CCTA is an excellent predictor for up to five year event-freeCAD, cardiac death and hospitalization for cardiac causes.

The agent of Covid19, Sars-CoV-2 has caused thousands of fatalities worldwide and overshadowed the number of deaths of other previous coronavirus outbreaks (Sars-CoV1 2002 and MERS-CoV 2012). Although the new coronavirus pathogenicity is actively under investigation, part of its infectious behavior can be linked to its higher binding affinity to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the respiratory tracts. However, the expression of ACE2 per se may not be sufficient to justify the individual variability observed among affected patients in terms of clinical outcome in apparently non-immune depressed, non-elders subjects. The present update provides an overview of the most recent scientific findings related to genetic factors involved in the Sars-CoV-2 infectious process and their potential role in affecting the virus pathogenicity. The present update can provide valuable hints towards developing a predictive screening/susceptibility profile testing on individuals not yet infected and/or in non symptomatic positive subjects towards managing the current morbidity and mortality risk and establishing personalized intervention protocols for the early treatment of the Sars-CoV-2-associated life-threatening pulmonary complication.

Medical Microwave Radiometry (MWR) allows non-invasive measurement of human internal body temperature which is potentially useful for diagnosing a range of pathologies. The technique is used to to meaure so-called brightness temperature and it is recommended that investigations are performed in a room with temperature controlled in the range 20 to 24°C. This is not always possible in impromptu investigations or if studies are to be conducted in certain remote facilities or outdoors. We have therefore investigated the influnce of room temperature on brightness temperature (BT) and skin temperature (ST) measurements were obtained using the respective microwave and infra red sensors of the MMWR2020 (former RTM-01-RES) system (www.mmwr.co.uk). MWR measurements of BT and ST were obtained for 93 healthy subjects in the sitting position. Recordings were taken above each of the L1 to L5 vertebral bodies and along corresponding left and right paravertebral lines. The data were subdivided according to whether room temperature was recorded as being from 17.1 to 21.9°С (n=24) (i.e. low temperature), 22.0 to 26.9°С (n =56) (i.e. moderate temperature) or 27.0 to 29.5°C (n=13) (i.e. high temperature). The average value of BT was identical at low and moderate temperatures. No correlation is observed between BT and room temerature. On the other hand average value of ST is linearly proportional to rise in room temperature (R2 = 0.36). In conclusion, the present study has shown that reliable values of BT, but not ST, can be obtained even when room temperature can vary between 17 and 30°C. However, to ensure patient comfort and to support simultaneous measurement of ST, MWR study of the lumbar region should be conducted with room temperature controlled to lie between 22 and 26°C.

Symptomatic disc herniation is the most common disc pathology and can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life. Here, we present a male patient who was diagnosed as having lumbar disc herniation at L3/L4 and L4/L5 levels with nerve root entrapment. The patient sought chiropractic treatment for severe back pain which lead to trouble walking. After 7 months of a medical/chiropractic intervention, complete pain relief and recovery of muscle weakness were achieved. At 11-month follow-up, the regression of the herniated discs was documented on MR imaging. This case presentation aims to raise a reappraisal of our knowledge of intervertebral disc herniation in regard to the natural history, the components of herniated material and possible mechanisms behind hernia regression, which holds the key to treating this problem. Through the translation of research evidence into practice, current guidelines recalibrate instructions on the diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic disc herniation.

Purpose - To evaluate what effect spreading the maintenance BCG regimen from 12 to 18 months has on the treatment completion rate. Patients and methods - Retrospective data about patients diagnosed with intermediate or high risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer were collected. Suggested regimen started with 6 weekly induction intravesical full dose BCG instillations followed by 3 weekly instillations, 3 months after the 6th instillation. Thereafter, 3 weekly instillations were delivered 6 months after the 9th and the 12th instillation. In total, 15 BCG instillations were administered within 18 months. Cystoscopy and urine cytology were performed one month following the 6th, 9th, 12th and 15th instillations and then according to guidelines Results - 195 patients met the inclusion criteria. 190 (97.4%) patients completed the induction instillations and 141 (72.3%) completed the treatment protocol. 39 patients discontinued treatment for medical reasons and 15 patients due to non-compliance. 162 patients completed follow up as recommended for a median of 46±20.1 months. Of those, 45 patients (27.8%) and 8 (4.9%) had disease recurrence and progression, respectively. Conclusion - Spreading BCG instillations during maintenance protocol might achieve a better treatment completion rate, mainly due to improved patient compliance. No impacts on recurrence and progression rates have been observed in our cohort. Prospective randomized trials are warranted before suggesting clinical application.

Background: at a global level and among child bearing age women, the first leading disease burden cause is the depression. Nationally, scarce published data was related to the depression prevalence among pregnant especially with hyperemesis gravidarum women. Aim: to assess the depression extent among hyperemesis gravidarum pregnant Thi-Qarnian women. Methodology: A cross sectional, hospital based, analytical study was carried out in two teaching hospitals (Bent Al Huda and Al Habobi teaching hospitals) in from first week of September /2015 to end of July 2016. All attendants sufferer pregnant from HG to the obstetric outpatients included in this study. Based on previous Iraqi study (37.2%) for of depressive symptoms prevalence in pregnant women sample size had been calculated such prevalence rate with precision of 5%, confidence level of 95%, and added extra sample of 10%, to reach to 322. Beck depression inventory-II (Arabic version) (BDI –II score of > 20 depression was considered) had been used as a specialized questionnaire designed for the achieve the aim of the study. SPSS version 23 had been used for data analysis, P

This study aimed determine the effect of Trichomoniasis on women who suffering from a delay in pregnancy despite previous normal pregnancy with vaginal infection, in order to prove the relationship of Trichomonas vagenalis to the obstruction of pregnancy in women, also detect of effect Trichomoniasis to a level of Gonadotropic Hormone:(Luteinizing Hormone LH and Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH) Which are the most necessary hormones responsible for the composition and maturity of sexual reproduction cells, (200)sample was taken from infected women during the period ( September 2017 to October 2018), these samples examined by wet smear method for diagnostic Trichomonis vagenalis and recorded 51/200(25.5%) positive samples, also these samples examined using Real-time PCR on the basis of 18S rRNA gene and recorded (29.5%)59/200, this study also interested to detect of effect Trichomoniasis to a level of Gonadotropic Hormone:(Luteinizing Hormone LH and Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH) by serological test, a results showed to a significant decrease in the level of hormones when recorded (17.313± 11.221) MUI / ml and (8.011 ± 7.001) MUI / ml respectively in patients, while their concentration was (21.623 ± 17..156) MUI / ml and (10.388 ± 9.835) in the control group.

Background: Nocturia is night waking for voiding, is a lower urinary tract problem of anxious symptom. nocturnal polyuria, diminished capacity of the bladder either nocturnal and/or global capacity, and sleep impairment are main pathophysiologic subtypes. fluid restriction mainly awhile before the bed time, anticholinergic therapy, diuretics and hormone replacement therapy are main preventive strategies. Aim of Study: To determine the oral desmopressin efficacy and safety of in nocturia of women as a treatment. Patients and methods: - Sixty-four women with18-80 years’ age with nocturia (nocturia index score >1, more than two voids per night) were invited to attend our study. randomly assigned patients into: 32 women received different desmopressin doses (0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 mg) during dose-titration period(three-weeks), and the other 32 ones received single- blind placebo treatment for 6 or 8 weeks according to their response. Results: In single-blind phase, for desmopressin, 30 (93.75 %) patients with fifty percent or more nocturnal voids reduction against the baseline levels in comparison to only 3 (9.7%)placebo-receiving patients where (P < 0.001). The mean nocturnal voids No., sleep period till 1st nocturnal void, nocturnal diuresis, and allover day volumes changed signscantly preferring desmopressin. (P

Nephrology emerged as autonomous discipline in the 1950s, after the publication of the landmark treatise of Homer Smith entitled The Kidney Structure and Function in Health and Disease (1951). The official foundation took place in 1961. For decades, during the collection of the critical mass of data that granted its autonomy, Nephrology investigated acid–base and electrolyte disorders. However, driven by biopsy, dialysis machines and transplantation its growth has been unstoppable in terms of journals, articles, books, meetings, number of specialists, clinical divisions, university chairs, and specialty schools. The most propulsive force has been, however, the switching of the focus from the care of dialysis patients to the >10% of the population who, in a country, suffer from silent or overt disease leading to chronic kidney disease, requiring a demanding and costly therapy consuming 2–3 % of the total health budget. Historical analysis disclosed that Nephrology as a specialty was born and nurtured in contact zones with other disciplines. These include chemistry, physics, pathology, immunology, pharmacology, genetics, engineering, pediatrics, geriatrics, oncology and cardiology and many more. However research focused on kidney disease, although still lush and appealing, is felt to be stagnant. Another approach based on complexity and holism rather than on strict reductionism – indispensable to provide successful care – may better serve future needs. The potential of complexity is explored along with new techniques, Big Data, and a wider use of artificial intelligence, as well as the links with philosophy, and Systems Biology, Systems Medicine, Systems Pharmacology.

Various anesthesia devices have been designed to overcome the difficult airway scenario in anesthesia practice. The ease of intubation, timing, and hemodynamic variability between the two groups during intubation are considered as primary results compare. The study was conducted in two groups, each group set aside of 65 patients, named Group A and Group B with normal physical status I-II to endothelial intubation. Determined to perform surgery under anesthesia by consent. This includes simple rigid laryngoscopes for complex fiber-optic incubating devices; However, there is weak evidence to support the superiority of one device over another. McCoy’s blade shows overall minimal haemodynamic response and provides better glottic view and ease of intubation as compared to Macintosh blade.

Metabolic syndrome is a group of simultaneous conditions that expanding your risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. These conditions include increased blood pressure, high glucose level, and abundance muscle versus fat around the abdomen or triglyceride levels. The objective of the study is to demographic, biochemical, obesity indices and angiographic profile (severity of CAD) of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). A prospective and observational study involving a number of 971 patients who had undergone coronary angiogram (CAG) for the 18-month CAD assessment. In present study about half of population had significant abnormality on coronary angiogram. Amongst abnormal coronary angiogram about 50% of patients had single vessel disease. The FRS had positive correlation with severity of coronary artery disease and waist circumference. FRS and metabolic syndrome had critical contribution as score and risk factors with presence of and severity of CAD. To conclude it was suggested to incorporate FRS and components of metabolic syndrome for better management and risk stratification of coronary artery disease at large.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an overall medical issue, influencing a huge number of people. Magnesium (Mg ++) is the fourth most abundant and second most important intracellular extract in the body. In patients with CKD and end stage renal disease (ESRD), Mg ++ homeostasis may change. The present study is to assess the levels of serum magnesium in chronic kidney disease patients. The current cross-sectional study was performed to assess serum magnesium levels in cases with CKD and to detect the correlation of serum magnesium with clinical features and severity of renal impairment. The serum magnesium among patients with CKD had hyper magnesium. The serum magnesium level rises as kidney function deteriorates. There is significant fall in serum magnesium level after dialysis. Its estimation helps in evaluating conservative treatment and dialysis in CKD. Hence early evaluation and treatment of underlying cause for CKD is necessary to prevent further complication and kidney damage.

A stroke is the third most common cause of death and the fourth most common cause of infection. Stroke is characterized by the WHO as a clinical condition involving the rapid development of clinical indications of a central aggravation of cerebral capacity lasting more than 24 hours or causing death without a clear reason other than a vascular source. In the present study, a large part of the cases of intense ischemic stroke were found among the males. In the present study, mean cholesterol values, triglyceride values are directly proportional to the severity of the ischemic stroke, among the study subjects. In the present study, 8% cases died, while 92% discharged at home. The current study proved the association of serum uric acid levels with the severity of the acute ischemic stroke.

The ovaries are unique in the variety of lesions that can arise from them. The complex anatomy and physiology of ovary with constant changes from puberty to menopausal age give rise to number of different cells, which are capable of giving rise to tumors. The present study is a two years, prospective study carried out in a tertiary care hospital. It is a descriptive study which included all specimens of ovarian tumors, diagnosed as surface epithelial origin on histopathological studies. Most patients presented with non-specific and vague symptoms over a period of time. Patient’s education and awareness among primary care physicians with timely attention and further investigations, can help in early detection of ovarian malignancies in this subset of cases, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality associated with diagnosis in advanced stages.

Background: Migraine pain is a primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are moderate to severe. Objective: To evaluate the effect of noninvasive pulsed radio frequency (pulsed RF) in Migraine. Methods: In a prospective study of the intervention performed in adult population with Migraine (Diagnosed by specialists) carried on (30) patients undergone pulsed RF for greater and lesser occipital nerves to control recurrent migraine not responding to conventional treatment (resistant) in a period from Jan. 2017 to Jan 2019 in Al Safeer Hospital for surgical specialties and Alkafeel Hospital for surgical specialties both in Karbala / Iraq. The patients got in prone position under local anesthesia with goal positions with the target sites obvious out using anatomical breakthroughs and the position of greatest ache. Pulsed RF by RF needle to the affected side to reach greater and lesser occipital nerves then got 3 sessions (each for 3 minutes, temperature 42 C, voltage 42 V, resistance with 100 Ohms, Current with 230 mA) Patients monitored post-operatively for 2 hours then discharged. Follow up at intervals of 30 days, 6 months and 1 year by phone call or direct interview to assess the post procedure pain scale. Result: Significant pain relieve by means of no or little pain medication and actual life pattern change and performance in 1-year post procedure. Conclusion: A single trial of pulsed RF is effective for pain reliever.

The present study was designed to detect the effect of toxoplasmosis in the thyroid hormones level Samples were collected during the period from July2019 to January 2020. Where the separated serum was preserved at a temperature (-20) until use. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent technique (ELISA) was used to detect toxoplasmosis. Hormone levels (TSH, TSH, T3 and calcitonin) were also measured using ELISA technology, Hormonal study, the results of the current study showed significant increase (P

Background: People all over the world were alarmed on February 2020 by the Wuhan
lock down, a Chinese big city, because of the discovery of a new coronavirus with a
major health threat. The virus was initially named 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV),
but now is known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-
2).Until February 27th 2020, the virus has infected more than 82,294 and has caused
fatality in 2,804 cases.
Aim of the study: The current study was aiming at evaluating the clinical outcome of a
sample of symptomatic patients with COVID-19 admitted to Al-Diwaniyah teaching
hospital at Al-Diwaniyah Province in the mid-Euphrates region of Iraq.
Patients and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Al-Diwaniyah
teaching hospital at Al-Diwaniyah Province in the mid-Euphrates region of Iraq during the
period extending from February the 2nd 2020 till May the 2nd 2020. The study included 11
patients, 6 males and 5 females with an age range of 19 to 60 years.
Results: The rage range was between 19 and 60 years. The study included 6 males and
5 females. All patients were from urban areas. The major manifestations reported in all
cases were fever, headache and upper respiratory tract symptoms followed by sudden
attack of shortness of breath with 5-7 days. Various occupations were reported such as
students, housewife, self employee, employee and retried. The outcome was cure in 5
cases. Five cases are still under clinical observation and supportive measures till now.
One case fatality was observed and he was a 60 years old male with bronchogenic
carcinoma.
Conclusion: Symptomatic cases are low in number in our province and cure is the main
outcome however mortality is expected even with respiratory support at intensive care
unit.

Background: Perforation of nasal Septum is a situation characterized by loss of cartilaginous,
bony or both structures of the nasal septum with or without the mucoperichondrium and
mucoperiosteum lining. The causes of septal perforations are endonasal surgeries, trauma,
infections, neoplasms, inflammation, or abuse of inhaled drugs. The main symptoms are
epistaxis, crusting, and whistling, but the majority are asymptomatic.
Objective: this study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of inferior turbinate free graft to
close nasal septal perforations.
Patients and Methods: This is a prospective study, consisted of 20 patients. They were 14 males
and 6 females. They had been assessed at the Otolaryngology Department at Al-Diwaniah
Teaching Hospital, Al-Diwaniah city, Iraq, during the period between January 2017 to January
2019, the age ranges from 20-50 years. Inclusion criteria was symptomatic septal perforation,
located at the cartilaginous portion. Exclusion criteria were the presence of underlying infectious,
inflammatory, or malignant diseases. The surgery began with hemitransfixion incisions. The
perichondral flap is usually raised bilaterally, exposing the entire cartilaginous septum, and
refreshing the edge by knife. partial inferior turbinectomy then did. The medial fleshy part of the
turbinate is resected, then thinning of the flap on a slide. The flap grasped by forceps and
applied through the incision so placed between the cartilage and perichondrial flap covering the
defect, then the the perichondrial flap replaced back to its position. incisions sutured, silastic
sheets applied to cover the whole septum, and merocele nasal Packing inserted for
haemostasis. patient discharged and seen again in the next day for removal of Packing and
cleaning. The silastic sheets removed after 8 days. The patients seen twice monthly for followup.
Results: Complete closure of perforation was obtained in 16 patients (80%). Incomplete closure
occurred in 2 patients (10%). Failure of closure (persistent perforation) occurred in 2 patients
(10%). Improvement of nasal symptoms achieved in all patients with complete closure, patients
with incomplete closure did not show significant problems due to the perforation. patients with
persistent perforation had no Improvement in their symptoms.
Conclusion: Inferior turbinate free graft through the endonasal approach, is useful to close small
and medium-sized septal perforations with minimal morbidity and short operative time.

Endodontic infection is the infection of the root canal system and the microorganisms play a tremendous role in pulpal and periapical disease. The primary aim of endodontic treatment is to remove as many bacteria as possible from the root canal system. This can be achieved by a combination of local and systemic use of antibiotics. The use of antibiotics in dentistry especially in endodontics has become a practice towards inappropriate prescription and overdose leads to adverse side effects and bacterial resistance. An undergraduate student will have only limited knowledge in this regard. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and perception on usage of antibiotics among undergraduate students for endodontic therapy.This present study is a cross-sectional, descriptive questionnaire study conducted among dental undergraduate students in Chennai, India. The study was conducted from March to April 2020. A descriptive questionnaire study was conducted among 320 dental students in the city. A structured questionnaire was prepared focussing on antibiotics indication in dentistry particularly in endodontic treatment. Assessment of subjects awareness and attitude towards use of antibiotics for patients after endodontics procedures included in the questions relating to the knowledge of the basic antibiotics regime and its course. The subjects were requested to respond to each item in the specific format given. All the participants were allowed to choose one of the given three to four choices for each item in the questionnaire.A large population of students of 320 were familiar with this antibiotic resistance. Compared with the juniors, the senior students have a wider knowledge for prescribing antibiotics for various endodontic procedures.Most of the students prescribed Amoxicillin (30.82%)for any endodontic treatment for a duration of three days (26.42%) compared to other antibiotics.This study concludes that undergraduate dental students may prescribe antibiotics inappropriately and hence a proper and extensive guideline must be given to them to be followed . A thorough knowledge and awareness must be there on the antibiotic regime and its usage to all students before entering their clinics.

included patient’s details were collected by assessing the report from the data of 86,000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020 .The inclusion criteria were : Patient’s name, age, gender and PID and Patient’s who underwent Fixed Dental Prosthesis.From this we obtained 932 patients who underwent Fixed Dental Prosthesis.Data was tabulated in Excel and imported to SPSS.The type of statistical analysis used in this study was Correlation and Association. From this, we observed people of age range 31-40years received FPD at a higher rate (34.05%) and people of 20-30 years (26.96%),
>50years (20.62%), 41-50yrs (18.37%) which was lesser comparatively.Males received FPD at a higher rate (53.60%) than females (46.19%) and transgenders (0.21%).The association between the gender and age of patients who received FPD was done by Chi square test (Chi-square value - 46.955a; P-value : 0.000). Since, P(<0.05) there was a higher significance between the age and gender of patients who received FPD.The prevalence rate of Fixed Dental Prosthesis was found to be 1% since out of 86,000 patients visited dental college 932 patients had Fixed Dental Prosthesis. This study shows that as age increases people show less preference for prosthetic restoration to replace missing teeth no matter what the reason, maybe. Steps should be taken to educate every possible patient about the importance of replacement of missing teeth since it can affect general health and can also cause damage to the adjacent tooth.

Memory is the remembrance of information in the past time for the purpose of influencing action in future. Memory retaining capacity may vary from one person to another. It is mainly controlled by the brain which is encoded and stored in it. There are many techniques that have been found to improve memory including cognitive training, psycho, pharmacology, diet, stress management and exercise. Each technique has the ability to influence memory in a different way. The aim of this study is to determine the factors that influence memory and cognition. An online survey with a self structured questionnaire to analyse the measures done to improve memory and problems causing memory loss. Results analysed using SPSS software version 2.0. Chi square test was done to analyse the association between various parameters. Among 100 participants, 76% responded that improving memory is important. 95% responded knowing the reasons for decreased memory. 67% responded that ageing reduces memory. So this survey is evident that the majority of the population were aware about the memory, causes and steps to boost the memory. This study may also help them to maintain good memory power and the people to be aware of improving memory as well as find the causes for memory loss and avoid them.

Numerous studies in the past have been conducted to determine the prevalence of malocclusion in different populations. These show extreme variations and it is only right to determine the prevalence in a referred population. Class III malocclusion even though it is the least common, treatment planning and treatment is quite difficult, thus characteristics of class III malocclusion need to be studied in detail.The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of crowding among patients with class III malocclusion visiting Saveetha dental college and hospitals. A retrospective study was done using case sheets of patients visiting the university hospital from June 2019- February 2020. About 100 case sheets of patients visiting the department of orthodontics containing information on malocclusion type and crowding was retrieved and analysed using SPSS 20.0. The study included 100 patients out of which 74% were males and 26% were females.Crowding was observed in 51% of the patients with class III malocclusion. Out of which 62.75% of the patients were reported to have minimal crowding ,31.37% had moderate crowding and 5.88% had severe crowding of the mandibular incisors. There was no statistically significant association between age, gender, and severity of crowding as determined by pearson's chi-square tests.Within the limits of the study, it can be concluded that mild mandibular crowding was the most common finding in class III malocclusion patients.

Infection control practices are important in a clinical setup to avoid the risk of infection among the patients and practitioners. Proper infection control measures such as proper basic disposal and sterilization of instruments that are basic infection control measures should be directly followed in a clinical setup. This study aims to access the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding occupational hazards and infection control measures among dental students. The study was conducted among dental undergraduates and postgraduates.The study group consisted of 3rd year, 4th year and Interns and Postgraduate students. Total number of students included in the study was 121 participants. The data was collected and analysed through IBM SPSS statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were done. About 90.9% of the dental students answered that the dental clinics are more prone for infectious disease. Among all the dental students, 76.9% of the students experienced the accidental injury in clinics. Among them 44.6% of the students reported that needle injury was the cause for the occupational injury followed by 21.5% of scalpel blade, 4.1% of burs. About 11.4% of dental students were not immunized against Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Among them who received vaccination, 43.8% of them had completed the three recommended doses of HBV vaccination. The students know the importance of infection control and the knowledge among all students about the protocols about infection control was high but practice was quite low. A better knowledge of infection control is essential for safe practice in dentistry. This will ensure the provision of better and safer dental health-care service for the population.

Introduction: Online classes due to lockdown has been an unavoidable essential part of our daily life. In this study the opinion from different mentalities will be noted to get an intention about online classes. Different questions were asked about the classes for instance: class organisation, helpfulness, interest, accessibility, comfortability, impact of learning, comparison between regular and online classes and their preferences among them. This is attained due to different advanced social platforms. Materials and methods: The survey was conducted among 153 college students in 2020. The students were interviewed with a questionnaire containing 15 explanatory questions about online classes during lockdown. The data was then collected and manipulated in 2020 using SPSS software (chi square test). Results: 57.3% of the student population replied that the online classes are helpful, 29.3% may be and rest 13.3% replied no. 52.6% said that they invest proper time for learning and 32.9% sometime, rest 14.5% replied no. 66.7% replied that effective communication was attained and 20.2% not sure and the rest of 13% said no. 38.6% said the classes are good, 37.3% said classes are average and 16% said very good and rest of them said no. More than 87% of them preferred regular classes than online classes and the rest 12% said online classes. Conclusion: If a proper algorithm and plan is followed the online classes conducted will be welcomed by the students, few disadvantages of social media and cyberspace are present.

AIM: The study aims to know the effects of claustrophobia and its perspective among the students.
INTRODUCTION: Claustrophobia is a form of anxiety that is caused due to the fear of closed spaces. The person will be psychologically affected because of it. Claustrophobia can be analyzed with the help of Agoraphobia. Agoraphobia means getting fear of what would happen to them in public places. Claustrophobia will cause severe breathing difficulties as well. The treatment for the claustrophobia was given according to analyzing the patients and by referring to many previous studies. During the hospital procedures, the patients who had claustrophobia said to have more RBC compared to the patients who did not have claustrophobia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey has been created through Google forms and it has been circulated through social networking and the results obtained through the responses from the survey obtained from the students were put in the form of the pie chart.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: From the results obtained, we would come to know that 41.5% of students have mentioned that it does not affect their studies and a majority of the students have told that by having good ventilation they could get rid of claustrophobia.
CONCLUSION
We would like to conclude that the majority of the students are aware of claustrophobia and it does not affect your studies.

Aim: The aim of this study is to do a review on celiac diseases and the interlink between celiac diseases and depression.
Introduction: Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease which is triggered due to the exposure of dietary gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Often, celiac disease can be associated with depression and many other health disorders. Previous studies have shown that a lifetime depressive symptoms can occur in one third of the celiac patients. Celiac disease can develop at any age. Since celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder, it is associated with other autoimmune disorders. If left untreated, celiac disease can lead to additional serious health problems. Celiac diseases can be treated by natural methods like consuming gluten free food, healing of intestines with aloe vera , paprika, dietary supplements, nutrients etc. The main therapeutic intervention of celiac disease is a gluten-free diet but however now the dietary agents are under active investigation.
Methods : The present study has collected various articles related to the current topic from various internet sources such as PubMed, Google Scholar, PMC, etc..The articles were reviewed between the period 2000 to 2020.
Conclusion: Thus healthcare professionals need to be aware of these ongoing psychological burdens of celiac disease and support patience and recommend a gluten-free diet. This study emphasises whether celiac disease is associated with depression.

Background: Trauma from occlusion has been defined as injury to the periodontium resulting from occlusal forces that exceeds the reparative capacity of the attachment apparatus. It refers to tissue injury due to distorted occlusion. Gingival recession is the exposure of root surfaces due to apical migration of the gingival tissue margins.
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of trauma from occlusion with gingival recession in mandibular anterior teeth.
Materials And Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2019 to April 2020 using the patient records from the Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai. 200 patients with trauma from occlusion were recruited. Presence or absence of gingival recession in mandibular anteriors were studied. Data was tabulated in excel and statistically analysed.
Results: Among 200 patients with trauma from occlusion, 89 patients had gingival recession in relation to mandibular anteriors. There was no significant association between trauma from occlusion and gingival recession in mandibular anterior teeth (chi-square test; p= 0.120, not significant).
Conclusion: The present study showed no significant association between trauma from occlusion and gingival recession in mandibular anterior teeth.

Introduction: There has been a global rise in the use of natural products and natural medicine among
people. Proper regulation of natural medicine and products ensure good quality to control standards,
enhance the consumers safety that facilitate their modern healthcare system, mainly because of their lack
of side effects.
Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the knowledge, awareness and attitude, towards natural
medicine and products among adults.
Materials and methods :A cross sectional study was conducted among the adults [101people]. The
questionnaire was circulated online through google forms and the collected data were analysed using SPSS
software. The Pearson Chi square test was done in association with the gender of the respondents.
Results: The survey results showed that 79.2% of the people have knowledge about natural medicine.
90.1% of the participants believe natural medicines are effective, 75% of the participants use natural
medicine products in their regular life, 61.4% said natural medicine is more effective than pills.
Conclusion: The present study showed that the awareness and knowledge on natural medicine among
adults is quite good.

The facemask is a personal protective equipment which is used to prevent the droplet or aerosol spread. Due to the pandemic spread like SARS, COVID-19 the mask is recommended to be worn by all the people to prevent the infection. It is one of the non-pharmaceutical ways of prevention, it helps in controlling the spread but not in complete eradication of the disease.This is a widely used way of prevention, which is cheap, non-invasive and has capacity to reduce the mortality rate due to respiratory infection. The major problem associated with these equipment are, they are commonly misused and they go out of stock even before the health care sector receives these equipment. So proper selection of masks is required to prevent the infection and also to reduce the demand of masks in the health sector. The aim of this review is to understand the importance of masks and needs of the personal protective equipment during the onset of any pandemic conditions. A systematic search strategy was done and the articles were found using keywords. Literature was taken from databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. The articles which discussed face masks were included and other articles which had the different types, advantages and disadvantages were also included. The review summarises the needs and the urge to use a face mask at the onset of pandemic condition. Selection of proper mask is emphasised to reduce the demand of masks.

Introduction: The term used to describe a growing fear in today‟s world is Nomophobia, a portmanteau for “ no mobile phone phobia”,refers to the discomfort or anxiety caused to a person by the non- availability of a phone. Nomophobia arises from a feeling of not being able to make and receive phone calls, send or receive text messages, losing internet connectivity and access to social networking sites and being able to access information online .The aim of the review is to explore Nomophobia and its impact on health ocomplications.
Materials and methods: The articles were collected from PubMed Database and the selection criteria for screening the literature were population with Nomophobia age group between 17 - 25. The search keywords included were nomophobia, cell phone addiction, health implication, anxiety, no mobile phone phobia. The study was conducted in the year 2020. The study group consisted of a population with Nomophobia between the age group 17-25.
Result and Conclusion: This review is done to understand the clinical symptoms, complications and various preventive measures taken against nomophobia and from the obtained results after screening relevant articles based on selection criteria it can be concluded that the addiction towards cell phones and social media might lead to depression , loss of memory and anxiety.

Background: Pandemic Outbreak is an epidemic which is spread over multiple countries or continents. There were many pandemic outbreaks in the past centuries. Many pandemics have still not yet been identified and cure is also not identified. The present pandemic outbreak, COVID-19 started off at Wuhan, China in December 2019 and within a month it reached many countries across the world. However the preventive measures taken were somewhat similar to the previous pandemic.
Aim: The aim of the study is to review the pandemic outbreaks in the past century and in the present century.
Methodology: Articles were collected from the past 20 years (2000-2020). The Articles were collected from databases like scopus, google scholar and Pubmed and were reviewed based on the output variables. Results and conclusion: Many pandemic diseases were reviewed from the past centuries, some of these diseases caused many deaths and also have caused a huge decline in the country’s economy. Preventive measures were similar for all the diseases except for AIDS and Bubonic Plague

AIM: This study aims to find out about life-saving advances in skin cancer treatment.
INTRODUCTION: Skin malignant diseases are those that emerge from the skin. They are due to the development of abnormal cells that can invade and spread to different parts of the body there are three types of skin cancer- basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanomas. Hereditary factors strongly influence the risk factor of skin disease and malignant growth. Basal cell malignant growth develops gradually and can harm the tissue around it, however, it does not spread to distant areas or result in death. Squamous cell skin disease is bound to spread. Melanomas are the most aggressive. Although hereditary variables may have the least impact on skin management growth, most skin cancers are caused due to exposure to UV radiation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Review of various scientific literature was done in preparation of the manuscript. Several databases were searched for relevant articles from pub med and Google scholar. Databases of individual journals were searched for keywords such as skin cancer, sunlight on skin cancer, treatment, advances, prevention etc. The exclusion criteria were case reports, review and studies in other languages.
CONCLUSION: From the review, we can know about many recent advances for the cure of cancer. Personalised vaccines, cell therapy, gene editing and micro-treatment are newer technologies for treating cancer. In future cancer can also become a curable disease.

Oral cancer is a global health disease that has a major impact on an individual's health, psychology and
lifestyle. It is the 6th most common cancer in the world and has a high prevalence worldwide, and is found
more in men than women. It is attributed to a myriad of causes which especially include tobacco smoking,
alcohol consumption and chewing betel quid. Survival rates of oral cancer are very poor despite advances
in therapeutic interventions. Detecting oral cancer at an early stage is believed to be the most effective
means of reducing death rates. Thus arises the need for an important diagnostic tool which is able to detect
pre-malignant and malignant lesions at an early stage. Treatment helps only for about 5 years after which
recurrences are seen. The only way to reduce recurrences is early diagnosis. VELscope, also known as
Visually-Enhanced Lesion scope, serves this purpose. It is an important diagnostic tool that uses an autofluorescence
based imaging system to detect lesions and allows enhanced visibility of the premalignant
and malignant lesions. It emits a harmless, non-invasive blue coloured LED fibre optic light that shines in
the patient’s mouth. The fluorescent light is absorbed by normal tissues whereas neoplastic lesions lose
fluorescence and become dark. This helps in quick and non-invasive diagnosis

Accurate localization of the seizure onset zone is important for better seizure outcomes and preventing
deficits following epilepsy surgery. Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques have increased our
understanding of the underlying etiology and improved our ability to noninvasively identify the seizure
onset zone. Using epilepsy-specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols, structural MRI allows
better detection of the seizure onset zone, particularly when it is interpreted by experienced
neuroradiologists. Ultra-high-field imaging and postprocessing analysis with automated machine learning
algorithms can detect subtle structural abnormalities in MRI-negative patients. Tractography derived from
diffusion tensor imaging can delineate white matter connections associated with epilepsy or eloquent
function, thus, preventing deficits after epilepsy surgery. Arterial spin-labeling perfusion MRI,
simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG)-functional MRI (fMRI), and magnetoencephalography
(MEG) are noninvasive imaging modalities that can be used to localize the epileptogenic foci and assist in
planning epilepsy surgery with positron emission tomography, ictal single-photon emission computed
tomography, and intracranial EEG monitoring. These advanced structural and functional imaging
modalities can be combined with postprocessing methods to better understand the epileptic network and
obtain valuable clinical information for predicting long-term outcomes in pediatric epilepsy.

DNA vaccination is a strategy for securing against illness by infusionWith hereditary designed plasmid containing the DNA sequences encoding the antigen against which a resistant reaction is looked for so cell straightforwardly produce and immunised creating a defensive Immunological response.DNA immunisations have been named “Third generation of vaccines” the ongoing effective vaccination of subjects against the scope of an irresistible specialist and a few tumour models of illness with plasmid DNA vouches for the amazing idea of this progressive in methodology in vaccinology.DNA antibodies evoke defensive CD 8+ immune system microorganism reaction. Malarial naive volunteers who were inoculated with plasmid DNA encoding a malarial protein create an antigen-explicit hereditary confined CD8+ lymphocytes subordinate CTLs.Reactions were coordinated against each of the 10 peptides tried and were limited by six human lymphocytes antigen (HLA) class one alleles.DNA encoding a mycobacterium antigen gives an effective and straightforward strategy for producing defensive invulnerability and that this methodology might be helpful for characterising the defensive antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis prompting the improvement of progressively successful antibody .The immunisation with DNA encoding Mycobacterium antigen generates protective immunity. In future DNA vaccines can be applied to boost the immune system.

Foods contain various substances which control the physiological functions of the body, modulating
immune responses which is one among the important functions of foods. Immune functions are
indispensable for defending the body against attack by pathogens or cancer cells and plays a pivotal role
in the maintenance of health. The immune system is supported by the fragile balance that comes with a
healthy lifestyle. Adequate sleep, exercise, and, of course, a healthful diet all contribute to maintaining the
body’s system of defense against illnesses.The immune system acts to guard the host from infectious
agents that exist within the environment and from other noxious insults. Nutritional deficiencies seem to
weaken the immune system leading to increased disease and mortality. Extrinsic factors can adversely
affect immune responses producing states of secondary immunodeficiency and a consequent increased risk
of infections. After all, a healthy body and sane mind is all we would like to survive the challenges of this
fast paced world. So it is important to take care of a healthy immune system. In addition to knowledge of
foods which boosts immunity, it is also important to know the foods that should be avoided to maintain a
healthy immune system. This study reviews the foods that can be avoided to maintain immunity and thus
promote the immune system.

Aim:
The aim of this study was to evaluate and review articles and researches done on the polymorphism of PAX9 and MSX1 genes in congenitally missing lateral incisors.
Materials and methods:
A thorough search of the electronic database through Cochrane library, PubMed central, LILACS and BMC and manual hand searching of orthodontic journals was done till March 2020. The keywords included in the search were: “Genetics”, “lateral incisors”, “agenesis”, “PAX9”, “MSX1”. The studies were selected as per the PRISMA guidelines. Articles were shortlisted based on the exclusion and inclusion criterias. Of all the obtained results, 12 studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria and they were analysed for the role of polymorphism of PAX9 and MSX1 genes in the congenitally missing lateral incisors.
Results:
Results of this systematic study show an association of PAX9, EDA and WNT10A gene pleomorphism with congenitally missing lateral incisors. MSX1 gene however is not shown to have an association with lateral incisor agenesis.
Conclusion:
This systematic review has provided a clear view on the role of the pleomorphism of different genes on the agenesis of lateral incisors, which will help the reader understand the problem better and handle it with better precision. Future studies are required to further conduct more randomised controlled trials, which will provide more concrete evidence to the claims.
Clinical significance:
Maxillary lateral incisors are the third most common congenitally missing teeth in the human dentition, preceded only by the third molars and mandibular second premolars The cause of lateral incisor agenesis is thought to be rooted to a genetic etiology.

Multiple myeloma is a hematological malignancy of the plasma cells with evidence of bone marrow infiltration. It is accompanied with extramedullary plasmacytomas. There are a variety of possible treatment options, but this review focuses on allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Allogeneic bone marrow transplant is commonly known as stem cell transplantation. From the review, the results suggest that this can be used as a treatment option for fit young individuals as compared to older individuals. It also shows better results during the early stages relative to the later stages with poor prognosis. In conclusion, allogeneic bone marrow transplant can help treat multiple myeloma, but it depends on factors such as age, stage of cancer, fitness of the individual.

Health insurance policies help in fulfilling the basic needs and provide financial stability. It covers medical, surgical and dental treatment bill payment. Children ‘s health insurance program and public health insurance program have benefits on children and senior citizens. Senior citizens insurance plan is valid for he people with age group of 60 and above. Health insurance policies have certain paneled hospitals that accept the health insurance coverages and that other hospitals do not. Queries are arising regarding the inclusion of COVID-19 under the insurers policy coverages. The aim of the present study is to analyse the knowledge and awareness on the need of health insurance policies and its coverages among the public. The cross sectional survey is conducted among a sample population 100. The age group sample population is 18-60 and the survey is conducted via an online portal. Descriptive statistical analysis is made by SPSS software. The results are represented in the form of a bar graphs. 43% of the sample population have family floater policy plans. Star health insurance and allied Co.Ltd has the majority of insurers among the total sample population. OPD and dental treatment are also covered under general health policy coverage. IRDA guidelines state that insurers diagnosed with COVID-19 are eligible for insurance claim. Hence, the sample population has awareness and knowledge about the need of health insurance policies and coverages. Hence,the current study culminates that the sample population has awareness and knowledge about the merits and demerits of having a health insurance plan and it is found to be statistically higher when compared with the previous research.

ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) and COVID 19 is an alarming concern in the recent n-CoV pandemic. The main pathophysiological events include the severity of hypoxemia and poor respiratory mechanics. The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) accounts for 40% mortality in about 200,000 critically ill patients annually within the United States including the recent covid pandemic. ARDS is as a result of protein-rich pulmonary edema that causes excessive hypoxemia and impaired carbon dioxide release. The medical disorders related to the development of ARDS consist of sepsis, pneumonia, aspiration of gastric contents, and predominant trauma. The lung injury is caused by pro-inflammatory cytokine release and platelet based damage to the endothelial and epithelial boundaries of the lung. Resolution is delayed due to damage to the lung epithelial barrier, which prevents removal of alveolar edema fluid and deprives the lung of adequate quantities of surfactant. However, there is no effective pharmacological remedy, despite the fact that cell-based total remedy and different therapies currently being tested in scientific trials may additionally provide novel treatments for ARDS. This review thus highlights on the various factors underlying the covid - 19 mediated ARDS.

Spices are normally used for adding flavour to the food. Especially Asians use a variety of spices or spice blends to make food aromatic, hot, savoury and sweet. Spices not only add aroma to the food but also come with notable nutritional values and give a lot of health benefits. The spices that are typically used in Asian cuisine are Cinnamon, garlic, cloves, cumin, basil, star anise, galangal, ginger, coriander, turmeric, cilantro, pepper, ajowain etc. The main aim is to try and understand the role of commonly used Asian spices on boosting immunity against infectious agents. A large number of plants are used to treat many diseases as they possess antimicrobial activity. However, Challenges include Extinction or disappearance of a few indigenous varieties, Low productivity, Insufficient quantities of quality species and Poor product quality. Many people do not know the importance of spices and its effect on the immune system. There is a need to understand the traditional systems, to help visualise the future better . there is a necessity to link the past and the present of medicine. This can help in giving new directions for a better understanding of different diseases etc. As this is a review various other related research articles are acquired using the Search engines such as PubMed, google scholar, google Cochrane databases and MESH. Their data is taken as the base for our study.

The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) reached pandemic world-wide especially in Italy
from early March 2020. Many factors were under discussion among public health experts for the
exorbitant mortality rate in Italy than other countries. A coordinated global response was desperately
needed to prepare health systems to meet this unprecedented challenge in Italy. This review illustrates
predictions, chronic comorbidities, effects of COVID 19 on Italian health system. Covid disease affecting
the elderly population with co-morbidities, the same was associated in the mortality rate among elder
population in Italy in a greater rate. The mortality rate in Italy was also higher due to the asymptomatic
cases not being tested and isolated with initial screening. The most serious outcome of COVID 19
pneumonia was recorded among the population in Italy. Exhausted number of ICU’s beds, ventilators and
respirators revealed their un-preparedness for the covid-19 pandemic. This review thus focuses on the
various factors to be considered in future pandemics by analyzing the covid - 19 pandemic in Italy.

Multivitamins are directly intaken supplements that are believed to increase human health. Multivitamins thrive in providing a stable health and easier way. The urge to meet the growing population, the need to provide them with the at most health benefits has brought in the development of multivitamin supplements. The consumable products are a combination of minerals and vitamins that are packed under one capsule to bring about the health needs satisfaction. These multivitamins are consumed at variable high levels without understanding its underlying mechanism it has on health thereby the importance in the role of health is a must for which a thorough search was done in the database like Google scholar, research gate, PMC using keywords “multivitamin”,”role of multivitamin “, “general public knowledge”, pandemic situation. Articles with similar data were collected and added to the current study. It is important to know the role, consumption forms, attitude of the general public towards multivitamins especially during cases of pandemic to aslo create awareness on the side-effects caused by the intake of multivitamins under self prescribed methods

Coronavirus is a newly discovered infectious disease, most people infected by coronavirus experience respiratory illness and require special treatment for recovery. Older people underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease diabetes chronic respiratory disease develop serious illness.National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have been varied, and have included containment measures such as lockdowns, quarantines, and curfews. More than 6.15 million cases of COVID-19 have been reported in more than 188 countries and territories, resulting in more than 371,000 deaths. More than 2.63 million people have recovered from the virus.The most affected countries in terms of confirmed cases are the United States, Spain, Italy, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Turkey and China. The main aim of this study is to determine and rank the measures adopted by each country to fight against covid 19. An online survey was conducted with a self-structured questionnaire comprising 10 questions that were distributed through the google docs. The sample size of this study was 100. The results were analysed by performing the statistical software “SPSS VERSION 20”. The data was represented in the pie chart form. From this study population, 88% of the study population agreed that Covid 19 has to be controlled by all means. Nearly 70% of the population follows social distancing and 56% of them follow self isolation if they have symptoms and every country is working hard to contain it and minimise its impact. It is very important to prevent covid-19, because there is no vaccine found for treatment, preventive methods vary, and have measurements like quarantine, lockdown, curfews, sanitising our hands after coming home, using personal protective equipment. This study helps us to get knowledge about the measurements taken by different countries to control covid-19 and creates awareness on how to prevent covid-19.

Homesickness is the mental and physical distress caused by the anticipated separation of students from their families. This homesickness may lead to depression, stress, and other psychological problems. The objective of this study is to observe the post-vacation mental state of the students who have been suffering from homesickness in the hostel. In this study, a standardized tool that measures the level of anxiety of the students was used. A questionnaire DASS-21 (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale), containing 21 questions was used which was circulated among 100 -1st-year dental students of Saveetha Dental College who were affected by homesickness. Data collection was done through the administration of Google forms and the data were analyzed in SPSS version-15 using cumulative frequency and percentage analysis. The results of the study showed that the post-vacation period had considerable changes in the student population. The students developed a feeling of positivity, had good energy levels and they were not stressed and anxious and felt enthusiastic during the post-vacation period. Thus the present study concludes that physical and mental stress disorders can only be reduced by spending time with family and home place.

Blood donation is the process of collecting, testing, preparing and storing blood and their components. Blood helps to carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Blood donation is a remarkably safe medical procedure. Blood can save millions of lives and young people are the hope and future of a safe blood supply in the world. The collection of blood donors is an important measure for ensuring the availability and safety of blood transfusion. Blood transfusion is one of the most important essential needs to manage patients suffering from various medical conditions. Nowadays, voluntary blood donors are the only source of blood in the blood banks.A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among undergraduate dental college students aged 18-25 years to access their knowledge,attitude and practice regarding blood donation . A total of 200 participants were involved in the study. Self administered questionnaire of close ended questions was prepared and it was distributed among undergraduate dental college students through online survey forms “GOOGLE FORMS”. SPSS software was used to analyse the results. Chi square test was used as inferential statistics. In the present study, the majority of the study participants 87% agreed that blood donation is important . About 85.5% of the participants have positive feelings about blood donation and only 14.5% have negative feelings about blood donation. Interestingly, about 71.5% have donated blood voluntarily . About 82.5% were aware of the minimum weight required for donating blood and 17.5% were not aware of the minimum weight required for donating blood . 66% of the participants responded correctly to June 14th as World Blood Donor's Day . Only 22.5% responded to O negative group as universal blood donor group. In the present study, Knowledge, attitude, practice regarding blood donation is moderate among the dental undergraduate. For further augmentation
,awareness should be created through various programs and published to the public

Depression In adolescence is linked with a range of adverse outcomes and substantial risk for morbidity
and mortality across the life span. Fast food is a common element of many adolescent’s diets. This leads to
pediatric obesity and the consequence could be increased risk of depression. A diet high in sodium could
develop symptoms of depression in early adolescence and that diet could be a modifiable risk factor for
depression in adolescent patients.The aim of the study is to evaluate the association between fast food
intake and mental health in the adolescent population.An online questionnaire was prepared and circulated
among the adolescent population.The sample size is 100. The data was tabulated and then imported to
SPSS software by IBM and the statistical Chi square test was done.Out of 100 adolescents, 71% were
females and 29% of them were males. 81% of them follow a mixed diet. 90% of the adolescents consume
fast food.The prevalence of consumption of fast food is much higher in the adolescent population. Out of
various types of fast foods, the prevalence of consumption of sweets is much higher in the adolescent
population. And most

The COVID-19 epidemic in China is a world health threat. So far now it is the largest outbreak of atypical pneumonia since the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003. Within weeks of the onset of COVID-19 the total number of cases and deaths exceeded those of SARS .SARS is similar to COVID-19, and SARS is a beta-coronavirus that can be spread to humans through intermediate hosts such as bats, though the actual route of transmission of COVID-19 is still debatable. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a public health emergency of international concern on 30 January 2020. It has been debated among the political leaders claiming that there is error from the part of WHO in giving a wrong impression at the golden hour where the pandemic could have been averted. A survey conducted with a self prepared questionnaire comprising 15 questions with a sample of 100 people of Tamil Nadu state. The questionnaire was prepared with questions comprising of covid 19 and who January WHO report, these questions help to determine perception on COVID-19 and WHO January report and that help to depict their knowledge and awareness on this topic and what is their critical perception of the role of WHO in handling the COVID pandemic. WHO plays a role in the process of updating the methods to prevent and cure the pandemic outbreak COVID-19. WHO is found to test the positive and negative responses shown by the possible methods present against COVID-19 and displays the most trusted method among the available methods.In the previous study, more than half of the participants are found to show high concern about swine influenza pandemic. In the present study, around 71% of the participants are aware of the COVID-19 pandemic and the controversial role played by WHO in spreading the COVID-19 pandemic. This study concludes that during this pandemic outbreak most of the participants are aware of the role of WHO in the process of controlling and updating information related to the global pandemic condition. It is evident from this study that people are sceptical about the role played by WHO in managing COVID-19

Coronavirus (Covid-19) upsurge is the current outbreak (SARS-COV-2) which has spread to many other countries from the sea markets of Hubei Province,Wuhan, China. Following the initial outbreak, there was a major and exponential spread of COVID-19 pandemic in Europe and America. The rate of detection of new cases and mortality rate in Europe and America surpassed even the actual cases of China and even went many fold than the chinese cases. This study aims at bringing the public perception towards this phenomenon. An online survey was conducted with a self-structured questionnaire comprising 15 questions that were distributed through the google forms. The sample size of this study was 100. The results were analysed by performing percentage distribution and chi square analysis using the statistical software “SPSS version 20”. The data was analysed and the output represented as pie charts and bar charts. People of different age groups largely had a good idea about the reasons for the exponential spread of COVID-19 pandemic in Europe and America. This study analysed the statistics on the knowledge among the public about reasons for exponential spread of covert 19 pandemic in Europe and America and a majority of population were of the opinion that prompt government action and policies can save lives. COVID-19 is a pandemic which is spreading rapidly all over the world in a very short period of time. In general, the public perception is that for preventing the instantaneous transmission of the virus, preventive measures by government policies and maintaining good health conditions among the people are critical to get a favourable outcome.

Globally oral cancer is one of the ten most common cancers with prevalence being high in Central and South East Asian countries. This retrospective study conducted to estimate the prevalence of oral pre- malignant lesions(OPML).A institutional retrospective study was carried out among individuals aged ≥18 years. The first clinical sign and their first dental visit was noted. Oral cavity of all the participants was examined in detail by the study investigator as per WHO guidelines and biopsy reports were thoroughly
.The mean duration of the patient dental visit after initial clinical symptom seen is 64.3 days.A significant association was seen between the number of males affected more compared to females.The study reinforces that use of substances such as tobacco, alcohol and areca nuts are the modifiable risk factors for OPML.

The aim of this study is to get awareness about the benefits of physical activity and its effect on dental students. Recently, it has been recognized that lack of physical activity , especially regular stretching of arms and legs, may affect the course and pathogenesis of a number of systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, bacterial pneumonia, diabetes mellitus and low birth weight. The purpose of this study is to get awareness about the importance of physical activities and their benefits during the busy schedule of dental students. Dentistry is a field of challenges, especially the health of a budding dentist must be on top priority . A well maintained body is equal to a peaceful mind and it can be attained only through exercise. A cross sectional questionnaire survey was conducted. A total of 104 people of Saveetha Dental College were made to answer all the questions. The result will be analyzed using statistical analysis.
In this study, it was found that 90% are aware of the effect of physical activity to control systemic disease and only 14% are not aware of the statement. It has been proven that physically active individuals gain less weight over time and maintain good health. Thus infrastructure improvements such as sports activity in colleges among faculties, combined with regular exercise provide additional physical activity that would help to reduce obesity and non-communicable diseases in the future.

A virus is composed of nucleic acid either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat.It requires a living cell to multiply. A viral infection can lead to a spectrum of symptoms from asymptomatic to severe disease.Worldwide,5% of health-care-related infections are being transmitted. Dentists are considered being a high risk group for cross-infection.Therefore it is important that dental students have adequate knowledge and awareness of viral infections.The aim of the study is to evaluate the knowledge, awareness and attitude about oral manifestations of viral infections among dental students.A self explanatory questionnaire comprising 20 questions was presented to 205 students. The questionnaire enquired about oral manifestations of different viral infections and their precautionary infection control measures .Out of 205 students 86.34% were males and 13.66% were females,189 of them knew that the most common oral manifestation in HIV patients is candidiasis.92.6%agreed that a dentist could get Herpetic paronychia.When asked if treatment of patients with viral infections required special clinics 68.1% responded yes.Our study showed that the dental undergraduate students had adequate knowledge on oral manifestations of viral diseases but lacking knowledge about infection control protocol for the various diseases. Hence students should improve their attitude towards them in their dental practice.

Pandemic is a global affection which has effects on health, social and political levels,As many countries are trying to tackle the current COVID pandemic, this study aims at analysing the popular perception on the capabilities of India in managing a pandemic among the local population. A questionnaire was distributed through an online google forms link to about 100 South Indian population, The study population were asked to fill out the online form after reading each question thoroughly. The results were collected and Data was analysed using SPSS software version 20. From the results, the majority of the study population answered positive responses regarding India’s capability of managing pandemic and also awareness of Pandemic among people of India.. 100% of the population were aware of the pandemic and its outbreaks. This study gives an insight on the popular perception toward India’s capability of managing pandemic, and creating an awareness on its spread.

Autism is a neurological developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, speech, and limited, repetitive behaviour . The cause of autism is not known . Autism risk factors include gender, males are three to four times more likely than females to get autism, family history, age of parents, and other disorders such as fragile, tuberous syndrome. Most of the autism work is conducted in high income countries. Therefore this study was conducted to check the knowledge of dental students regarding autism. This is a cross sectional survey was conducted among dental students through a self administrated questionnaire through an online survey link (I.e.) google forms . The responses were collected and statistically analysed. Chi square test was used to analyze and compare the education level of students and their knowledge on toothbrushes and it‟s replacement .The data was represented as pie Charts and bar graphs . The survey was conducted among dental students within the age group of 17 to 23 years. This survey was responded by 56.4 percent of females and 42.9 percent of males among them 91.7 percent of the people were aware of autism and only a few people were not aware of it. In this study we conclude that most of the dental students are aware of autism and they have sufficient knowledge about it.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea is characterized by repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep, causing expiratory dyspnea, intermittent oxygen desaturation, systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressure surges, and sleep disruption. The aim of this study is to determine the association between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea and to analyse the most prevalent age group in males.This is a survey based study carried between the month of April 2020-May 2020. This survey was carried out with the help of an online platform. Around 100 male participants aged between 15-60 years participated in this survey. Based on the responses, data was collected and tabulated in an Excel sheet. This was followed by transferring the Excel tabulated data to SPSS for data analysis. Students' unpaired T test was conducted for statistical analysis. Based on the analysis the results were tabulated. The most common age associated with sleep apnea was the age group above 40 years 38%. 82% of the participants had a BMI value more than 35kgm2 . 63% reported with a habit of snoring.52% complained with day time sleepiness.52% revealed a family history of sleep apnea. Based on the results it is seen that obstructive sleep apnea is most common among the elderly population. Majority of the participants had a BMI value > 35kgm2.;and a neck circumference > 40 cm which indicates obesity. Hence it is proved that obesity has a strong association with obstructive sleep apnea

Hyperglycemia is a condition in which there is an increase in the blood glucose level of the person. It is one of the most common systemic conditions in middle aged Indians. It is important for a dentist and dental students to be aware of the condition especially while performing invasive procedures as delayed wound healing, coma and hypoglycemic shock are some of the most common complications encountered in some patients. Hence, it is important to know about this condition to prevent any kind of medical emergency on a dental chair. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of dental students while managing hyperglycemic patients indicated for extraction. This study was carried out in a self administered questionnaire format among the students of a dental university. The questionnaire was created on an online platform called “Survey Planet” and was filled by 100 students. The questionnaire consisted of the major aspects of knowledge on hyperglycemia and how students will manage the patient before performing the extraction procedure on them. Based on the tabulated results, it was seen that dental students have greater knowledge towards dealing with hyperglycemic patients indicated for extraction. 64% said that they can perform extraction on a hyperglycemic patient. 93% said that they would test an elderly patient to check their blood glucose level before the procedure. 72% were aware of the management of hyperglycemia. 45% of the participants said that they would do the treatment only after the patient consulted a physician. 11% said that they would deny the treatment. 82% of the participants said that they would keep the appointment for the extraction in the morning. Thus we can conclude that dental students have good knowledge and attitude toward managing hyperglycemic patients indicated for extraction

The anxiety among workers develops as their living has changed and economically are affected.Their future is not certain.The fear starts building as the lockdown period increases.To overcome such fears the government must take actions to provide proper employment and wages after the lockdown ends.A survey was done to know how the workers are affected and to know the difference of mentality of a working person before and during lockdown.A questionnaire was prepared and circulated to 100 workers and the responses were collected and analyzed through SPSS.85.3% of population are affected by the lockdown with high levels of anxiety. Therefore more than 50% of the participants are more anxious during lockdown than before lockdown.Many are affected but are confident that they can overcome the crisis after the lockdown comes to an end.To overcome such anxieties in future,the government has to take measures to avoid unemployment.

Schools and colleges are closed to practice social distancing to reduce the spread of the coronavirus disease. Although online classes are being conducted, some teachers have reported that they do not find the online classes as effective as the real classroom. In online classes, there is reduced student interaction, lack of realistic experience and absence of community feeling. The lockdown is generally considered to have more negative psychological effects due to financial loss, inadequate supplies and fear of life. A cross sectional survey was conducted among students to study the psychosocial impact of lockdown among students.The study population in the study are the students with a sample size of 200. The questionnaire consisted of 31 questions divided into three parts and was shared to students using online survey platform. 17.5% of the students felt that they could communicate to friends the same way as that of regular class, 53.5% did not and 29% partially felt so. 57% of the students felt anxious that their studies are affected during this lockdown, 21.5% did not feel anxious and 21.5% partially felt anxious. Most of the students are showing some symptoms of depression due to the closed schools and colleges and social distancing as a result of lockdown. Hence teachers have to handle them differently after the lockdown ends

Artificial Intelligence is a progressive, rapidly developing field. It has the potential to ease diagnosis, treatment and care of patients. It is vital that medical professionals are aware about Artificial Intelligence and its scope in health care. Artificial Intelligence has the capability to ease diagnosis and care. The future of medicine is Artificial Intelligence based. A survey was carried to assess the awareness levels about Artificial Intelligence and its scopes in Healthcare. A questionnaire was circulated among medical and healthcare professionals. The total participation for the study was 100. The results were collected and tabulated to be analysed using SPSS windows version 20. There was an overall positive response from the participants. 92% believed that Artificial Intelligence is the future of medicine. Recent advancements have made it imperative that the healthcare workers be aware of Artificial intelligence and its scopes. Artificial Intelligence is reaching the medical field. It is a reality that a certain level of hyperbole seems to have taken over the discussion of Artificial Intelligence in healthcare. On one hand, healthcare industrialists and researchers highlight the need for high quality health data, on the other hand, physicians are still waiting for evidence of the usefulness of these tools and wonder who will be held responsible in case of an injury due to the tool, and the other ethical factors associated with it. It can be concluded that the participants had a moderate level of knowledge about Artificial Intelligence and its scopes, which can be improved.

Humans require different quantities of diet to lead a healthy and active life. Good nutrition or proper intake of diet is necessary which is in relation with the body's dietary needs. A well balanced diet plays a major role and becomes the cornerstone of good health. The type of diet consumed by the people has lost it‟s quality over the years due to the work pressure and stress experienced by the people. During a pandemic, where people are forced to stay at their homes, the food consumption changes. There is a lot of possibility of people to change their diet inorder to improve the quality of their life. A questionnaire was prepared regarding the changes in the dietary habit of the people during the lockdown vs normal period. It was circulated among the people of Tamil Nadu. The questionnaire was uploaded in google forms. Finally, the data was collected, compiled and statistically analysed.The dietary habits have changed to a significant level during this lockdown period. There is an increase in the consumption of food during the lockdown when compared to the normal lifestyle.This study reveals that the lockdown has affected the people‟s dietary habits due to multifactorial reasons

Eating a variety of foods rich in nutrients from all the food groups promotes healthy teeth and gums. This means eating a balanced diet of fruits, vegetables, protein drinks, drinks high in calcium and whole grains for a healthy smile and a healthy body. The aim of the present study is to find out whether the dental students are aware about the various diets for detoxifications and maintenance of oral health. A cross-sectional survey based study was conducted among the dental students on the various diets for detoxification and maintenance of oral health. The questionnaire was distributed through the “Google forms” website to around 100 Dental students. 79% were aware of the various diets taken for detoxification and maintenance of oral health. 83% thought that there is a link between oral health and oral health conditions. This study concludes that the dental students were aware about the various diets for detoxification and maintenance of oral health

Sedentary lifestyle has become a huge concern in one's life, in which physical inactivity has become a major health problem. Prevalence of sedentary life is increasing nowadays and is seen more commonly in the student population. Sedentary lifestyle leads to obesity is an important health concern which is increasing day by day around the globe. It affects the whole body which mainly causes cardiovascular problems.The Aim of this research is to bring awareness about sedentary lifestyle, obesity and cardiovascular disease in the student population.A questionnaire of a total 15 questions were prepared and was uploaded through surveyplanet. The responses were collected and then interpreted as pie charts and bar graphs. A total of 100 undergraduate college students have taken the survey. The data was analysed by IBM-SPSS software where descriptive statistics and chi square test was done, where the results are plotted as graphs and pie charts.A total of 100 college students have taken up the survey in which 47% were male and 53% were female. In a question pertaining to how many people were following a healthy diet- 74 % have answered yes and 26% said no. The next question was about exercising everyday in which 62 % said yes while 38% said no. In which 47% males and 15% females have answered yes.97% agree that sedentary lifestyle leads to complications such as obesity. 90% of the students are aware about the increase in sedentary lifestyle among students. 69% have answered that unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity,smoking etc were the common causes of obesity. 95% agree that obesity causes respiratory problems. Almost 95 % students agree that obesity causes systemic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension which will ultimately lead to cardiovascular problems.Chi square test was done between gender and people who are following a healthy diet and exercising daily where p<0.05 which is statistically significant.Our study showed that almost all students were aware about sedentary lifestyle and its complications, but the females in the study have shown that they do not follow a healthy diet and do not exercise regularly which makes them prone to obesity and ultimately cardiovascular problems. To avoid these problems, awareness has to be spread in colleges about the seriousness of obesity and its harmful effects and how to prevent it.

Pregnancy has some physiological changes which complicate the process of diagnosis and treatment. Over 200 million people suffer from anaemia especially among women of reproductive age. Anaemia is a major health problem among pregnant and non-pregnant women. Anaemia during pregnancy is considered as a public health problem especially in developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined anaemia during pregnancy as a haemoglobin concentration of less than 11g/dl. In severe anaemia, the haemoglobin level is 6g/dl. Anaemia threatens both mother and foetus. The causes may be multifactorial, such as nutrient deficiency, parasitic infections or chronic infections. It may also be due to acute blood loss. It may also depend on geographical location and economic status. The effects of anaemia on mothers are tiredness, weakness, dizziness and affects the immune system. In children, it may cause preterm delivery, low birth weight. On both the mother and the fetus it can cause mortality and morbidity. Intake of balanced diet and awareness programmes on anaemia is a measure to prevent anaemia. This study is to evaluate the awareness and prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women. A cross-sectional survey was conducted containing a set of self-developed questionnaires. The data was collected and analysed using SPSS software. The results are analysed and tabulated. The result was gained as follows, 25% of the participated population‟s haemoglobin level is less than 11, 75.89% of the population participated are aware that anaemia can affect pregnant women, 66.07% of the population agree that haemoglobin level less than 11 can cause anaemia. From the study, it is obvious that there is an awareness between the effects of anaemia during pregnancy.

Online tools refers to any program, app, or technology that can be used via an internet connection and and hence teachers ability to present information. The paper examines the usefulness of the internet as a tool for interactive learning, teaching and research. It further exhibits the level of satisfaction of students and their perception towards online tools and online classes. Survey research method was employed. Questionnaire was the main instrument utilised for data collection. The findings of the study shows that most of the students are pretty much satisfied with present online tools, but still there is a need for a bit of improvement. The aim of this study was about enhancing the quality of learning and teaching. Meet the learning style or needs of students, improve user accessibility and time flexibility to engage learners in the online learning process.A study was carried out by using multiple-choice structured questionnaire among 114 students, the questionnaire was prepared in such a way that we can assess the attitude, their perception and awareness towards online tools and online classes. The data was collected and statistically analysed. Results showed that within the limitations of the study, most of the students are pretty much satisfied with the present online tools and online classes but still definitely there is a need of improvement of online classes and the interaction between students and the teacher .Our findings of the study proved that majority of the students are satisfied with the present online tools for teaching and learning, but they’re expecting improvisation in future

Sleep disturbance is one of the most commonly reported health complaints. Studies have shown that cigarette smoking is associated with sleep disorders in the general population. Many studies have shown the association of active smoking with sleep disturbances . But studies examining the association between active and passive smoking with insufficient sleep are limited. A questionnaire was created with a set of 12 questions related to active smoking , passive smoking and sleep disturbances. 100 random participants of adults and aged males by random sampling method . The participants were asked to fill the questionnaire in an online forum. The results were collected and statistically analysed. Almost half of the participants (48 %) have a smoking habit. Among the participants , employers and students have a high level of smoking habit (81%). 52 % of the participants have exposure to passive smoking. 70% of the participants have sleep disturbances. 64 % of the participants have sleep related breathing problems. 67 % of the participants have awareness on passive smoking. 78 % of the participants are willing to quit smoking and to avoid passive smoking. The present study highlighted the effects of active and passive smoking in sleep insufficiency and sleep disturbances. Thus the association of active and passive smoking with insufficient sleep in the adult and aged male population is determined.

Green tea is the most popular drink consumed across the world. It is made from Camellia Sinensis plant. The
dried tea leaves are processed and used to produce various types of tea products. Green tea drinking habits
have many health benefits. Health professionals like medical and dental students are undergoing high
pressure during their Study time. Green tea may benefit them from its Consumption range and knowledge
about green tea among dental students is unknown.A questionnaire-based study was conducted. 18 questions
were created about green tea drinking habits, about its uses, about its Origin, and its View on green tea. A
survey was conducted through online platforms ( Google forms ) and responses were collected. The data
Collected were Collected, analyzed and tabulated according to the Values.The knowledge and awareness
about health benefits of green tea consumption was adequate among dental students.

Depression occurrence is found to be three times higher in people with diabetes mellitus. Sometimes the majority of the cases with depression are under diagnosed. According to the International diabetes federation, diabetes is the largest global health emergency of the 21st century. A questionnaire was created with a set of ten questions related to diabetic patients and depression. 100 random participants of the age 25- 50 years took the survey and a random sampling method was done. More than half the participants are well aware that depression is common in adults with diabetes (57.5%). 71.3% think that diabetic patients are more anxious than a normal person, 54.5% are aware that using antidepressants in diabetic adults can be risky, 51% think that diabetes can be under diagnosed during treatment and 70% are aware that glucose metabolism will be altered if the doabetic patient is under depression or stress. Awareness about diabetic patients who could possibly be dealing with stress and depression was created.

Hypertension, sleep apnea and sleep disordered breathing are the important Global public health challenges the world is facing nowadays with the highest prevalence rate all over the world. Recently a large body of work has been going on in finding the association of sleep- disordered breathing, sleep Apnea and Hypertension in the Male population.The aim of this study is to determine the association of sleep- disordered breathing, sleep Apnea and Hypertension in the young, Adult and aged Male population.Standard survey questions based on sleep disordered breathing, sleep apnea and hypertension were designed and was uploaded in an online survey platform and circulated among the males. A total of 100 responses were collected and were statistically analysed. In this study we observed that there is an association of sleep disordered breathing, sleep apnea with hypertension (p<0.001, independent sample t-test).Since there were no previous studies to encounter this association in India. This study serves as an eye opener for the early diagnosis and treatment of sleep disordered breathing, sleep apnea and hypertension in the young, Adult and aged Male population. This study will be beneficial in the awareness of health care professionals to consider the evaluation of patients with hypertension, sleep apnea and sleep disordered breathing

Dementia is a collective term used to describe various symptoms of cognitive decline, such as forgetfulness.
It is a symptom of several underlying common phenomena with an aging population.The aim of the study is
to assess the knowledge on the management of quality of life of people with early onset dementia. A
questionnaire was created with a set of 12 questions related to Dementia and management of dementia . 100
random participants of adults and aged males and females by random sampling method . The participants
were asked to fill the questionnaire in an online forum . The results were collected and formatted in Pie
charts, Chi- square test was used and statistically analysed using SPSS .100 participants participated in the
survey, out of which 97% of them are aware of dementia, 63% of the population responded females are more
prone to dementia, and 67% of them responded that Alzheimer is the most common symptom. From the
current study it shows that the majority of the population are aware of dementia but its effects in the later
years of life are not much known. Also the quality of life in such cases diminishes as age progresses.
Awareness studies on the survival of early onset dementia are more informative as many younger patients
tend to suffer without diagnosing the condition and live without proper treatment or cure. Thus we conclude
that further management should be taken in control of early onset dementia by conducting several awareness
studies at larger populations

Determination or identification of sex of an unknown individual is the most important step in forensic science and archeology. The morphometrical analysis of the human pelvic bone is considered to be the hallmark for sex determination. Morphometrical analysis is the study and measurement of shape, size and structure of the pelvic bone in this case. In the present study a total of 24 dry human pelvic bones of known sex (12 male and 12 female) and without any gross abnormality were collected from the department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, India for evaluation. Sliding vernier calipers were used for measuring the iliac crest length and depth. All the data obtained were statistically tabulated using SPSS and represented graphically. The average value of the right sided male pelvic bone was 41.47mm and the left sided average value for males was 40.92mm. The average value of the left side and right side of the iliac crest was 42.97mm and 43.63mm. Respectively for the females With clear varying mean values of the male and female pelvic bones it is clear that the sex can determined using iliac crest of pelvic bone and serves as a reliable criteria

Emotional intelligence is the ability of a person to control and react according to emotions and feelings. Emotional intelligence is an inborn ability that makes people recognise, learn, feel, understand the emotions they are going through. Emotions are nothing but feelings that should be used properly as it has a huge impact in our lives. Emotional intelligence has an impact on various characters and attitudes of a person like self confidence, responsibility, adaptability, and self awareness. Emotional intelligence usually helps a person during a team performance rather than an individual performance. A standard set questionnaire designed was used to assess emotional intelligence among dental students. The study shows that the majority of the students have knowledge about emotional intelligence and intellectual capability. The present study concluded that the majority of the students are self aware and are able to manage their stress and emotions better. They were found to be self confident , trustworthy and adaptable and flexible. Among all of the students females are seen to cope up with their stress and are able to manage their emotions better than male participants

Adolescence is an important period of transition from girlhood to womanhood. Menstruation is the physiological process that indicates the onset of puberty. The practice of menstrual hygiene also depends on socioeconomic, cultural and religious differences. Menstrual hygiene plays an important role in the overall health of women. The aim of the study is to analyse the knowledge and practice of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls in the Chennai population. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 102 girls of Chennai population to analyse their knowledge and practice of menstrual hygiene through an online survey. A self administered questionnaire was prepared with 10 closed ended questions and circulated among the parents through online survey forms “Google forms”. The responses were collected and statistically analysed by SPSS using chi square test. The results were represented by bar charts and frequency tables.Among the 102 participants 98.8% of them are aware of menstrual hygiene 96.1% of the girls use sanitary pads as the absorbent, and about 99% of them dispose of their used absorbents in dustbins. 94.1% have knowledge on the effect of not following good menstrual hygiene. The study concludes that the girls of Chennai population have adequate knowledge and good practice of menstrual hygiene

An interdisciplinary investigation that interfaces with psychology and economics. It relates to individual behavior of mental health of a person. For every person the personal utility about rational thinking and authority of migration. The cyclic nature provides a good environment. During ice age they provide a coherent chain of reasoning and safeguard their race against nature. The aim of this review was to find the impact on the economy on rational thinking and psychological well being. A literature review will be carried out from scopus and pubmed databases from 2000 till date. The rational evolution and exponential discounting will be related to the evaluation which depends on the amount of delay and behaviour addiction which procrastinates the impulsive preference and immediate reward for hyperbolic discounting

A suture is a device, either natural or synthetic, which is used for ligation of blood vessels and in wound closure following surgery. Its major functions are to hold tissues together following wound closure or surgery. Neck dissection procedures leave open wounds which need to be approximated for the process of wound healing and aesthetic considerations. Henceforth the aim of the current study is to assess the type of sutures used in surgical wound closure of neck in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma following radial neck dissection in private institutional setup in chennai. Data was procured from the case sheets of patients undergoing radial neck dissection following surgical management of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The data was tabulated in MS-Excel and analysed by SPSS software (Version 20). The results were inferred. 60% of the external surgical wound closure were sutured using silk sutures while 40% where sutured using polyglactin and nylon sutures. 60% of the internal wound closures were closed using polyglactin while 40% was using polypropylene and nylon.Polyglactin 910 and silk were the most predominantly used suture materials for internal and external surgical wound closure in an private institutional set up in Chennai.

Among many controversial claims on COVID-19 pandemic , one such claim is that the SARS-CoV- 2 virus came from a lab, and is the result of an attempt to manufacture a vaccine against the AIDS virus. Another one was that the novel coronavirus may have been accidentally leaked by an intern working at the Wuhan Institute of Virology in China. These led to the claims that COVID-19 is really a lab-made bioweapon. An online survey was conducted with a self structured questionnaire comprising 10 questions about the facts and claims of Covid-19 as a lab made bio weapon. The results were analysed statistically with statistical software “SPSS version 20” and the result was represented in the pie chart form. In the present study, awareness of the pandemic outbreak, and claims of Covid-19 as a lab made bio weapon were analysed among the responses of general population, 82.1% are of the perception that Covid-19 is a lab made bio weapon and among them 80.2% of participants think Covid-19 is Chinese bio weapon. The study concludes that most of the people are of the perception that Covid-19 is really a lab made bioweapon and the study concludes that claims of Covid-19 are a bio weapon that China has created holds ground among the popular perception.

Orofacial infections of odontogenic origin have long plagued mankind. The discovery of the miracle drug
by fleming in the year 1928 and the routine use of penicillin after the landmark discovery of the powder
form of the antibiotic by florey and chain leading to significant change in the management of odontogenic
infection .The spread of infection is governed by factors such as impaired host defence, the virulence of
microorganism, functional abnormalities of the host and a lack of or delayed treatment. the microbiology
of odontogenic infections in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals has been found to be variable. Though
the effects of diabetes can affect infection severity , length of hospital stay, susceptibility to antibiotics
and outcome of treatment is unassured . Differentiation in antibiotics prescribed is also observed.The aim
of the study was to analyse the prevalence of the use of antibiotics among diabetic and non-diabetic
patients in a south indian dental university clinic . The list of all diabetics and non diabetics patients
treated for pain, dental infections , swelling were retrieved by reviewing 86000 patient records who have
visited the hospital during the study periods from june 2019 to march 2020 from the university
database.Data tabulation was carried out in Excel. The data was imported and transcribed in Statistical
Package for Social sciences version 16(SPSS,IBM corporation). Descriptive analysis was carried out.A
total of 9128 patients were included in the study based on treatment done of which 580 patients(6.3%) had
diabetes mellitus. Only 3.5 % of the male population and 2.8% of the female population has
diabetes.Amoxicillin 93.2% was found to be the most frequently prescribed antibiotics among nondiabetic
patients and diabetics patients 1.6% .A combination of metronidazole and amoxicillin was
prescribed to 0.5% of the whole study population .A combination clavulanic acid and
amoxicillin(augmentin )was prescribed to 4 % of the total diabetic study population and 0.4% of the nondiabetic
study population that is about.The relation between the diabetic status of a patient and the
antibiotic prescribed showed a significant statistical relationship in a Pearson's Chi square test with p value
of 0.001(p<0.005).The prescribing practises in dental offices can be improved by increasing awareness
among dental practitioners about the recommended guidelines for prescribing antibiotics . The most
commonly prescribed antibiotics among diabetic patients was Augmentin (4.08%) and for non diabetics it
was amoxicillin (93.25%). .

Composite restorative materials represent one of the many successes of modern biomaterials research, since they replace biological tissue in both appearance and function. At least half of posterior direct restoration placements now rely on composite materials . Composite resins are a class of dental restorative materials that are a mixture of organic and inorganic components. The primary organic components are the resin, the coupling agent, the initiator and filler. Fillers play a pivotal role in the performance of composite resins. Fillers can be from a wide range of materials. Fillers in composites can be made of glasses, ceramics, metals etc. Glass fillers are usually made of crystalline silica, silicone dioxide, lithium/barium-aluminium glass, and borosilicate glass containing zinc/strontium/lithium. Ceramic fillers are made of zirconia-silica, or zirconium oxide. The development and implementation of composite dental restorative materials rely on a comprehensive understanding of each component of the composite and consideration of methods for changing each component. The aim of the review is to showcase the recent advances in composite resin fillers which have substantially improved the clinical performance of composite

Dental impressions are categorized under semi-critical objects in dental practice and require high level
disinfection or sterilization. Sterilization in an autoclave will compromise the dimensional accuracy of the
impression hence it is not feasible. Until 1991, the recommended procedure for disinfection of impression
was rinsing under running water with which only 40% of bacteria, viruses and fungi were removed and
potential for transmission of microorganisms remained there. In recent times, a pre wash of the impression
with running water is advocated first to cast off all particles, blood and saliva prior to active disinfection
procedure. Disinfection of dental impression should be a routine procedure in the dental office and dental
laboratory. However, most of the dental professionals in private clinics, hospitals, dental schools and
prosthetic laboratories are not following the required protocols for impression disinfection. Keeping in
view the above findings, it is of utmost importance to raise the level of awareness in dental professionals
involved in any process of handling, transportation, processing and storage of the dental impressions.
With this background ,the aim of this review is to generate an update on the various techniques of
impression disinfection along with their mechanism of action , dimensional stability ,cause of infection on
impression material and effects of disinfectant on impression materials.

The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of salivary gland diseases in patients visiting a private
dental college. A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who visited the Department of Oral
Medicine from March 2019 to March 2020.Clinically diagnosed cases of salivary gland diseases which
included salivary gland neoplasms, xerostomia, necrotizing sialometaplasia, mucocele, ranula, sjogren’s
syndrome, sialodochitis, sialadenitis were included in the study.The details of each case were reviewed
from an electronic database.From the study we found that 17 patients were diagnosed with salivary gland
disease.The most commonly observed salivary gland disease was mucocele of the lip with a frequency of
41.17% in the study population followed by xerostomia (17.65%).Salivary gland disease can occur due to
variable causes and might significantly affect the quality of life and daily functioning.Only with a
thorough knowledge of the subject it is possible to detect the diseases of the salivary gland in their early
stage and manage them more efficiently.

Aim of the study was to assess the association of age and gender distribution in patients having class III/ class IV caries resulting in root canal treatment in upper and lower Anteriors. This is a retrospective clinical study carried between the month of June 2019 to March 2020. Data of patients with diagnosis of class III/ class IV caries and prognosis to RCT were collected. Thus a sample size of 56 was obtained and tabulated in excel. Excel tabulated data is transferred to SPSS software for analysis. Based on software analysis and chi square test results were tabulated. We got a result that male patients aged between the age group of 61-70 years are most affected by class III/ class IV caries resulting in root canal treatment. Maxillary right permanent central incisor [11] is the most common tooth to be affected anteriors in upper arch and mandibular left permanent canine is most commonly affected anteriors in lower arch. Within the limitations of this study, we observed that male patients showed higher incidence of class III, class IV caries resulting in root canal treatment compared to female patients. Class III and class IV caries are observed to be more prevalent in the age group 61-70 years. Thus early diagnosis and conservative treatment of class III and class IV caries can prevent teeth from progressing to RCT.

Oral cancer is one of the most common major debilitating diseases affecting the world community.It is one the most commonest form of cancer in south asia especially countries like India,pakistan,bangladesh are most affected.This occurs mainly due to habits like smoking,gutkha and paan chewing and areca nut.most of people affected were between age groups third and sixth decades,so they are also prone for the systemic diseases.this will further complicate both the treatment plan,treatment.added to this, their postoperative complications and prognosis all depends on comorbid conditions like systemic diseases.so the aim of the study is identify the prevalence and risk factors associated with oral cancer .This is an Retrospective study.In this study a total 86000 patients records were analysed and after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria,a total of 53 patients from Department of Oral Oncology , Saveetha Dental College, who were diagnosed as oral cancer were considered for this study.Subjective and objective observations are recorded that includes age, gender, habits and systemic diseases of oral cancer patients. Period of study is from June 2019 to March 2020.All the datas of the patients were reviewed by an external reviewer and were tabulated.Statistics done with Chi Square test using SPSS.The results obtained in this study indicates that habits 39% and systemic diseases 45% were associated with oral cancer.Habits and systemic diseases are strongly correlated with oral cancer, these are risk factors for prevalence of oral cancer. Within the limitations of the study there are significant risk factors like habits and systemic diseases that are associated with the causation of oral cancer which has direct implications on the severity of disease and this will also enable us to pave the way for providing better comprehensive treatment for oral cancer.

Classification is the process of grouping similar entities under one category for the case of their comprehension and better handling. The WHO systems of classification is a time - honoured system that has prevailed from decades together and is under constant evolution. Classification of Odontogenic Tumours was formulated by Pieree Paul Broar and has undergone several transformations over 1989 - till 2017. So many entities appear every year in the classification. The study aimed to assess the knowledge , awareness regarding recently revised modification of OT among oral pathologists.A cross sectional, questionnaire based survey study was conducted among 100 oral pathologists around chennai and puducherry population. Ethical clearance was given by the institutional review board and study was conducted over a period of 2 weeks through the questionnaire in google forms and sent in an email link. Questionnaire was divided into various sections based on demographic data, awareness and knowledge along with feedback questions are added in that survey. The statistical analysis done with software 2.1.0 version and microsoft word and excel sheet were used to generate tables and graphs.Of the 100 questionnaires are filled and returned to the response rate of 100%. Majority of the participants fall under the age of 28 - 29 years of about 51% remaining in 24-27 years (34%) with female predominance of 93% (n=93. Majority of the participants were PG residents of about 81%. In that 15% of the participants are not aware about the update version of classification.This survey is first of its kind. From the survey, we conclude that although oral pathologists were aware about OT classification but still most of the PG residents did not have enough knowledge regarding updation in the classification of OT. So, to create awareness regarding odontogenic tumour classification is of utmost importance for oral pathologists as odontogenic tumours are key lesions in diagnosis of oral and jaw swellings

Music reduces stress and increases physical energy, depending on the tempo, melody, and genre of music we listen to . Even from the emergency room to the physical therapy practice, music can ease stress, improve immune and hormone production, elevate mood, and reduce pain. Dentists can use music for more outcome of the patients and using music during sedation improves recovery rate after the procedure. The study aims to know the awareness among patients having anxiety during dental treatments. Cross sectional questionnaire survey conducted among dental patients . Information of question was obtained from the questionnaire using survey planets and data represented in MS Excel and statistical analysis was done using SPSS software.The results were collected and then analysed through SPSS software. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out and chi square test was used and p value was calculated. About 86% patient felt relaxed while listening to music while compared to other time in the clinic 84% patient felt reduction in the pain which listening to music in dental clinic 92% thought that music reduces the anxiety level and distract patients while getting treated in clinic 36% patient felt anxious during dental treatments. Most of the patients feel anxious while getting treated in the dental clinics . music plays a major role in reducing anxiety . While getting treated many of the patients felt that music helps in distracting during pain .Many of the patients suggested practicing music therapy in dental clinics .

Rubber dam was introduced by Dr.Barnum in the 1860 s, the main advantage of using rubber dams in endodontics include patient protection from medicaments, aspiration of endodontic instruments, tooth debris, and irrigating solutions. The aim of the study to determine the prevalence and frequency of rubber dam usage during endodontic procedures among dentists in the state of TamilNadu, India.A survey was conducted among 101 dentists in the state of Tamil Nadu, India by preparing a set of questions, and the answers were collected through an online survey method.In this survey, 82.2% feel comfortable to use a rubber dam,36.6% never use a rubber dam to pediatric patients,89% always use a rubber dam to adult patients,61.4% not using rubber dam for all cases of RCT,73.8% need to gain knowledge about rubber dams through training programs,23.8 % told patients discomfort was a reason for not using a rubber dam, 80.2% not using rubber dam while taking X- rays,45.5% take more than 5 mins for applying a rubber dam to patients,63.4% told it is easily available for clinical usage.The present survey shows there is a low prevalence of its usage during endodontic treatment. Greater emphasis should be placed on the advantages of using rubber dams in clinical dentistry at dental school and through continuing dental education for practitioners to update their knowledge

Quality of obturation is one of the factors that influences the outcome of endodontic treatment. Thus the present study was conducted with the aim to determine the influence of length and quality of obturation on the failure of endodontic treatment. For the purpose of data collection, the preoperative radiographs of failed endodontic cases reported to the institute between June 2019 and April 2020 were analysed. Data was tabulated in excel sheet as poorly filled canals, obturations short of apex, obturations extending beyond the apex and adequate obturation. Further, the teeth were grouped into six categories as maxillary anterior, premolar and molars and mandibular anterior, premolar and molars. A descriptive statistical analysis and chi square test was performed. The results were represented in the form of tabulation and bar graphs. Of the 225 cases that matched the inclusion criteria, maximum endodontic failures were seen in maxillary anteriors (41.8%) followed by mandibular molars (25.8%) and maxillary molars (13.3%). Of these endodontic failure cases, 144 were due to poor and incomplete obturations (64%) 58 obturations were homogenous but short of the apex (25.8%). Only 15 cases were reported with over obturation (6.7%) and 8 radiographs depicted adequately obturated teeth undergoing endodontic failure (3.6%). Poorly filled canals were the primary reason that contributed to the majority of endodontic failures.

This study was designed to understand and evaluate the choice between friction and frictionless mechanics in extraction space closure. The orthodontics case sheets were evaluated to identify extraction cases. After examining 428 case sample tabulation of choice between friction and frictionless mechanics were examined. More female patients underwent orthodontic treatment. More cases were treated by friction mechanics rather than by frictionless mechanics. Only 55 cases of the whole were treated by loops for retraction and space closure. More orthodontists preferred retraction using friction mechanics which can be attributed to factors like being treated by faster mechanics, less cost and lesser demanding skill of clinician. The chair side time required is reduced

Dental erosion is a public health problem as it may affect various age groups and gender. It may lead to dentin hypersensitivity and eventually pulpal exposure if the erosion is severe and not treated which causes pain. Therefore, the study was done to find the association of gender with dental erosion. A retrospective study was conducted using University hospital patient records from July 2019 - March 2020. A total of 149 case sheets were reviewed. The data variables such as socio-demographic data, presence of dental erosion and number of teeth involved with dental erosion were retrieved and analyzed. Results were present with frequency distribution and chi-square test for association. Dental erosion was prevalent in males (64.4%) than females (35.6%). The age range of the patients included in the study was 21-80 years old out of which 21-40 years (14.8%), 41-60 years (57%) and 61-80 years (28.2%). Erosion in maxillary teeth involving 0-5 (85.8%) was the highest followed by 6-10 (14.1%) and erosion in mandibular teeth involving 0-5 (87.9%) was the highest followed by 6-10 (11.4%) and 11-15 (0.7%). There was no statistically significant association between gender, age with dental erosion in maxillary and mandibular teeth (p>0.05). Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that dental erosion was prevalent in males of early 60’s and there was no association between gender, age with dental erosion in maxillary and mandibular teeth.

It has been established that smoking is a very different addiction to break. Many smokers persist in
tobacco use for several years and cycle through multiple periods of remission and relapse Smoking is not a
single event process and relapse is an ordinary component of this process. International guidelines have
greatly emphasized on relapse prevention. Very few studies examine the association between the number
of cigarettes smokers consume per month and their response to cues derived from peer and physiological
distress. This study aims to evaluate association between peer pressure and relapses during tobacco quit. A
retrospective study was conducted by reviewing 75,000 patient records of University hospital for a period
of nine months from June 2019 to March 2020. About 150 case reports containing information on tobacco
dependence and quit rate (in terms of number of relapses) were retrieved and analysed. Descriptive
statistics was done to present the sociodemographic details. Chi-square association was done to find the
association. Most of the participants (34%) were in the age group 29-38 years, followed by 49-59 years
(26%), 19-28 years (24%) and 39-49 years (16%). About 13.3%, 20%, 4%, 10% of 19-28 yrs, 29-38 yrs,
39-48 yrs and 49-59 yrs of patients respectively had peer pressure during their quitting process.About
11.3% 20%, 8.67 and 13.3% of patients in the age group 19-28 yrs, 29-38 yrs, 39-48 yrs and 49-59 yrs had
no relapses during the quitting process.No significant association between age and number of relapses
(p=0.746; not significant). Hence proving no influence of age on relapse during quitting process. About
28% of patients with peer pressure and 25.3% without peer pressure had no relapse during quitting.
However 19.3% and 27.3% with and without peer pressure had >1 number of relapses. during their
quitting process,No significant association of peer pressure in relapse (p=0.295, not significant). No
influence of peer pressure on relapse during the quitting process. Peer pressure is not much influencing the
number of relapses during the quitting process, however a watch over this factor to be taken in account
during cessation counselling

Periodontal disease is one of the most common chronic diseases in adults. It is an inflammatory disease affecting the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. It is associated with various risk factors. Tobacco is one of the potent risk factors for periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to find the impact of smoking on periodontal health. A retrospective study was conducted using the case records of patients in a private institution between June 2019 to March 2020. A total of 200 male patients (Group 1: 100 smokers; Group 2: 100 non-smokers) were recruited. Data regarding the periodontal status of the patients were collected from their records. Descriptive and inferential statistics were done using SPSS software. The present study showed that smokers had a high prevalence of periodontitis (37.5%) when compared to non-smokers (8.5%). Whereas, non-smokers had a high prevalence of gingivitis (41.5%) when compared to smokers (12.5%). Also, there was a statistically significant association between smoking and periodontal health (p=0.000). The findings of the present study showed that smokers had increased risk of periodontitis than non-smokers.

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of class I,II, III malocclusions in patients with bilateral
cleft lip and palate. Cleft lip and palate are the most common congenital defects. Cleft lip and cleft palate
can be divided into bilateral cleft lip and palate and unilateral cleft lip and palate. In patients with cleft lip
and palate the prevalence of other dental anomalies is very common. Cleft lip and palate patients require a
multidisciplinary treatment approach, to correct the cleft and other other associated defects. This study
was done in a university based setting on the bilateral cleft lip and palate patients who reported to our
hospital. The data was obtained by reviewing case sheets from June 2019 to March 2020 of Saveetha
dental college and hospitals. The data was collected and tabulated in the excel sheets and exported to the
SPSS software for statistical analysis. The prevalence of Class I was 52%, class III was 28% and Class II
had 20% prevalence in bilateral cleft lip and palate patients. There was a difference between the incidence
of different types of malocclusions among different genders, with more male predilection, however it was
statistically insignificant. The prevalence of Class I malocclusion was more in our Bilateral cleft lip and
palate population.

Smoking is a highly prevalent addiction present worldwide, especially in India. It not only affects the pulmonary system but also has a major impact on oral health. Periodontal disease comprises a range of polymicrobial infectious diseases such as gingivitis and periodontitis that affect the tooth-supporting structures. Smoking has been identified as a risk factor for periodontal disease progression and can also alter treatment response. This study aims at associating the type of tobacco use and periodontal disease progression. This retrospective study was conducted among 500 patients using their records from the Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai from June 2019-April 2020 and patients who had smoking habits were identified. Data regarding their age, gender, type of tobacco use and periodontal status were collected and then subjected to statistical analysis. Microsoft Excel 2016 data spreadsheet was used to collect data and later exported to the Statistical Package for Social Science for Windows (SPSS version 20.0,IL,Chicago,USA) for analysis. The results of the study showed that among the patients with smoking habits, individuals within the age group of 25-35 years (31.4%) showed the highest prevalence of tobacco use whereas people among 65-75 years (1.2%) had the least. Majority of the smokers were diagnosed with periodontitis (84.4%), followed by gingivitis (12.4%) but diagnosis of healthy gingiva was very rare (3.2%). Smokeless form of tobacco was commonly used (61.2%). There was a male predominance (94.2%). Smoking, especially the type of tobacco used and severity of periodontal disease was found to have a strong association (p=0.000). The study draws attention to the fact that tobacco usage has a negative impact on oral health and can lead to periodontitis.

Malocclusion is a common development disorder which can create a negative impact on children and adults. Angle had classified malocclusion into class I, class II , class III based on upper and lower molars. Prevalence of malocclusion varies among different populations based on their ethnicity. This study aims to find out the prevalence of class II dental relation among permanent dentition patients in our population. The study is done among patients who came to the dental college. Patient data is collected from dental case records of patients with permanent dentition. With the collected data, class II malocclusion prevalence among patients were evaluated. Results were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Out of 37756 patients, 1017 patients (2.69%) had class II malocclusion among permanent dentition. 52.95% were males and 47.05% were females. Prevalence of Class II div I was higher (88%) than class II div 2 (12%). Chi square test done between type of malocclusion and gender was found to be insignificant with P value of
0.564. Within the limitations of the current study, it was found that prevalence of class II malocclusion was less in our population with no significant difference in distribution among males and females. 

In the earlier days orthodontics was more focused towards rectifying a malocclusion.But nowadays there is a shift towards maintaining the balance between functional efficiency ,structural balance and esthetic harmony. Understanding the perspective of a patient's orthodontic treatment needs helps in better treatment planning.The aim of this study was to identify the major chief complaint of the patient seeking orthodontic treatment.In this retrospective study records of 900 patients undergoing Orthodontic treatment were obtained .Their chief complaints were screened and were classified into esthetics, pain and functional. Esthetics chief complaints were further subdivided into crowding, proclination and spacing
.Results showed that majority of the patients seek orthodontic treatment for esthetic reasons.Among esthetics crowding was found to be the major chief complaint, followed by proclination and spacing

In orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics ,thorough knowledge of skeletal and dental components that contribute to Angle’s class II div 2 malocclusion is essential because these elements may influence the approach to treatment.When planning of orthodontic treatment for malocclusion, one has to take into account the growth pattern , because it would considerably affect the success of the treatment. Facial growth and development is important because amount and direction growth will alter the need for orthodontic biomechanics.The aim of this study was to compare between antegonial notch depth, symphysis morphology, and ramus morphology in different growth patterns in skeletal class II div 2 subjects. In this study, lateral cephalograms of 47 skeletal class II div 2 subjects were traced. The sample was divided into average, horizontal, and vertical growth patterns based on jarabak’s ratio. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed to determine the comparison between groups for all these variables.Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was done to determine correlation between all variables within all the groups. Results showed that Depth of antegonial notch is found to be greater in vertical growth patterns compared to horizontal and average growth patterns. Large symphysis angle and symphysis width is noted in the horizontal growth pattern. Small ramus height is noted in vertical growth pattern compared to horizontal and average growth patterns. In horizontal growth pattern antegonial notch depth was found to be highly correlated with symphyseal angle (r=0.374) and low correlation was found with symphysis width (0.147) and ramus length(r=0.178).In vertical growth pattern , antegonial notch depth was found to be highly correlated with symphyseal angle (r=0.353) and negative correlation was found with ramus length (r = -0.021),symphysis width (r= - 0.676).In average growth pattern , antegonial notch depth was found to be highly correlated with ramus length(r=0.169) and low correlation was found with symphysis width (r=0.033) and negative correlation was found with symphysis angle (r=-0.403).This study concluded that antegonial notch depth ,symphysis morphology and ramus height are significantly correlated with different growth patterns in skeletal class II malocclusion but are highly significant in horizontal growth patterns. All parameters are significantly correlated with different growth patterns.

Menopause is associated with many systemic and oral changes. Many researchers have tried to evaluate the influence of hormonal changes associated with menopause in the periodontium. The aim of this study isto evaluate the furcation sites in postmenopausal women with chronic periodontitis. It is a single centered retrospective study. A total of 215 case records that met the inclusion criteria and were selected for the study. Patient records were collected and evaluated. The data analysis was done using SPSS software.Within the limits of the study, grade II furcations are more common compared to grade I, III and
IV. Furcations are most commonly seen in 16,26,37,46 as compared to other molars. In relation to 46, grade II furcation was more common in the age group of 50-60 years, p value = 0.014 ﹤0.05 which was statistically significant. In relation to 47, Grade II furcation was more common in 50-55 years of age, p
value =0.031﹤0.05, which is statistically significant. Post menopausal women are more prone to poor periodontal health status. There is a need to create awareness about periodontal health and the associated problems in postmenopausal women.

Alveolar osteitis which is also known as dry socket, is an inflammation of the alveolar bone. Usually, this occurs after a postoperative complication of tooth extraction.Alveolar osteitis can occur where the blood clot fails to form or is lost from the socket and this leaves the empty socket where bone is exposed to the oral cavity, causing a localized alveolar osteitis limited to the lamina dura . This most specific type is known as dry socket and is associated with increased pain and delayed healing time.The aim of the study is to compare the prevalence of dry socket and age as a risk factor in patients who visited Saveetha Dental College.The objective was to find the base in Saveetha Dental college by the data collected for the theoretical framework for research proposal.In materials and methods , there are certain requirements that were necessary such as case control study for a better understanding , patients details who visited saveetha dental college for a background check , data obtained from the outpatient record was to ensure that the data can be supported , followed by analytics of dry socket patients to know the total number of patients involved ,the sample size obtained and the tabulation of data was done in excel sheet and finally a satisfied analysis is done with the proper data.The majority of patients that are with dry socket were around the age range from 28 years to 47 years and is more common in females than in males and majority of them are non-smokers.Even in the gender prevalence , the total number of females are more than males by numbers and it is obtained with the confirmed data.The mean age group from the age range of 28 years to 47 years is the age group 50 years and the positive statistically significant correlation between the age and dry sockets.The type of test used in this study is this chi square test and the P value of the test is <0.05 which is significant.We can observe the graph showing distributions such as age where the age group from 28 years to 47 years has a total value of (9 with 53.1%) and we also can conclude that the age group from 55 years to 74 years have a total value of 46.9%.In gender we can tell from the graph that the male group has a total value of (8 with 47.1%) and that the female group has a total value of (52.9%).From smoking we can conclude that a total of (76.5%) of the obtained patients are non-smokers and a total of (23.5%) of the obtained patients are smokers

In the Human sphere of life, Protection is defined as any measure taken to guard or protect an object or a human against any kind of Physical, Chemical and Biological hazards. Personal protective equipments are the equipments that offer complete protection against these kinds of hazards.They are designed in such a way that they ensure one’s safety to the fullest. The hazards addressed by protective equipments include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, Bio hazard and airborne particulate.They are routinely used by Health care Professionals for preliminary protection. They enhance Occupational safety and also impose a barrier between the user and the environment. A Tremendous number of personal protective equipments had been invented in the last two decades. This review article has studied more than 55 articles on Personal protective Equipments. The article discusses such equipments that are needed for self protection of mankind which includes Face protective, Eye protective, Head protective, Ear protective, Ballistic protective and Foot protective equipments.

Face masks are the personal protective equipment which prevents the entry of toxic chemicals, microbes into our body. It acts as an effective barrier against infectious diseases. A respirator is the special type of equipment which protects the wearer from inhaling toxic chemicals, dust and airborne particles. Personal protective equipment (PPE) used by the health care providers are designed to protect the skin and the mucous membrane of eyes ,and nose which can reduce the risk of exposure to blood borne pathogens. The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has suggested the use of standard surgical masks, cloth masks, and extended type of respirators in pandemic conditions. The recent types of face masks are N95,99, FFP1,2, surgical masks, single, double-layered masks, cloth masks etc. The filtration efficacy of each mask varies according to the manufacturer, as when compared with N95 masks of about 90 % and surgical masks only with 90%. Many studies have discussed the different types of face masks being used by healthcare providers, professionals, and people in the community. A review with valuable information about the recent types, functions of face masks were collected using the recent articles searched from pubmed, google scholar, core, cochrane etc, which are dated from 2000-2020. The aim of the present study to review about the recent types and functions of face masks used by the community people and health care providers.

Stainless steel crowns have been proved to be successful and efficient full coverage restoration in pediatric dentistry especially after pulp therapy and for restoring multi-surface carious lesions. These crowns are usually pre-formed and are selected according to the size of the tooth that requires the crown. The purpose of this study is to determine the common reasons for requirements of back to back stainless steel crowns in the maxillary arch of children aged 2 to 6 years. This cross sectional observational study was carried out retrospectively by analysis of the case sheets for the treatment done with back to back stainless steel crowns in the right and left quadrants of maxillary arch and thereby determining the requirements for the same. Out of 69 pairs of back to back crowns, 90.4% of the teeth required pulpal treatments; 8% of the teeth required Class II restorations; 11% of the teeth were given back to back crowns as an abutment for space maintainers in the upper arch. Back to back crowns in the maxillary arch were placed mostly for teeth treated by pulpectomy, followed by abutments for space maintainers.

Performing dental procedures on children is usually a challenge for dentists especially on those children who are anxious and lack the ability to cooperate. Depending on the child's emotional and psychological state of mind and the usual behavior management techniques may not help in carrying out the dental procedures effectively.In these circumstances, an alternative such as conscious sedation and general anesthesia may become necessary.This study was undertaken to assess dental treatment under general anaesthesia preferred by parents for their children.Data was collected from patient management software and analysed using SPSS software. Chi square test was done to check the association and a p value of < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. All children who underwent general anaesthesia from September 2019 to February 2020 were included in the study . Assessment for the reason of general anaesthesia was done. Parental preference for general anaesthesia was also assessed. It was observed that out of 80 children , parents of 53 children preferred treatment under general anaesthesia . Parents preferred treatment under general anesthesia more for male children as compared to female children. Parents preferred general anesthesia more in the age group of 2 to 3 years as compared to 4 to 5 years . Single visit treatment was the most preferred reason for general anaesthesia. We observed that parents preferred treatment under general anaesthesia for children between 2-5 years of age.

Endodontic file fracture is an uncommon event. It is important to assess the variations in root and root canal morphology before initiating any endodontic treatment .Occurrence of instrument fracture is reported to range between 0.3% and 16.2% . The aim of the study is to assess the association between age and teeth referred for retrieval of a separated instrument. In this retrospective study a total of 82000 patient records were reviewed and data related to instrument retrieval were extracted and tabulated for data analysis. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software and chi square test was used to determine the occurrence of instrument fracture in patients undergoing root canal treatment based on age and teeth. Occurrence of instrument fracture was found to be highest in the 31 to 41 years age group and there is no relation between age and teeth referred for retrieval of separated instrument.

Oral leukoplakia is seen as a predominant white patch in the oral mucosa and is the most common potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa. Habits such as tobacco, betel nut chewing and alcohol increases the incidence of oral leukoplakia. This study was aimed to evaluate the association of oral leukoplakia in patients having smoking and alcohol habits. In this study, patients having oral leukoplakia were sorted out by reviewing and analysing 86,000 patients records who visited the private dental college during the time period of June 2019 to March 2020. The personal history with habits such as smoking and alcohol were also recorded. A Chi-square test was used to determine association between variables to obtain the results. In our study, we found that the males showed higher prevalence of Oral Leukoplakia than females. A statistically significant result was found in patients between 41-50 years of age (29.2%) with smoking habits (84.8%) and alcohol intake habits (51%). It also showed that there was stronger association between oral leukoplakia and patients with both smoking and alcohol habits, than in patients having alcohol habit alone.

Oral submucous fibrosis(OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder of oral mucosa affecting mainly the population in south and southeast Asia. OSMF is precancerous condition caused by areca nut chewing characterised by restricted mouth opening, burning sensation and stiffness and blanching of oral mucosa.Complete regression of the condition had not been achieved in all cases with any of the present treatment regimen.The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge among dental students about the significance of Oral Submucous Fibrosis and it’s management. The questionnaire based study was conducted among 100 participants. A self administered questionnaire was used. The questionnaire based study was conducted through an online forum , google form software. The questions were formed to observe knowledge,attitude,and practical approach of dental students towards treating OSMF patients attending private dental hospitals .The data collected were stored and results were analysed by SPSS software. Out of 100 participants, 55% participants reported that females have an increased prevalence of OSMF compared to male. Majority of participants were aware that betel quid were the most common habits and blanching mucosa were the common features associated with OSMF. 60 % of participants were aware that stopping gutka / pan chewing habits alone will not resolve the problem in patients having trismus. Within the limits of the present study, students showed good knowledge on the various clinical and diagnosis aspects of Oral submucous fibrosis, however the knowledge on the management aspect of oral submucous fibrosis was moderate. A better knowledge of OSMF will endure safer health care services for the population.

Denture Stomatitis( DS) is one of the common denture related complications in patients wearing dentures after years of denture use. There have been various studies on its prevalence despite the fact that its exact etiology is still unknown. Removable dentures have served as an important prosthesis in dentistry, whereby it helps in regaining the phonetics and masticatory functions as well as esthetics in edentulous patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors that can cause denture stomatitis in denture wearers. This study was designed as a retrospective clinical study. All the patients with removable dentures (Complete dentures , Removable Partial dentures , Cast partial denture ) were taken into account and the data was retrieved. The data was analysed and results were recorded.Out of the 1415 subjects wearing dentures (complete or partial ) , 80 were found to have denture stomatitis in which 57.4% were women and 42.6% were men. The majority of the DS patients were in the age group range of 51-80 years. Temporary partial dentures (50%) were the most prevalent type of prosthesis in patients with denture stomatitis. When the medical history was reviewed most of the patients did not have any underlying systemic diseases(61.1%) did not have any medical condition, (18.5%) were diabetic, (11.1 %) were hypertensive. When all the diabetic patients(2577) were evaluated , 9.32% had denture stomatitis .In the study, it was observed that denture stomatitis was prevalent in elderly patients with slight female predilection. Diabetes was the most prevalent systemic illness associated with denture stomatitis

Epidemiological studies indicate the annual incidence of dental trauma globally is at about 4.5%. Approximately one‐third of children and toddlers (primary teeth) and one‐fifth of adolescents and adults (permanent teeth) sustained a traumatic dental injury.The aim of the study is to evaluate the association of the patients undergoing reattachment of fractured teeth and compare the age and gender of the patient.The majority involved the maxillary central incisors, mainly from falls in toddlers at home and contact sport in adolescents. It is a retrospective study. The details of the patient records were reviewed and analyzed from June 2019 to March 2020 out of which data of 10 patients who had undergone fractured tooth reattachment were included in this study. The details like age, gender, tooth number were evaluated and entered in SPSS, version 23.It is observed that there is no significant difference among age and sex of the patient who underwent reattachment of fractured teeth. Within the limitation, males had undergone more attachment procedures than females. Endodontic approach was most prevalent in all age groups while conservative approach was prevalent only in 20 to 40 years age group.

Impression making is an important part of replacement of the teeth. In complete dentures, secondary impression techniques play a major role in the fabrication of the prosthesis, as they help in recording accurate borders and extension on the impression. Recording the secondary impression plays a major role in the retention, resistance and support. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of types of secondary impression techniques used by dentists in complete denture patients. This was a cross sectional study containing sample size of 200. This study was conducted in a university setting. Data was collected from a digital case sheet record and categorised into mucocompressive, mucostatic and selective pressure techniques. Data was then entered in MS Excel Sheets and statistically analysed using IBM SPSS Version
20.0 and graphically represented. Selective pressure impression techniques (42.3%) was the most prevalent type used among dentists. Impression techniques play a major role in the fabrication of denture for its retention, resistance and support.

Generic systemic disability questions the success rate of the complete denture. Systemic factors are main determinants for prognosis of denture. Most complete denture age groups have contributing health causes.Most individuals in the entire denture age group are likely to have health conditions leading to denture difficulties. The general health status of the patient, host resistance and the systemic factors are the main determinants of the denture 's prognosis. A total of 372 patients were taken and analysed for systemic diseases in complete denture wearers.The study was done under university setting.The results were analysed using SPSS software version 20 by IBM. The result observed is that the prevalence of systemic disease is less in completely edentulous patients.From the present study it was observed that the presence of systemic disease completely edentulous patients is 38..17%.Additional care should be maintained while treating those patients.

Tooth preparation is a procedure done for replacements of missing teeth, where it not only reduces the tooth structure but also preserves the biological value of the tooth. These are carried out for Fixed Partial Dentures and Full Mouth Rehabilitation. Fixed partial dentures are commonly done in cases of single missing tooth as it mainly depends upon the span length and the abutment health. The abutment teeth play a main role in partial dentures where replacements depend upon the abutment health. The aim of this cross sectional study was to determine the prevalence of errors in tooth preparation. The sample size of this study was 200 subjects. This study is conducted in a university setting, Chennai. Data was collected from a digital case sheet record of 200 subjects and coding was done in MS Excel sheets and statistically analysed using IBM SPSS Version 20.0. Chi square tests were used to analyse the data statistically. These data were then graphically represented. In this study, prevalence of various errors in tooth preparation were noticed, among which over reduction (67.5%), under reduction (93%) and gingival damage (75%) were more prevalent among other errors in tooth preparation. Damage is mostly seen on the posterior regions especially in the mandibular distal aspects. To prevent these errors, low speed handpieces and proper equipment with utmost care should be provided. Therefore in conclusion, tooth preparation can lead to various errors and care has to be taken while doing tooth preparation.

Suturing is the process of joining two surfaces or edges together along a line by sewing .The aim of the study was to find out the different types of suture technique in extraction wounds . The study was focused to assess the different types of suturing techniques in extraction wounds .The sample size of the study was about 100 participants , a set of questionnaire is being created by use of Google form software , the data collection software score .The results were collected and statistically analysed . There is a significant relation between the dental students and their knowledge about the different suture techniques seen in extraction wounds. This study created awareness on different suture techniques and improved the knowledge about suturing techniques which are absolutely necessary to become a competent surgeon .

Dental caries in the form of early childhood caries is more prevalent in children. Severe form of caries extending throughout the coronal structure in the root can result in tooth pain. These kinds of teeth with caries extending to the pulp may require pulpectomy or extraction. Pulpectomy is a restorative treatment done in primary teeth which is used to extirpate the coronal and radicular pulp and seal the entire root canal using an obturating material. The obturating material is of different types. The commonly used material is the Metapex, which helps in the natural resorption of the roots, exfoliation and does not irritate the periapical region. Extraction in children can be due to trauma or grossly decayed teeth in children due to caries extending subgingivally or presence root stumps. Children presenting with class 2 caries have been exposed to caries involving the pulp. Early childhood caries is one of the most infectious diseases of childhood having a chronic progression rate resulting in the destruction of tooth structure. They are of different types and patterns being rampant caries, nursing bottle caries. This is generally associated with unusual dietary patterns and improper feeding patterns in children with prolonged use of baby bottles for milk feeding. Caries in children are mainly caused by the bacteria Streptococcus mutans. The aim of this study is to evaluate the primary teeth with caries requiring pulpectomy and extraction in children between 5-7 years old. A retrospective study was carried out using digital records of 903 subjects. These data were collected from DIAS and coded in MS Excel sheets. The collected data was analysed by computer software SPSS version 21 using Chi square test and graphical illustration was done. From the above study, it was found that extraction and pulpectomy was common in males, with prevalence of extraction in the maxillary arch among children of 7 years and pulpectomy in children of 5 years , and seen in the mandibular posterior region.

Having a broad knowledge about the association of gingivitis in children with caries will give us a better insight on what to expect when the patient arrives and how to proceed with the treatments. The purpose of this article was to evaluate the association of gingivitis in 5-6 year old children with Early Childhood caries. This would enable us to understand the prevalence of various diseases in a population and help us to devise appropriate treatment plans. A retrospective study was conducted amongst 755 children aged 5-6 years who were diagnosed with Early Childhood Caries upon reporting to a dental hospital in Chennai from June 2019 to March 2020. The gingival health status of these patients was evaluated based on the digital case records. The data of 755 children were reviewed and the data was extracted. Data Analysis was done using IBM SPSS Software Version 20 to run Chi Square tests.The results revealed the overall prevalence of gingivitis among 5-6 year old children with ECC to be 18.3% with 81.7% of children with clinically healthy gingiva and no incidence of periodontitis. Prevalence of gingivitis among 5-6 year old children with Early Childhood caries was 18.3%. The study also found a statistically significant relation between gingival health and age of the patients with ECC.

In 2019 -2020 coronavirus is a major public health issue and self-isolation is among the best suggestions to reduce the spread of the virus.COVID-19 is a communicable disease caused by a newly discovered virus named ‘coronavirus’ which is rapidly spreading all around the world. The coronavirus pandemic is being, with physicians seen as the frontline soldiers with the war against the disease. COVID-19 infected people are experiencing mild to moderate respiratory disorder and they are getting recovered without requiring special treatment but for some, it is a fatal outcome. As a mitigatory measure, lockdown is imposed by most of the governments. The main aim of this study is about the public perception of being productive during the lockdown. A self-structured questionnaire was distributed through google forms linked to 100 individuals of the general population of India. The questionnaire was studied carefully and answers were marked by the participants. The results were collected and the data were analysed using SPSS software version 20. The majority of Indian population are aware of COVID -19 and that they know the density of medical support. The overall accept lockdown as a necessary measure. Most of them know about the COVID -19 outbreak associated with the population around the world. 90% of the participants know the outbreak of coronavirus and the advantages of being isolated. The results of this survey concluded that in India people are aware and they know how to be productive during this isolation period. The study shows that being productive can make people do more things and be creative and learn more things.

An infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce. The vaccine is a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against infection, prepared from causative agents of a disease treated to act as an antigen. Every infectious disease has an individual vaccine developed specifically for it. The main aim of the study is to find the perception and feasibility of universal vaccines that can be used against multiple infections, among microbiologists. An online survey was conducted with a self-structured questionnaire comprising 15 questions that was distributed through the google forms. The sample size of this study was 100. The results were analyzed by performing the statistical software “SPSS version 20”. The data was represented in the pie chart form. From this study population, the whole of 67% of the participants gave a positive response about the awareness of the universal vaccine and its feasibility . The survey research helps to find the feasibility of developing a universal vaccine. From this study, it is clear that microbiologists have knowledge and awareness about universal vaccines.

Dental caries(DC) is one of the most prevalent oral diseases of health concern often affecting adolescents.Dental caries is a biofilm mediated,diet modulated, multifactorial, non communicable,dynamic disease resulting in net mineral loss of hard fissure of the oral cavity. It is determined by biological, physiological, behavioural and environmental factors of an individual. As a consequence a carious lesion is produced. People of all ages are affected by dental caries.Adolescents are individuals between 10-19 years old and proven to have a high caries experience. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence of Dental caries among 10-19 years old patients visiting Saveetha Dental college between june 2019-april 2020. A total of 5445 patients data was analysed from their case records and analysed for incidence among gender,correlation with age.It was found that out of 5445 patients,3021 patients(73%) were male and 2412 patients(25%) were female and 2 patients(2%) were transgenders.Patients of the age group of 13-19 years had more incidence and the age group of 14-15 year old had least incidence. Within the limitations of this study it can be concluded that male patients have more DC than female patients among the 10-19 years age group in an outpatient population of a Dental College.

Smoking is recognised as a risk factor for human health. It is related to many problems like respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease, cancer, etc. Smoking is associated with incidence of gingivitis, periodontitis, epithelial malignancy in the oral cavity. It increases the number and depth of periodontal patients. Loss of tissue strength caused due to harmful compounds like tobacco, increase gingival recession and changes to the oral cavity. Prevalence of moderate and severe diseases are higher in smokers than non-smokers. Smoking affects both gingival epithelium and connective tissue. Density of blood vessels is decreased in smokers. Effect of smoking on vascular status is caused by nicotine compounds. This review was done based on the articles obtained from various platforms like PubMed, PubMed central and Google Scholar. They were collected with a restriction in time basis from 2000-2020. The inclusion criteria were original research papers. In vitro, studied among various conditions and articles that contain pros and cons. Exclusion criteria came into account for review articles, retracted articles and articles of other languages. All the articles are selected based on the effect of smoking on gingival health. Thus, smoking results in various oral health problems like incidence of gingivitis, periodontitis, epithelial malignancy in the oral cavity. It affects gingival recession and changes to the oral mucosa. This review article gives knowledge about the correlation between smoking and health of gingival treatment with various dental problems.

Maxillary sinus augmentation also known as sinus lift technique is done in posterior maxilla when the tooth is extracted. It is done to regenerate the loss of alveolar bone to place dental implants.The aim of the study is to know which is best for maxillary sinus augmentation. The search was done in PubMed, Google scholar for relevant articles. Out of which, a few systematic reviews and original citations are cited in the review. The relevant articles are explained briefly with the findings, pros and cons and the limitation and future scope of the study is also discussed in the article below. It is concluded that the outcome for maxillary sinus augmentation, the best techniques that can be used for this augmentation and the best biocompatible material which can also be used.

CoronaVirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 [SARS-CoV-2]. It has caused a lot of deaths worldwide and is growing uncontrollably. Many factors like public co-operation and handling of the government efficiently are responsible for control. AS new norms were formulated and observed, in this current COVID-19 pandemic, This study aims to find the perception of people on the takeaway message from this pandemic to any other upcoming similar scenario. A self administered questionnaire was prepared comprising about 9 questions based on the topic of the survey and circulated to about 100 people through an online google sheets link. The questions were studied carefully and corresponding answers were marked by the participants. The data was collected and statistically analysed. The overall result was positive wherein the public was co-operative about the lockdown and found ways to keep themselves occupied and they believe that the government of India was performing efficiently and that it is well-equipped and can handle any future pandemics. This study helps us understand the public perspective on the current, serious issue going on in the world.

Dental injuries result in functional , esthetic and psychological disturbance accompanied by great concern.Traumatic dental injuries are due to the physical impact on a tooth and its surrounding tissues which may be direct or indirect trauma to the teeth may result either injury of pulp, with or without damage of crown or root displacement of the tooth from the socket. The most frequent causes of these injuries are falls, sport activities, bicycling, traffic accidents. A cross sectional retrospective study of, study population will 100 adult patients visiting Saveetha Dental College and Hospital with tooth fracture . Data was gathered and analyzed. The data was tabulated and Chi square analysis done using IBM SPSS software version 20. With the limited population and parameters of this study, there is a more prevalence of tooth fracture in male over females .The most common tooth involved in fracture is 21.Traumatic dental injuries are recognized as a public dental health problem worldwide.

Viruses cause familiar infections and diseases like common cold, flu. They invade living, normal cells and use those cells to multiply and produce colonies of cells.Viral infection is a proliferation of harmful viruses inside the body. Viruses infect the host body by introducing their genetic material into the cells. The main aim of this study is to explore detailed information about saliva and viral infections. This research is seen as a scoping literature review. In seeking to identify the relevant articles, we used common databases such as the Pubmed and Google scholar online websites. Totally 27 articles are found related to the topic. 12 articles are used in this study. From the articles collected and reviewed, it is understood that viral infections can transmit through the saliva and oral specimens, though saliva protects the body from infections. It is concluded that, as saliva has become the transmitter of the virus, we should maintain proper oral hygiene and oral health to prevent these viruses. Future studies have to be done on the viral infections causing cancer.

Outermost covering of the teeth is dental enamel. Enamel is the hardest substance and highly mineralized tissue present in the human body which is almost 96%. It is formed by developing enamel organ epithelial cells called ameloblasts. The protein present in the enamel that helps in the mineralization process is Amelogenin. It is revealed that stem cells can be used for whole tooth regeneration and enamel regeneration but the main problem faced in fabricating cell free synthetic enamel is the formation of the complex interprismatic substance. The main aim of this review was to analyze and review on the various methods of enamel regeneration. This review was done based on the articles obtained from various search engines such as PubMed, PubMed central and Google scholar. They were collected with a restriction in time basis from 1997 - 2020. The inclusion criteria were original research papers, review articles, in vitro studied among various conditions and articles that contain pros and cons. Exclusion criteria came into account for retracted articles and articles of other languages. All the articles were selected based on Enamel Regeneration. The level of evidence of the reviewed articles were categorized as per the criteria of the centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Oxford, UK. Enamel is the hardest mineralized tissue, which can withstand masticatory forces and gives protection to underlying dentin and pulp. Enamel cannot be regenerated since the ameloblast which forms the enamel, gets degenerated. Therefore, it should be preserved, as there is no material found to exactly duplicate it.

Saliva is a unique fluid which plays an important role in maintaining the normal oral health of an individual. Diabetes is the major factor that leads to the changes in the salivary pH, salivary flow and dental caries. 32 articles were collected from the pubmed website and were included as citations in our present review. Salivary glucose and blood glucose level are directly proportional to each other. Normal level of salivary glucose is 0.5-1.00 mg/ml. Salivary hypofunction in diabetic individuals is observed. Diabetes leads to the reduction of salivary pPH and salivary flow. It also helps in multiplication of harmful microorganisms in the oral cavity.

Cementum is a surface layer which is seen below the radicular dentin. It is near to the neck region of the tooth and thick at the root apex. It is formed by the cells known as cementoblast. Cementum helps the tooth to be attached to the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone through the sharpey’s fibre. Cementum helps in the repair and regeneration of damaged teeth. It has a high anti-absorption capacity. Age estimation using cementum technique is reliable to the teeth which is not affected by periodontal disease. Combined method of biological age estimation had high correlation when compared to public symphysis morphology and similar error were found among both the methodsThe literature search on age estimation using cementum as carried out for papers published from google scholar and pubmed with the intention of retrieving all original reports that were relevant to it. This review helps to provide deeper understanding about age estimation using cementum which benefits the dentist and forensic department.

Age is an important factor in clinical practice, research, and court of law. One of the interesting applications of forensic odontology is age estimation by means of teeth. Dental development is relatively independent from other systems maturation. Detectable variation in the tempo of tooth mineralization and duration of tooth maturation between children from different geographical regions were reported. Enamel is translucent and varies in color from light yellow to grey white. The color of the teeth has been reported to be affected by chronological age. Enamel color may also depend on environmental factors viz. diet, occupational habits, vitamin deficiencies, fluoride level in drinking water etc. Enamel color was found to be associated with the chronological age . The enamel color was evaluated using a VITA classical shade guide. Identification of individual age with no birth record can be done using enamel color. Further advance in enamel shade for age estimation with increased sample size would enhance the knowledge and improve the accuracy of methods used in the field of forensic odontology.

Tooth loss is quite common worldwide. For treating a lost tooth, treatments such as dental implants (most common worldwide), fillings (made up of inert dental material), dentures, etc. These techniques can restore all the functions of a normal tooth. But using dental tissues and other dental related materials are still a mystery to the dental world. Pubmed research revealed 117 relevant articles. Out of which a total of ‘33’ systematic reviews and their original citations were included in this review. Tooth regeneration is a very complicated process and needs more depth study on this topic. From many of the researches that were reviewed in this article it was seen that there were many new methods developed but none were approved for applying in real life. Tooth regeneration is a vast topic and requires a lot of knowledge to be understood. This study can be used as reference for future research.

The aim of the present study is to assess the current trends in antibiotic prescription for various periodontal flap surgical procedures among periodontists in Chennai. Retrospective data collection was conducted from June 2019 to March 2020 on patients who visited the outpatient department of Periodontics for multitude of flap surgical procedures. The type of flap surgery done and the antibiotic regimen prescribed were recorded. The data was tabulated using excel and SPSS software version 23.0 (Statistical Package For The Social Sciences) was used for descriptive statistics.The distribution of antibiotics after flap surgical procedure among the above mentioned groups were expressed in terms of percentage. Chi square test was done to assess the association between the study variables.Based on this hospital based assessment, it was found that the most commonly prescribed antibiotic was amoxicillin 500mg, followed by a combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole for flap surgical procedures like Open flap debridement, Resective osseous surgery and regenerative osseous surgery. The least preferred antibiotics were azithromycin and doxycycline.There was statistically significant association between gender and type of antibiotic given, with a higher percentage of males receiving a combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole than females. There was no significant difference between the antibiotics prescribed for patients who underwent Resective or regenerative flap surgery. Thus Amoxicillin is the most preferred, cost-effective and less toxic drug which acts against both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. However care must be taken in administering antibiotics in order to avoid misuse and overuse of antibiotics.

The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of leukoplakia in different types of tobacco users. Tobacco utilization in India is increasing but there are considerable changes in the types and methods by which it is used. Oral cancer affects as many as 274,000 people worldwide annually 20. In this study The data collection was carried out during the period between July 2019 to march 2020. After searching through 86,000 patient records the Sample size for the study was taken as 93 patients diagnosed with leukoplakia. The data that was collected was tabulated in excel and then imported into SPSS software. Smoking form of tobacco was found to be used by 72.92% of patients. Smokeless form of tobacco use was noticed among 25% of the patients and a combination of both smoking and smokeless form of tobacco used was noticed among 2.083% of the patients . Homogenous types of leukoplakia were found among 76.04% of the patients followed by the non-homogenous form which included about 23.96% of the patients. Males were the most common gender comprising about 96.88% of the patients and females comprised about 3.13% . It was also noted that the most common type of tobacco used was cigarettes. Chi- square test was done to associate the type of tobacco used and clinical variants of leukoplakia, it was not statistical significant (p=0.596). Within the limitations of the present study we were able to conclude that there was no association between the habit of tobacco use and the clinical variant of leukoplakia . Multicentric study with a larger sample size will give a more definitive outcome.

Veneer is a layer of tooth coloured material that is applied to a tooth to restore localized or generalized defect and intrinsic discolorations. The composite veneers are direct tooth colored restorative materials placed over the surface of the tooth. The ceramic veneers are the lab processed or indirect veneers. They have good esthetic value due to translucency and tend to mimic the appearance of natural teeth. This study was done to derive an association between age and gender in patients undergoing veneer treatment for discoloured upper anterior teeth. A total of 168 case sheets of patients with veneer treatment done for upper anterior teeth were reviewed and analyzed. The patients undergoing veneer treatment with direct composites and indirect laminates for discoloured upper anterior teeth were included for the study. The population selected for the study was in the age group of 18-65 years. The most commonly treated upper anterior teeth for veneer treatment was also analyzed. Data was tabulated using excel sheets. The ratio of male and female patients choosing veneer as a treatment option was calculated. The type of veneer most commonly preferred was derived. The association between age and gender in the choice of veneer treatment was statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Out of 168 teeth, 105 (62.5%) were male and 63 (38.1%) female patients. Most of the people of both genders, who have chosen veneer treatment, were in the age group of 18-30 years which was not statistically significant (p>0.05). 145 (86.3%) patients have undergone composite veneer treatment, whereas only 23 (13.9%) patients opted for ceramic veneers. Within the limitations of the study, maxillary central incisors with composite veneers were commonly observed in the age group of 18-30 years. There was significant association between age and veneer treatment and composite veneers was more preferred as a treatment option by patients of both genders.

Root canal treatment is one of the most commonly performed procedures in a dental office. It is aimed at removing the entire pulpal tissue, debris and microbes and creating a three dimensional fluid impervious seal of the root canal. The failure of root canal treatment can occur due to a number of reasons like underfilling, missed canals, overextended obturation, persistent lesion,etc. Overextended obturation irritates the periapical tissues leading to periapical lesion and possible cystic transformation. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and management of cases of retreatment due to overextended obturation. The retrospective study involved analysis of case sheets of all patients undergoing retreatment RCT and data tabulation based on the following parameters: age, gender, tooth number, techniques of gutta percha retrieval, cleaning & shaping and obturation techniques. Using SPSS Version 20.0, categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentages and significance of associations was tested using a Chi-Square test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Incomplete obturation was the most common reason for root canal retreatment (52.5%). The prevalence of overextended obturation as a reason for retreatment was 14.1%. The overall prevalence of retreatment due to overextended obturation was 0.10% among all other dental procedures. H files were highly used for GP retrieval (52.4%). The association between technique of cleaning and shaping & technique of obturation [p=0.021<0.05] was statistically significant. The use of H-files was mostly followed by lateral compaction technique of obturation while the use of rotary files was followed by matched taper single cone obturation. Incomplete obturation is the most common reason for retreatment and overextended obturation is the third most common reason. H-files were the most preferred for GP retrieval in cases of retreatment. The usage of solvent varied significantly based on the method of GP retrieval. The technique of cleaning and shaping determined the technique of obturation.

Endodontically treated teeth are more prone to fracture compared to vital teeth.Clinical outcome of endodontically treated teeth is influenced by a variety of factors, tooth position in the arch,number of proximal or occlusal contacts, type of abutment, crown placement, amount of tooth structure loss due to caries,previous restorations or endodontic access, trauma, and periodontal status.Theaim of the present study was to evaluate the number of patients reporting for post endodontic restoration after completion of root canal treatment to dental hospital. This is a retrospective study conducted during June 2020. Included patients who visited a dental hospital in chennai,India from June 2019 - March 2020. Data of patients was collected from case records, tabulated into excel sheets under headings age,gender,teeth no, patients reported back for post endodontic restoration.Then data was analyzed using SPSS software(23.0 version). Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the chi square test. In the present study 66.2% of patients reported for post endodontic restoration, 33.8% of patients did not report back for post endodontic restoration. Failure to report back for post endodontic restoration was less in the present study. Being busy with other activities and long distance were some reasons given by patients who failed to report back for post endodontic restoration.

3D printing otherwise known as additive manufacturing, rapid prototyping or layered manufacturing is a relatively new, quickly growing and rapidly expanding method of manufacturing that has got numerous applications in healthcare and also in many other fields. Recently, it has become a subject of great interest in planning surgeries. Additive manufacturing method involves the production of a 3D model by laying down or adding successive layers of material. 3D printers are equipment that produces 3D models using CAD technology or 3D scanners. It has received more importance with the advancement in 3D imaging and modelling technologies such as CBCT, intraoral scanning and CAD/CAM in dentistry. Different techniques are employed in 3D printing namely stereolithography, photopolymer jetting, power binder printers, direct light processing, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modelling, electron beam melting, etc. Dental laboratories are able to produce 3D printed restorations, crowns, bridges, orthodontic appliances, surgical guides and implants quickly with higher precision and accuracy. This is done by methods that combine oral scanning, CAD/CAM designing and 3D printing. The rate of success of 3D printing has improved the quality and accuracy of dental treatment. With the application of 3D printing, it has become possible to replicate the desired complex geometry which was not feasible with conventional techniques. Thus 3D printing has led to a transformation in digital dentistry with its extensive learning and penetrating opportunities and a wide range of applications. The aim of this article was to review the techniques and current applications of 3D printing in dentistry.

The pandemic of coronavirus has quickly impacted the entire world, and the government has responded with a lock down. The lock down involves shutting of schools and colleges and a shift from traditional classrooms to online classes and e-learning. This has a lot of benefits such as flexible timings, convenience, no commute et cetera. However, these are contradicted by no practical classes, no personal attention from staff and a strayed student teacher relationship. A questionnaire survey consisting of 12 questions was prepared and circulated through an online survey portal among 100 dental students in India. The questions were prepared to analyse the perception of dental students towards online classes. Online classes have changed the education system for the time being. Students are involved in e-learning through online education portals and online platforms, which helps them to efficiently utilise their time. Despite the advantages that online classrooms have, results show that dental students prefer traditional classrooms over them.

The objective of this article is to provide an overview on the association between Prion proteins and diabetes mellitus which is important so as to understand the aetiology of diabetes mellitus and provide better treatment plans. Prions are misfolded proteins Which have the ability to transmit their misfolded structure to normal variants of the same protein. Prions form abnormal aggregates of protein known as amyloids. Islet amyloid polypeptide, IAPP, is a precursor protein which causes islet amyloid polypeptide amyloidosis, AIAPP, and is said to lead to type two diabetes. Prion aggregates are generally stable and resist proteolysis. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterised by high blood sugar level over a long period of time. It is mainly caused by insulin deficiency or resistance. Prion mediated diseases are generally neurodegenerative disorders such as Kuru, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease etc. There are two isoforms of prions which are PrP and PrPSc. PrPSc is the infective form and is capable of converting PrPC into infective state. In this review, we discuss the association of prion protein with diabetes mellitus, the structure and propagation of Prion proteins and the link between diabetes mellitus and other prion mediated diseases via cross seeding. A review has been done in order to understand and analyse the association between prion protein and diabetes mellitus by retrieving a minimum of 20 articles from various data search engines including pubmed, Google scholar, MESH, core, bioRXiv, Semantic scholar and so on. This review gives a clear understanding of prion proteins, their structure, propagation and disease causing abilities. It is also analyzed that diabetes mellitus could not be just a disease which is caused by insulin deficiency or resistance but could also be the consequence of protein misfolding.

The key aim of this article is to provide a description of the structure and uses of N95 mask that is necessary to advance Personal Protective Equipment ( PPE) during this COVID19 pandemic. Examples of personal safety gear designed to shield the user from infectious debris and from fluids contaminating the skin include the N95 respirators and medical masks (skin covers). A commercially available N95 respirator needs a suit factor of one hundred within the work-place to be deemed adequate. While we did not subjectively locate the respiration function needed with the prototype masks to vary from that necessary with a standard N95 filtering face device, this mask should not be used by people with respiratory risk of any sort. Although testers wear the masks easily for an hour, at any point in strenuous work or adverse environmental environments we can not think about their usefulness. This review offers detailed knowledge and appreciation of the structure, applications of N95 masks and, in turn, the advantages of N95 masks over other forms of surgical masks. Limitation and prospective range of the research were also addressed, as this subject is necessary to advance PPE in this COVID19 pandemic. This research contributes greatly to learning about the composition and uses of N 95 masks, and also helps to educate and make the general public informed of the critical role of N 95 masks during this pandemic assault.

Peptic ulcer disease is a multifactorial and complex disease involving gastric and duodenal ulcers. Despite medical advances, the management of peptic ulcer and its complications remains a challenge. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that, among a broad reach of natural molecules, dietary polyphenols with multiple biological mechanisms of action play a pivotal part in the management of gastric and duodenal ulcers. The current review confirmed that dietary polyphenols possess protective and therapeutic potential in peptic ulcer mediated by: improving cytoprotection, re-epithelialization, neovascularization, and angiogenesis; up-regulating tissue growth factors and prostaglandins; down-regulating anti-angiogenic factors; enhancing endothelial nitric oxide synthase-derived NO; suppressing oxidative mucosal damage; amplifying antioxidant performance, antacid, and anti-secretory activity; increasing endogenous mucosal defensive agents; and blocking helicobacter pylori colonization associated gastric morphological changes and gastroduodenal inflammation and ulceration. In addition, anti-inflammatory activity due to down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and cellular and intercellular adhesion agents, suppressing leukocyte-endothelium interaction, inhibiting nuclear signaling pathways of inflammatory process, and modulating intracellular transduction and transcription pathways have key roles in the anti-ulcer action of dietary polyphenols.Polyphenols ubiquitously present in vegetables and fruits are progressively viewed as natural dietary ingredients vital for a balanced diet. Administration of a sufficient amount of dietary polyphenols in the human diet can result in perfect prevention and treatment of peptic ulcer. In conclusion, administration of a significant amount of dietary polyphenols in the human diet or as part of dietary supplementation along with conventional treatment can result in perfect security and treatment of peptic ulcer. Further well-designed preclinical and clinical tests are recommended in order to recognize higher levels of evidence for the confirmation of bioefficacy and safety of dietary polyphenols in the management of peptic ulcer

Oral Lichen Planus(OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease which has potential to transform into a malignancy mainly into squamous cell carcinoma. This study was done to evaluate the prevalence of erosive OLP among all OLP cases in a particular ethinic group of people. Materials and method :Data retrieved was from 86000 case sheets from saveetha dental college. The case sheets showed 94 patients with OLP. Most of the patients were in the age group of 50-60 years with a female predominance. 48 patients were erosive OLP variant. A chi square analysis showed erosive OLP had a tendency to occur more in the buccal mucosa(p<0.05). A chi square analysis to compare gender was not significant(p>0.05) This study shows that there is more prevalence of erosive OLP with a female predominance and affecting the buccal mucoa.

Fluoride is a double edged sword. It possesses cariostatic property and can also cause developmental disturbances. Cariostatic effects prevent the carious decay, increasing the mineral solubility and remineralization. But with higher doses it manifests as dental fluorosis. enamel hypo mineralization manifests as mild white lesions, Pitting forming horizontal lines or large pigmented (brown to black) defects. There must be an equilibrium between the caries prevention and fluoride contribution to enamel pathology. The main aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of dental fluorosis and to estimate the severity of fluorosis based on Dean’s fluorosis index. This is a record based study with a sample size of 210, irrespective of the gender. The study was conducted at the institution and the data was collected from the patient records. The data was categorised into age groups, gender and Dean’s fluorosis index. The coding was done in MS excel. The data was transferred to a host computer and processed using SPSS software version 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) by tabulation and graphical illustration. Descriptive statistics was used to study the data collected and to analyse frequency distribution. The results showed that prevalence of Dental Fluorosis is highest in the 21- 30 years age group (64%). 70% of the population were males. The severity of the fluorosis was predominantly moderate (33%) among the overall population, 2% of the population had questionable form of fluorosis, 22% reported with very mild forms of fluorosis, 27% had mild forms of the fluorosis and only 16% had severe manifestations of the disease. The prevalence of fluorosis was not associated with the age and gender of the patient (p value>0.05)

Dental caries are reversible dynamic biochemical events, and remain a public health problem due to its characteristics, cost of treatment and effectiveness of quality of life.Dental caries has a highest and longest association with dental profession. Dental caries do not undergo any termination or diminution if untreated and required expertise and professional treatment. But the risk factors should be studied and modified so that dental caries can be prevented. Despite the fact that various successful treatment goals have been developed the disease is still prevalent. In olden days dental caries detection was considered as a boon.To assess the caries risk of 18 to 20 year old patients using cariogram visiting private dental College in Chennai city. A total of 170 patient records taken who visited college from the period of June 2019 to March 2020. Cariogram images taken and analysed individually. Data were tabulated and statistically analysed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics were expressed by means of frequency and percentage. Chi-square test was used to find the association of cariogram variables with age and gender. Out of 170 samples 32.4% of them were females, 67.6% males. Based on age group 23.5% of them were 18 years, 19 years - 38.8% of age and 37.6% of the population were 20 years of age. The significant association was observed between gender and fluoride, with more usage of fluoride measures by the males when compared to the females.

The midline diastema is a space (or gap) between the maxillary central incisors.Midline diastema in mixed dentition is the so-called “ugly duckling” stage for children. The space can be characteristic of normal growth in primary and mixed dentition. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of developmental maxillary midline diastema in different age groups of children. A retrospective cross sectional study was conducted by collecting the patient records and dental radiographs from June 2019 to march 2020. The maxillary radiographs of children of age group 6-12 years were collected, measured the midline width and statistically analyzed. The results proved that maximum midline diastema width was seen in the age group 6-8years. Within the limitation of the current study, prevalence of maxillary midline diastema decreases with age. Midline diastema is usually a part of normal dental development and hence its presence during the mixed dentition period is not a matter of concern. However, if the diastema is present even after the eruption of lateral incisors and canine, an orthodontic intervention will be necessary.

Oral health is a vital part of overall infant health.An early age between 6 months to 12 months dental visit is important in rendering prevention,intervention and parental counselling regarding oral health. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual potential tissue damage according to internal association for the study of pain. Aim of the study is to assess the association between age of the first dental visit and pain in children. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the patient records from the Department of pedodontic, Saveetha Dental College,visited from February 2019 to February 2020.The children with first dental visit without the past dental history were collected and from which whosoever first visit with chief complaint of pain data were gathered . The collected Data was then subjected to statistical analysis using spss version 20.0.Overall prevalence of chief complaint of pain during first visit was (96.5%). Among first dental visit with pain about 47.2 % was seen in the age of 6-8 years while the least was (14.0%) seen at the age of 11-13 years.The results proved that many parents were unaware about the right age of the child first dental visit.Most of the parents bought their children to the dentist after their child experienced or suffered from pain.There is a need to raise awareness about the importance of oral health care of their children sensitively at the budding stage of life

Periodontal plastic surgeries have gained popularity in recent years and tremendous advancements and documentations have been published using various allogeneic materials , allogeneic grafts, and guided tissue regeneration. This study aims to find out the frequency of the techniques used for the recession coverage procedure in private dental college, chennai. This was a single university based study where retrospective analysis was carried out using data collected from digital patient data recording software. More inclination for using grafts over flap techniques was found amongst the screened individuals. 81.3% procedures performed in the study population had a preference for autogenic grafting over flap for recession coverage procedure. The percentage of connective tissue graft (CTG) procedures was 54.9%. Within the limits of the study it could be concluded that surgeons had inclinations towards using grafting procedures over flap techniques as the outcomes were predictable in grafting procedures.

Forensic odontology deals with legal investigations in which it primarily involves the identification of the offender by comparing dental records to a bite mark left on the victim. It is especially used for the application of the principal of law and criminal investigation.Aim of the study is to evaluate knowledge and awareness on forensic dentistry. This special brand deals with the dental evidence obtained from the victim. As the field of forensic dentistry focuses on the methods of detection, collection and analysis of bite mark remains is very helpful in crime investigations to analyse the acquired evidence. In the past decades oral pathologists had major responsibilities in developing forensic science. A cross sectional study on undergraduates was carried out using a questionnaire with close ended questions. The survey had 15 questionnaires circulated in Google forms and 100 responses were obtained from the population, representation of data was in pie chart and bar graphs. Majority of the study population answered yes as they feel forensic odontology is very much essential to deal with crime investigation. 62.7% of the study population responded positively where they are able to differentiate the work of forensic anthropologists and a forensic odontologist first. The students' knowledge on forensic odontology and what it deals with, was significant with the year of study where final year students are more aware about forensic odontology. P value = 0.00(<0.05) which is statistically significant. This study concludes that most of the participants have knowledge and awareness on the role of forensic dentistry among dental undergraduates.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the awareness on the role of Lasers in dentistry among dental undergraduates. LASER- Light Amplification By Stimulated Emission of Radiation. After successful usage of lasers in the medicinal field, it is possible for laser application in dentistry. Lasers play a major role in apicectomy, surgeries, operative dentistry, etc,. Lasers are utilized in all controls of dentistry and the administration of lasers is to delicate hard tissue in regular procedure as an essential instrument. The present study is a cross sectional survey conducted among 100 dental students to analyse their efficacy of online teaching. A self administered questionnaire was prepared with 15 questions and was circulated among dental students through google forms. Survey conducted and 1st year undergraduate students are more aware of laser technologies in dentistry when compared to others. 57% of students reported that they are aware that use of laser technology will reduce the use of anaesthesia. 60% of students reported that they need theoretical and practical laser education. 57% of students reported that they are aware about the role of lasers in pain management. This study concludes that most of the participants have knowledge and awareness of lasers in dentistry.

The aim of this study was to create awareness on fundamntals of fixed prosthodontics among dental students.It is the specialised area of dentistry involving the replacement. Missing teeth of the cast prosthesis is permanently cemented.Complete development of dental process leads to new complete virtual environment without any physical model situation.This study was a cross-sectional survey based study conducted among the dental students on the fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics. The questionnaire was distributed through the “Google forms” website to around 100 Dental students.In the present study about 56% of the population are aware of the prosthodontics and 44% of the population is not aware of the prosthodontics. Regarding the parts of fixed partial dentures 39% of the population are aware and 61% of the population are not aware of it. This concludes that the knowledge and awareness on the fixed prosthodontics is moderate among the dental students, in which among them the second year undergraduates had a higher knowledge on the fixed prosthodontics.

Cancer is defined as the uncontrollable growth of cells that invade and cause damage to surrounding tissues. Oral cancer appears to be a growth or a pain in the mouth that doesn't go away. Oral cancer, including lip, tongue, cheek, mouth floor, hard and soft palate, sinuses, and pharynx (throat), can be life- threatening if not diagnosed and treated early. Cancer that occurs inside the mouth is sometimes referred to as oral cancer or oral cancer of the cavity. Mortal cancer is one of several types of cancer in a category called head and neck cancers. Mouth cancer and other cancers of the head and neck are often treated in the same way. This study was designed to create and assess awareness on oral cancer among employees of gas agencies in Tiruppur district. A self administered questionnaire prepared and circulated via google form link. The data was manipulated, analysed and tabulated. The obtained data was represented as cumulative percentage in pie charts. Association analysis between age groups of the participants and awareness on oral cancer was done by Pearson Chi square test (SPSS version 22) and the data was depicted in a Bar graph. The results of the study revealed that the participants were aware that smoking, chewing tobacco, and pan leads to increased chance of oral cancer. The present study concludes that the people of Tirupur were aware of the incidence of oral cancer and risk factors associated with it.

Cleft lip or cleft palate are the openings or splits in the upper lip of the roof of the mouth or both. Cleft lip
/ palate affects approximately 1 in 700 live births. Most clefts are likely caused by multiple genetic and non genetic factors. Cleft lip and cleft palate are the most common congenital defects of birth. Cleft lip and cleft palate occurs in the forms of syndromic and non syndromic. Prosthodontic rehabilitation aims at providing a better oral health by aiming to improve functional and esthetic demands. Patients suffering from cleft palate are not seen generally much but their number is not negligible as well. The aim of the present study is to study and analyze the knowledge of prosthodontic rehabilitation of cleft lip and cleft palate patients among undergraduate dental students and to create an awareness on this topic. A questionnaire was created and circulated on an online platform and the responses were collected . The datas were collected and analysed with the help of statistical software SPSS. The data collection software used is google forms . The steps followed in software analysis are data collection, data analysis and data interpretation. The results show that most respondents were aware of prosthodontic rehabilitation of cleft lip and cleft palate patients among dental students. The chi square test shows that most of the female respondents are more aware about prosthodontic rehabilitation of cleft lip and cleft palate patients.

Dewaxing is the process of removing wax from the ceramic mould which is covered with wax or melting the wax pattern out of ceramic mould. The heating should be rapid enough to minimise expansion of the wax in order to avert ceramic mould cracking and dimensional alteration. The current survey considers the benefits of helping out Dewaxing through the microwave over customary autoclave strategy for Dewaxing. The Microwave Dewaxing is feasible, fundamentally diminishing the fuse of soil and water, which is inescapable in the Autoclave Dewaxing process. This research is to utilise the advantages of Microwave Dewaxing and to get more knowledge about Microwave Dewaxing, exploring the efficacy of Microwave Dewaxing, and to know the efficiency of Microwave Dewaxing. This is a review study setting, evaluating the advantages of Microwave Dewaxing technique over Conventional Autoclave Method. Data for the study were collected from search engines like PUBMED, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, MeSH, Cochrane and Semantic Scholar. A total number of 35 articles were searched and a total number of 29 articles were selected. A number of articles with known concepts are 7, a total number of 8 articles with recent updates. The data obtained from the present study concludes that it may be useful for practitioners to make high quality dentures with minimal time expenditure when compared to Conventional Autoclave Dewaxing methods. This research will also be helpful to get more knowledge about the advantages of Microwave Dewaxing over Convention Autoclave Dewaxing systems.

Influenza is an infectious disease caused by Influenza virus. Symptoms may include- fever, cough, headache, sore throat muscle and body pain and fatigue. These symptoms begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week. Old age people and children are at great risk due to this virus. Complications of influenza may include viral Pneumonia , secondary bacterial pneumonia sinus infections and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure. Influenza spreads around the world in yearly outbreaks, resulting in about three to five million cases of severe illness and about 290,000 to 650,000 deaths. Three of the four types of influenza viruses affect humans : Type A, Type B, and Type
C. Type D has not been known to infect humans, but is believed to have the potential to do so. In this present study, data was collected and was verified using a standard software. Statistical analysis was done with the help of SPSS software and representation was done using pie charts and graphs. Data was entered and verified using a standard computer software. Type of analysis used was chi square. It was concluded that a maximum number of awareness was shared about the influenza, its causes, symptoms and risk factors associated with it.

Esthetic veneers are thin custom made shells that cover the labial part of the anterior teeth. They are also known as dental veneers, porcelain veneers, porcelain laminate veneers. They are used to mask the tooth discoloration, further used to the teeth which are worn out, chipped, broken, uneven or irregular in shaped teeth. For the success of esthetic veneers proper preparation design is needed. The aim of the study was to evaluate errors while preparing designs for esthetic veneers. We reviewed patients records, analysed data of 400 patients between June 2019 to March 2020 and clinical findings were recorded. The data was then tabulated in microsoft excel. Chi square test was used for comparison of groups. Within the limitations of the study, we found that the clinical errors surfaced after evaluation are moderately low. This shows a positive outcome of the esthetic veneer treatment.

Tooth wear is a multifactorial condition which can lead to the loss of dental hard tissue which is enamel and dentin. Attrition is mechanical wear of tooth as a result of function or parafunctional habit caused due to tooth to tooth contact. Attrition on the occlusal surfaces of teeth is happening throughout life which results in esthetic disfigurement, occlusal disharmony, pulpal trauma and impaired function. Premilarily diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures of tooth wear is necessity and an important part of day today practice. Hence, the aim of this study is to determine prevalence of tooth wear based on age and gender. A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with age groups of 27-73 years and reviewing the 86,000 patient records between June 2019 to November 2019. A total of 58 patients were evaluated for category, age and gender of tooth wear. The Collected data were recorded by evaluating the clinical photographs and examination. Data were collected and tabulated in the excel sheets which were Imported to the SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. Out of 58 patients 53.4% were males and 46.6% were females. The prevalence of tooth wear is more among 61-70 years of age with male predilection. The most prevalent type is category 2 followed by category 1 and category 3.

A wide range of organic compounds that are naturally occurring called flavonoids are primarily found in a large variety of plants. Some of the sources include tea, wine, fruits, grains, nuts and vegetables. There are a number of studies that have proven that a strong association exists between intake of dietary flavonoid and its effects on mortality in the long run. Flavonoids at non-toxic concentrations are known to demonstrate a wide range of therapeutic biological activities in organisms. The contribution of flavonoids in prevention of cancer is an area of great interest in current research. A variety of studies, including in vitro experiments and human trials and even epidemiological investigations, provide compelling evidence which imply that flavonoids’ effects on cancer in terms of chemoprevention and chemotherapy is significant. As the current treatment methods possess a number of drawbacks, the anticancer potential demonstrated by flavonoids makes them a reliable alternative. Various studies have focussed on flavonoids’ anti-cancer potential and its possible application in the treatment of cancer as a chemopreventive agent. This article summarizes the effects of flavonoids in relation to its anticancer potential and its clinical application in treatment of oral cancer.

Nanotechnology is a science involved within the design, synthesis, characterization and applications of materials and their components at nanoscale dimensions. The present study has been done to assess the knowledge and awareness about nanotechnology in dentistry among undergraduate dental students by distributing 12 questionnaires about nanotechnology among undergraduate dental students. The collected data was supported through SPSS software. The questions were based on knowledge necessary for nanotechnology in dentistry. Out of 100 participants' responses, 59% were aware of nanotechnology and only 67% of participants used nanomaterials within the clinical practice and 72% weren't using it. This study revealed that undergraduate dental students have significant knowledge about nanotechnology.

Soaps and sanitizers are the materials used for hand sanitation. The perception of the general public regarding the difference between the constituents of soaps and sanitizers has been evaluated in this survey. Soaps are sodium or potassium fatty acids whereas sanitizers are chemically based hand sanitation methods. These alcohol based hand sanitizers work against a wide spread variety of microorganisms but not spores.compounds such as glycerol may be added to prevent drying of the skin. Aloe vera gel has a greater impact on reducing skin dryness problems. This research is a cross-sectional study, clearly scientific investigation which was held in 2020 among the people of chennai to create awareness on the constituents between the soaps and sanitizers. 80% of the people know the constituents of the soap and sanitizers. 39% of the people are aware of the working of the soap. By the survey we can conclude the people are aware of the constituents of soap and sanitizers.

Oral habits are a result of frequent repetition of certain definitive sets of nerve impulses. The etiology of the development of oral habits include anatomical, mechanical, pathological, physiological, imitation or just plain behaviour. Commonly occuring oral habits include thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, mouth breathing, bruxism, finger biting, finger nail biting, cheek biting and masochism. Treatment may vary from different oral habits. The aim of this study is to investigate the gender difference in the development of oral habits among patients. Materials and methods: Data collection was done in a university setting.One hundred case records were reviewed from the time period of June 2019 to March 2020. Excel tabulation and SPSS Version 22 was used for data analysis. Results and discussion: There was no statistical significance between the variables that were analysed. (p-value>0.05) Conclusion: This study shows that there is no significant difference between gender and oral habit development.

Dental caries and trauma are two main causes for pulpal inflammation or infection for which root canal treatment is carried out. These conditions cause moderate to severe loss of tooth structure which is restored using post endodontic restorations like post and cores. The post provides intracanal retention of the core and crown restoration and distributes functional loading over a large area to achieve favourable stress distribution in endodontically treated teeth. The two commonly used post and core systems for posterior teeth includes prefabricated metal post and custom made post. The aim of this study is to evaluate various post endodontic restorations practiced for maxillary and mandibular molars.
For this study, data of all post endodontically treated maxillary and mandibular molars from June2019 to March2020 was extracted from the patient management software of saveetha dental college,Chennai. The retrieved data was evaluated by 2 reviewers. Parameters like age,gender and tooth number were noted and correlation between these parameters was studied using chi square tests.
The study showed no statistically significant difference in the use of prefabricated metal post and custom made posts in maxillary and mandibular molars[p value > 0.05(chi square test)]
Prefabricated metal posts were seen more commonly placed in the age group of 18-30 years with equal distribution among the two genders while custom made posts were commonly placed in the age group of 31- 40 years and was commonly distributed among females.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) primarily affects the soft tissues,but involvement of jaw bones is seen in about 12–56% of patients.In these cases,radiographic analysis is essential inorder to observe the pattern of bone involvement.A retrospective study was conducted on patients who visited the department of oral medicine from march 2019 to march 2020.The clinical findings,histopathological diagnosis of OSCC patients who showed bone involvement in the digital panoramic radiographs were reviewed from electronic database.Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the radiographic findings.We observed that the majority of patients presenting with oral squamous cell carcinoma involving the jaw bone belonged to the age group 40-50 years with male predilection(76.9%).Mandible was most commonly involved with the right posterior alveolar region being the most commonly affected site.The radiographic changes observed predominantly in the lesions were smooth borders(53.85%) with an altered trabecular pattern (46.15%).The effect of the lesion
on the surrounding structures were spiked root appearance in 84.62% and floating tooth appearance in 69.23% of cases.Presence of saucerization was seen in 76.92%.Hence digital panoramic radiographs are valuable aids in diagnosing the involvement of jaw bones in oral malignancy and thereby help in devising the treatment plan.

An immature permanent tooth is a newly erupted tooth with incomplete root formation. Once the tooth erupts, it takes upto three years for root completion. Any trauma or pathology to the tooth during this tooth might cause the tooth to lose its vitality. This clinical scenario is a challenge to the clinician as root does not develop further and may fracture. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the types of open apices seen in immature non vital permanent teeth. Data was retrospectively collected from the clinical records of patients who visited the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, from June 2019 to March 2020. 34 patients who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Data was analysed using chi square test.Results showed that 27 males (79.41%) had open apices compared to females (20.59%). Non blunderbuss(55.28%) canals were more common compared to blunderbuss canals (44.12%). Within the limitations of our study, we conclude that non blunderbuss canals were found to be more common. Male patients had higher prevalence of open apices compared to females.

Viruses are Submicroscopic infectious agents that replicate and grow only inside the living cells of an organism. These viruses are important especially when they are capable of infecting humans. Such diseases are called zoonoses. Viral zoonoses include Lassa fever, Ebola fever,SARS,Avian flu etc.The aim of this study is to present a short review of recent literature available on animals as reservoirs for human viruses. A detailed study is done by reviewing several articles on animals as reservoirs for human viruses. Thorough search of articles was carried on the databases Pubmed and Google scholar.Viruses continue to be a major threat in both endemic and pandemic forms.Early diagnosis and treatment plan to be implemented, as it continues to be a major health threat and becomes worse day-by-day. Hence Knowledge and awareness needs to be initiated and implemented.

Impaction denotes a tooth failing to attain its normal position to reach the occlusal table with third molars impaction being common in the mandible. The conventional radiographic views such as peri-apical, panoramic radiograph are two dimensional representations of three dimensional structure. Absence of information on relation of vital anatomical structures to impacted teeth, bone quality is a drawback for the operating surgeon which could lead to pre or post operative complications. CBCT imaging fills the lacunae of two dimensional imaging and holds a key role in impaction assessment.A retrospective analysis of 45 patients who underwent CBCT imaging prior to extraction of impacted third molars were included in the study and the data was analysed using SPSS.Among the 45 patients, 20 were males (44.4%) and 25 were females (55.5%) and the age group commonly affected with impaction was between 25-30 years (35.5%).The frequency of impacted third molars was more in mandible (80.0%) compared to maxilla (20%).There was significant correlation between nerve involvement and angulation of impacted third molars.CBCT imaging modality provides a three dimensional view to help in better treatment planning, anticipating possible complications post surgery. CBCT must be recommended as the only imaging modality in impaction assessment.

Photographic evaluation is a very close representation of the appearance of the person, especially in Orthodontics. With the advent of cephalometrics, the emphasis shifted to the assessment of bony foundation of the face and positions of teeth. However, it was soon realized that the correction of hard tissues to the normal values need not always bring about an improvement in the facial appearance. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between craniofacial measurements obtained from cephalometric radiographs and analogous measurements from profile photographs in skeletal class I subjects. Lateral cephalograms and standardized facial profile photographs were obtained from a sample of 35 skeletal class I subjects. Angular and linear measurements were done using FACAD Software at Saveetha Dental College , Chennai. Statistical tests were done using SPSS Software. The statistical tests done were Pearson’s correlation test and linear regression . On comparing the angular and linear cephalometric and photographic measurements, significantly high correlation was found. The study was found to be statistically significant with P value <0.001. The FMA value showed the highest correlation. The photographic method of measuring cephalometric values has been found to be a highly significant and reliable tool, provided standardized protocol is followed. Hence, it may be considered a feasible and practical diagnostic alternative , particularly if there is a need for a low-cost and non-invasive method.

Local anaesthesia has been widely used in the medical and dental field. It produces anaesthesia by inhibiting excitation of nerve endings or by blocking conduction in peripheral nerves. During single crown preparation, dentists use anaesthesia even for root canal treated teeth during cord packing for gingival retraction to achieve haemostasis and to minimize pain. 356 patients who had undergone treatment for single crown preparation were selected and their treatment details like vitality of tooth, type of LA agent used, site of administration were reviewed. Details were tabulated in the Excel sheet and SPSS importing was done. Chi square tests were done between age, gender, type of arch and vitality of tooth with local anaesthetic agent used and the site of local anaesthetic administration. 1:2,00,000 epi+lidocaine was the most administered LA agent in both vital and non vital teeth. Commonly used site was buccal vestibule. This study concluded that buccal vestibule was the most common site of LA administration in both vital and non vital teeth and there was no statistical significance in the local anaesthetic agent used or site of administration in different age groups or gender or type of arch(p>0.05).

Oral habits such as finger and thumb sucking, lip sucking, mouth breathing when used excessively or continuously can lead to poor dental health or malocclusion.The use of habit breaking appliances will restrict oral habits and prevent malocclusion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, gender and age distribution of usage of habit breaking appliances in the management of parafunctional oral habits. 44,100 patient records were reviewed from June 2019 to March 2020. Patients who had undergone treatment with habit breaking appliances were selected and their treatment details were obtained from the patient records to obtain the prevalence. Details on habits and habit breaking appliances were also noted and tabulated in excel and imported to SPSS. Descriptive statistics and chi square test were done. There was a statistical significance between age and habits breaking appliances (p<0.05). No statistical significance was noted between gender and appliance usage. Treatment with habit breaking appliances was more prevalent in males. Thumb sucking was the most prevalent habit among the studied population and tongue crib was the preferred choice of appliance.

Supraeruption can be defined as a phenomenon whereby the crown of the tooth erupts beyond the occlusal plane. Occlusal plane disruption can result in improper distribution of occlusal force resulting in trauma from occlusion. Supraeruption of teeth with opposing missing teeth will lead to migration of the gingival margin and increase in the crown height. The aim of this study was to determine the association of supraeruption with relation to opposing missing teeth. A retrospective study was done in an institutional setting to study the association of supraeruption and opposing missing dentition. Among patients who have visited the dental facility, the records of the patients were obtained from a given time period of June 2019 to April 2020. The patients case sheets were analysed using parameters which are supraerupted teeth (upper posteriors & lower posteriors), opposing missing (upper posterior, lower posterior, & NIL) and gender. The data was sorted and was tabulated in excel. Analysis of data was done in SPSS software. The association of supraerupted teeth and its correlation to opposing missing teeth was evaluated. Total of 153 supraerupted teeth were noted. It was found most of the supraerupted upper posteriors had missing lower posteriors (81.05%) whereas some had no missing opposing teeth (12.42%). In all supra erupted lower posteriors, the upper posteriors were missing (6.54%). .Significant association between supraeruption and opposing missing teeth.

Of the several pathologies that affect the oral cavity, malocclusion is the third most important problem in the world population. It not only affects the appearance but also affects the periodontal health. The aim of the study was to assess the association between periodontal health and different angle’s malocclusion. This retrospective study was conducted among outpatients reported to Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai from June 2019 to March 2020. The study consisted of 300 patients (50 patients in each group). Patients were segregated into six groups based on Angle’s classification (Group 1: Class I; Group 2: Class II division 1; Group 3: Class II division 2; Group 4: Class II subdivision; Group 5: Class III; Group 6: Class III subdivision). The type of molar relationship was then correlated with the periodontal status. Out of 300 patients, the prevalence of gingivitis (92%) was higher among Class II subdivision patients and the prevalence of periodontitis (22%) was higher among Class II division patients. Also, the correlation between different types of malocclusion and periodontal health was assessed and found to be statistically not significant (p=0.306).

Dental fluorosis is a sign of prolonged high fluoride exposure. The aim of the study is to assess the severity of dental fluorosis among the patients visiting a Dental College in Chennai, Tamilnadu. A retrospective institution based study was conducted by evaluating and analysing 291 patient case records visiting a dental hospital from December(2019) to March(2020) who had signs of dental fluorosis. Data such as age, gender, type of dental fluorosis were documented from the online database of saveetha dental college - DIAS Dental Information Archiving Software. Ethical approval was obtained by the institutional ethical board at Saveetha University. The data was examined by two examiners. The data collected was reviewed and subjected to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS software version 20.0. The present study shows Females and middle aged patients with dental fluorosis visit dental hospitals more frequently.

Stem cells are special human cells that can develop into any cell type of the organism if it's induced and have the ability to renew themselves under suitable conditions. Applications of stem cells exist in manyfields. A Review study is conducted to analyze and investigate dental Pulp stem cells and its application. Human pluripotent stem cells (either human embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells) can differentiate into every cell type of the human body with infinite self-rentention capacity. Hence, pluripotent stem cells are an ideal source to generate specialized cell types for cell replacement therapy, e.g. beta cells for diabetics Nevertheless, due to a large number of differentiation steps, current protocols for in vitro cell differentiation are rather complex.. To regulate the cell growth and differentiation, almost 20 signaling proteins and small molecules last for more than four weeks. Not all cells differentiate into the targeted cells but take incorrect differentiation paths during this multistep process.. This can lead to a highly heterogeneous cell population with beta cells that are not fully functional. This paper reviews the recent studies and researches about dental pulp stem cells and their applications in the field of dentistry.

Inflammation is a natural immune process caused by physiological disturbance in the body. The characteristic signs of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function. This whole process is a protection mechanism produced by the body following any injury.
But sometimes this also ends up harming the body. For such times drugs are needed to suppress this condition, they are called anti inflammatory drugs. NSAIDs are the widely used drugs of choice. Examples are aspirin, diclofenac, mefenamic acid etc. But the prolonged use of these drugs is also known to produce side effects. Many plants are said to contain phytoconstituents that possess anti inflammatory activity. Since plants are natural, easily available and produce little to no side effects, they are believed to be a safer source of cures or drugs.
The aim of this review is to determine the state of knowledge on medicinal plants and their antiinflammatory activity. This review discusses how plants may be used in medicine for their anti inflammatory activity.

An implant supported crown or a conventional fpd is the most common treatment for the replacement of maxillary anterior teeth. The maxillary anterior region claims both esthetic and functional rehabilitation. The important factors involved in the replacement are - bone in the edentulous area, occlusal function, systemic conditions, socioeconomic status and willingness of the patients.The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of tme duration for esthetic zone replacement after extraction. The study was conducted as a retrospective university-based study. Data of patients who underwent fpd treatment in maxillary anterior region was collected and analysed using SPSS software and the results were obtained. Chi square test was used to find the association between groups.The frequency rate of replacement of maxillary anterior was highest in the age group between 26 - 45 years (63.4 %). The frequency of replacement was higher in males (59.7 %) than in females. Most of the replacements were done at 2 months time interval. However, no statistically significant association was found between the groups.

The dental arch form is defined as the shape formed by the configuration of the bony ridge of the jaw. Arch form dimension and variations have been studied by several authors. Consideration of the arch form is of utmost importance, because it is crucial that the arch form should be examined before starting upon the treatment as this gives valuable information about the position into which teeth can be moved if they are to be stable following treatment. Different methods have been developed to describe the dental arch morphology ranging from simple classification of arch shape through combinations of linear dimensions to complex mathematical equations.This study is a cross sectional retrospective study which has been undertaken in a university setting. Case records of 300 class II division 1 malocclusion patients in the age group of 12- 40years were included for the study and an analysis was done on different dental arch forms prevalent in class II division 1 malocclusion. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed for association of arch form with gender, age group of the included records in SPSS software by IBM. Chi- square test was performed,frequency distribution was performed. No significant statistical association between gender and arch form , age group and arch form in class II div 1 malocclusion was seen.

Crossbite is the discrepancy in buccolingual relationship between the upper and lower teeth involving skeletal or dental components. Cross bites can be anterior or Posterior and skeletal or dental and unilaterally present or bilaterally present. Posterior crossbites as and when identified should be corrected since they are known to cause growth impairment. This study was done to report the prevalence of posterior crossbites and gender association in class II malocclusions. This retrospective study was done on case records of the patients who had reported to the orthodontic department, saveetha dental college, in the past 8 months. 1016 class II malocclusion case records in the age range 12-40 yrs were selected for the study, presence of posterior crossbites was evaluated in them and the frequency of crossbites was tabulated and statistical analysis was done in SPSS.The study showed that the overall prevalence of posterior crossbite in class II malocclusions was 3.8 %. single tooth crossbites(73.7%) were more common than multiple teeth crossbite(26.3%). No gender association for posterior crossbites was noted. In conclusion the present study reports a prevalence of 3.8% for posterior crossbites in class II malocclusion and there was no significant gender association.

Dental crowding is defined as a disparity in the relationship between tooth size and jaw size that results in imbrications and rotation of teeth. The causes of mandibular anterior crowding are multifactorial in nature. There are various associated factors that can cause mandibular incisor crowding, mainly mandibular growth, early loss of deciduous molars, incisor and molar inclination along with musculature of oral cavity. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of dental arch crowding among late mixed dentition patients in the subjects visiting a university hospital. About 134 cases were reviewed, which consisted of 60 female patients and 74 male patients. They were divided into two age groups which were, 9-10 years and 11-13 years. For each patient, their dental status and photographs were reviewed and cross verified by two examiners. The severity of mandibular incisor crowding was classified based on the number of teeth involved through observations of photographs of the lower arch. Then, the collected data were recorded in and tabulated. Based upon the severity of mandibular incisor crowding, mild stage (43.37%) of crowding of mandibular incisor was the most prevalent, followed by moderate (28.44%) and severe (28.44%). The results from this study showed male patients (55.2%) had more prevalence towards mandibular incisor crowding in comparison to female patients (44.8%). There was a non statistically significant correlation of severity of crowding with gender (chi square test, p =0.069) and age group (chi square test, p =0.756). The age group of 11-13 years old ( 58.2%) was more affected than the age group of 9-10 years (41.8%). Within the limits of study, mild crowding of mandibular incisors was most prevalent, followed by moderate and severe. The present study also showed male patients had more prevalence towards mandibular incisor crowding in comparison to female patients. The age group of 11- 13 years old was more affected than the age group of 9-10 years.

Soft tissue analysis is integral for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Both hard and soft tissues must be considered for harmonious facial esthetics and optimal occlusion. As there has been the latest paradigm shift from hard tissue to soft tissue and how it is affected in treatment. Visualizing only the hard tissues alone, i.e., the teeth and jaws in terms of discrepancy posed a problem which could be easily tackled in a direct manner to achieve ideal values. But soft tissue drape compounded the problem. This is due to the variability in soft tissue thickness covering the teeth and bone. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare soft tissue thickness in skeletal class I and class III pattern Materials and methodology-This was a retrospective study based on a university-setting wherein the lateral cephalograms of the patients who had visited saveetha dental college and hospital were retrieved. The total sample consisted of 20 lateral cephalograms. Independent t-test was carried out to evaluate soft-tissue chin thickness difference between skeletal class I and class III. Chi-square test was done to evaluate gender association. The significance level for the p-value was set at 0.05. Independent T-test reported that there was a statistically significant soft-tissue chin thickness observed between skeletal class I and class III (p=0.02, p<0.05). Chi-square test indicated that there was a statistically significant association observed in gender (p=0.012, p<0.05) Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that there was a significant soft-tissue chin thickness observed between skeletal class I and class III. There was a statistically significant association of soft tissue chin thickness at Pog in both males and females.

Orthodontic tooth movement prior to prosthetic treatment is necessary for some patients, in order to optimize both esthetic and functional aspects of dental treatment.A patient may require prosthetic orthodontic interdisciplinary treatment when he/she has missing teeth.Orthodontic treatment will help in correcting the tooth alignment such that sufficient space is available for replacement.However,even though various options are available for treatment of missing teeth, patients preference is of utmost importance. The aim of the study is to assess the frequency of adolescents with missing teeth willing to undergo orthodontic correction before prosthetic replacement.It is a university setting study. 322 adolescent patients reporting to the orthodontic department in Saveetha dental college were included in the study. These patients were assessed for missing teeth and their willingness to undergo orthodontic correction. The data was entered in SPSS and analyzed using Chi square test. From the results, it was observed that the majority (54%) of the adolescents with missing teeth were not willing to undergo orthodontic correction before prosthetic replacement. Individuals in the age group of 16 to 20 years (65% ) showed more willingness for orthodontic treatment. Also, 58% of the females in the study population were willing for orthodontic correction while only 39% of the males preferred orthodontic correction.Within the limitations of the current study, it can be concluded that the majority of the adolescents with missing teeth were not willing for orthodontic correction before prosthetic replacement.This may be due to increased treatment time required and lack of awareness on the effectiveness of interdisciplinary treatment approach.

Changes in alveolar ridge in terms of volume, height and morphological features tend to be clinically significant and may result in difficulty for the placement of a conventional bridge or an implant-supported crown. Bone deformities or resorption from tooth removal can be prevented by a procedure called socket preservation. Studies have discussed the rationale of performing socket preservation as a therapeutic procedure following tooth extraction which includes the procedure done during or after the removal of tooth in order to reduce the risk of external ridge resorption and increase the formation of bone with the socket. This study aims to evaluate the site predilection for socket preservation in maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth following extraction. It is a retrospective study conducted by reviewing 86,000 patient case records of the Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India. A total of 25 consecutive case records of patients for a period of October 2019 to March 2020 with signed informed consent were selected from the Departments of Prosthodontics and Implantology based on the inclusion criteria of patients who have undergone socket preservation procedure indicated for implant placement. Information such as patient’s name, patient’s identification number (PID), age, gender and area of socket preservation were retrieved from the patients’ case records. Datas were entered in Excel and analyzed using SPSS software version 23.0. Descriptive analysis was done for the assessment of age, gender and area of socket preservation. Chi-square test was used to evaluate the association of socket preservation with age and gender. Significant level test was set at less than or equal to 0.05 (p≤0.05). In this study, higher prevalence of socket preservation was seen in the upper anterior region (60%) than the other sites. Most cases of socket preservation were seen in males (80%) as compared to females (20%). Socket preservation was done mainly in individuals within the 21-30 years age group.Within the limits of the study, socket preservation is done mainly in individuals within the 21-30 years age group with higher predilection in males compared to females. Most of the socket preservation procedures are done in the upper anterior region, followed by upper posterior, both upper anterior and posterior and lower posterior. However, there is no significant association between the area of socket preservation with age and gender.

Complete denture helps in replacement of missing dentures. The success and satisfaction of the complete denture is based on numerous factors like speech, fit, aesthetics, psychological factors and also educational status of the patient.The aim of the study was to determine association of patients educational status and the success rate of complete dentures delivered in Saveetha dental college among females.A retrospective study was done using the 86,000 case records of patients visiting University hospital from June 2019 - December 2019. Out of the total data 60 case sheets of female patients who have received complete denture were retrieved and analysed. The patients were then called by phone and asked to fill the questionnaire. Outcomes from the survey were correlated with the educational status of the patients using pearson's chi square test.Out of the 60 patients, 56% of the patients were satisfied with the fit of the denture, 61% satisfied with the facial appearance and 90% were satisfied with the size and shape of teeth and gums and 49% were not satisfied with chewing capabilities. Patients who were more educated were very particular about aesthetics and mostly not satisfied. However generally satisfaction increased with literacy rates and educated patients were more satisfied with the speech factor.Patients who were educated had better satisfaction with speech with their dentures as compared to uneducated patients.Patients who were educated were found to be less satisfied with the aesthetics of the denture than uneducated patients.

The objective of full mouth rehabilitation is not only the reconstruction and restoration but also to maintain the health of the entire stomatognathic system. Full mouth Rehabilitation can be defined as the reestablished state of functional and as well as biological efficiency where teeth with their periodontal structure, the muscle of mastication and the TMJ mechanism all function together and in synchronous harmony. Tooth material loss (wear) occurs as a natural process during the lifetime. In some cases tooth wear is severe and there will be a decrease in the vertical dimension. Hence it is mandatory to evaluate the vertical dimension before further treatment planning. So this present study aims to assess the patients requiring Full mouth Rehabilitation based on Turner and Missilarian classification. patient records were analyzed with the data of 86000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020 from this a sample size of 65 patients were selected for the study. Data tabulated with parameters such as age, name, gender, classification of Turner, and Missilarian classification and their categories. Data import to SPSS for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics having a frequency, percentage, and chi square test done for association.Male is found to be slightly more prevalent than females. The most common age group affected were above 50 years of age group with categories-2 was more frequently seen. Chi-square test showed no Statistical significance between age/gender with the diagnosis of Turner and Missilarian categories since p value>0.005. Turner and Missilarian classification category 2 was found to be more in males above 50 years of age group. This study needs further extensive research with a large sample size in the future.

The human body is constantly changing. Scientific evidence shows that alveolar bone undergoes changes after extraction. These changes continue as time of edentulousness progresses. These changes continue occurring even after prosthesis is inserted.Different methods for the assessment of alveolar bone height have been commonly used in practice out of which the panoramic radiograph is excellent for visualization of general structures of the face. The aim of this study is to compare the bone levels in dentate and edentate areas of the mandible with orthopantogram. A retrospective study done in the Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College. Data was collected from a total of 86000 patients who visited Saveetha dental college between Jun,2019 to March,2020. Out of this, OPG of 40 patients in the age group of 35-50 years and who fell in Kennedy's Class 1 classification of mandible were retrieved for the study. The OPG was analysed in ImageJ software. The bone height was measured from the inferior border of the mandible and the crest of the ridge in edentulous areas; the inferior border of the mandible and the alveolar crest in the dentulous areas. The height was obtained in pixels from the software which was later converted into distance in millimeter (mm). The data obtained was tabulated in SPSS for windows, version 20. Paired t-test was done to determine difference in the bone levels of dentate and edentate regions.The paired samples t-test revealed statistically significant difference between dentate and edentate regions in both males (P=0.000) and females (P=0.000). The correlation between dentate and edentate regions for males and females was also statistically significant with P=0.011 and P=0.000 respectively. Pearson correlation was done between gender and difference in bone levels in dentate and edentate regions was not statistically significant with P=0.342. However, Pearson correlation was done between age and difference in bone levels in dentate and edentate regions was statistically significant with P=0.031. The present study was conducted to understand the correlation between bone levels in the dentate and edentate areas of patients with Kennedy's class 1 mandible. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that there is significant difference in the bone levels of dentate and edentate areas in both male and female patients.

The term pit and fissure sealant describes the material that is introduced into the occlusal pits and fissure of teeth, thus forming a protective barrier and prevents the development of caries. The aim of the study was to assess the use of pit and fissure sealants in the adult population. This was a retrospective study and records were assessed from patients visiting dental college from June 2019 to March 2020. Data of pit and fissure sealants performed on patients above the age of 18 years was collected. Excel tabulation was done. SPSS was used to analyze the data and summarize the results. In this present study, pit and fissure sealants were used in 4379 adult patients. Pit and fissure sealant was used more between the age group of 18 to 30 years and most commonly in maxillary first molar. Pit and fissure sealant was used more in maxillary arches with the percentage of 55.2%. Distribution of pit and fissure sealant was used more in male patients with a percentage of 55.2%. From the present study, we can conclude that pit and fissure sealant were used more between the age group of 18 to 20 years. And sealant application was more predominant on maxillary first molar compared to other teeth

The aim of the study was to investigate the association between haemoglobin level & severity of chronic periodontitis. This retrospective study was carried out by analysing the patient records from June 2019 to March 2020 at Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical sciences (SIMATS).Two forty four patients were included in the study. Parameters assessed were a)Demographic details – Patient name, Patient identity number, Age & Sex; b)Periodontal parameters – Probing pocket depth (PDD), Loss of attachment (LOA), Bleeding on probing (BOP), Severity of Periodontitis (mild, moderate & severe);c) Blood parameters - Haemoglobin levels (g/dl). Data was analysed using SPSS version 23.0. Bivariate Pearson correlation of Haemoglobin with mean PPD, mean LOA & mean BOP score were calculated. Mean Hb was compared with severity of periodontitis using ANOVA. A total of 244 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the study sample was 40.42 (±11.38). Females constituted about 58.06%, whereas males constituted 41.4% of the study sample. Majority of the population had severe periodontitis (64.76%), followed by mild periodontitis (18.03%) & moderate periodontitis (17.21%). The mean haemoglobin level in severe periodontitis (13.35g/dl) is higher when compared to moderate and mild periodontitis (13.30g/dl & 13.18g/dl respectively). Mean PPD was 5.24 mm, mean LOA was 4.6 mm & mean BOP score was 0.98. Association between mean CAL and mean haemoglobin levels was positive and statistically significant with a p value of 0.012. Mean Hb level was not significantly different with varying severity of periodontitis

Dental impaction is a common problem presented by patients when seeking dental treatment. It can be described as a tooth that fails to erupt into the dental arch within an expected period of time, either partially or completely impacted. The reasons for impaction can be due to inadequate arch length and space available for eruption, excessive soft tissues or genetic abnormality. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of impacted teeth among dental patients. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the patient records from a dental hospital from June 2019 until March 2020. Data regarding patients having impacted teeth were retrieved after analyzing 86000 case sheets. Radiographs and intraoral photographs were used to assess the patterns of impacted teeth. 785 patients diagnosed with impacted teeth were selected and evaluated for its prevalence based on age and gender. Excel tabulation and SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. The statistical tests used for the demographics was frequency, percentage and for tests of association between categorical variables was Chi-square test. P value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Impacted teeth were predominantly present in males (57.5%) than in females (42.6%) among the dental patients. Mandibular left third molars showed the highest frequency of occurrence (45.7%) followed by mandibular right third molars (39.2%). Impacted teeth were predominantly present in the age group of 21-30 years (54.14%) followed by the age group of 31-40 years (23.69%) among the dental patients. Association between age and impacted third molars was statistically significant. [p value=0.003(<0.05)]. However the association between gender and impacted third molars was statistically not significant. [p value=0.136(>0.05)]. Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that impacted teeth among dental patients were predominantly seen in the age group of 21-30 years with male predilection. Prevalence of mandibular third molar impactions was high with the left mandibular third molar being the most common impacted tooth in our study population.

Malocclusion is one of the common dental problems reported in children that refers to the malalignment of the teeth or improper relationship of the dental arches due to altered developmental systems of the orofacial complex. Several studies have reported on the relationship between malocclusion and dental caries in which the presence of malocclusion such as crowding and spacing may act as predisposing factors in the development of dental caries. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries among 12-16 years old school children with malocclusion. It is a retrospective study conducted by reviewing 86,000 patient case records of the Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India. A total of 313 consecutive case records of patients for a period of June 2019 to March 2020 with signed informed consent were retrieved and analysed. Patient’s name, patient’s identification number (PID), age, gender, malocclusion and dmft score were collected from the patients’ case records. Data collection and analysis were done using the SPSS version 23.0. Descriptive analysis was done for the assessment of age, gender, malocclusion and dental caries. Chi square test was used to evaluate the association of dmft score with malocclusion. A total of 134 children with malocclusion were affected by dental caries (42.81%). The overall dmft score was 1.5. Most of the children present with dental caries were within the 12-14 years age group (60.45%), followed by those within the 15-16 years age group (39.55%). High prevalence of dental caries was seen in males (52.24%) as compared to females (47.76%). Most of the children had Class I malocclusion (70.93%), followed by Class II malocclusion (29.07%). In terms of crowding, mandibular crowding (57.19%) was more common among the children when compared to maxillary crowding (38.98%). There is a statistically significant association between maxillary crowding and dental caries. No association of dental caries with mandibular crowding and dental malocclusion. Within the limits of the present study, dental caries is seen in 134 of the patients with an average dmft score of 1.5. There is a positive association between maxillary crowding and dental caries but no significant association of dental caries with dental malocclusion and mandibular crowding.

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of maxillary canine impaction in Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Impacted teeth are defined as teeth that remain incompletely or completely embedded in the jaw bone or mucosa. The maxillary canine is one of the most important teeth in terms of aesthetic and function. The maxillary canine impaction is more frequent then mandibular canine impaction. After the third molars the maxillary canine are the second most frequently Impacted teeth.This retrospective study was conducted in a university setting. Data was collected from the patients who visited Saveetha Dental College between June 2019 and March 2020. Among 980 patients who had reported for orthodontic treatment and prevalence of maxillary impaction was calculated. From this data 100 case records of class 1 and 100 case records of class 2 malocclusion cases were selected randomly and variables like age, gender, and frequency of maxillary canine impaction were recorded. The prevalence of maxillary canine impaction was 2.4% according to this study. Gender distribution was 41.6%males and 58.4% females. The results of this study showed that Maxillary canine impaction was more prevalent in females when compared to males ( 6.6% : 5.2%). Maxillary canine impaction was higher in class I malocclusion when compared to class II division I (8% : 4%) and with higher prevalence in females with Class I malocclusion.However prevalence of canine impaction was not significantly associated with gender and type of malocclusion

Clinical photography is essential to evaluate craniofacial and dental relationships. It can be used to assess soft tissue profiles changes in the long run. The study aims at assessing the lip competency of patients who underwent orthodontic therapy using preadjusted edge wise appliance. The retrospective study was carried out by collecting the Frontal and Profile views of photographs taken for the patients who underwent long- term fixed appliance therapy. It was seen that 41 patients had undergone Orthodontic therapy. Excel tabulation of the data was done followed by the results that were obtained after SPSS analysis. The statistical test performed was the chi-square test. 36.59% of patients with incompetent lips had undergone orthodontic therapy. 36.59% of patients in the age group of 21-30 had competent lips and 19.51% of the patients of the same age had incompetent lips. It was seen that during pretreatment,majority of frequency of the competent (39.02%) as well as incompetent (29.27%) lips were seen in females as compared to male patients. Chi square test shows p value >0.05, non significant association. Thus it was observed that all the patients were found to have competent lips after completion of orthodontic therapy.

Dental fluorosis is a specific disturbance in tooth formation caused by excessive fluoride intake during the development of tooth. The aim of this study was to assess the severity of dental fluorosis in a private dental institution. This was a retrospective institutional study. Samples were collected from June 2019 to March 2020 from patient records who visited a private dental hospital. Data of dental fluorosis was collected. Excel tabulation was done. SPSS results were obtained. P<0.05 considered significant. In the present study, 191 patients had dental fluorosis. Among patients with dental fluorosis, percentage of mild fluorosis was 50%, percentage of moderate fluorosis was 26%, percentage of very mild fluorosis was 12% and 7% percentage of severe fluorosis was found. Further, 7% had questionable fluorosis. From the present study we can conclude that the frequency of mild dental fluorosis was more among the patients who visited our dental institution in chennai. Males had higher prevalence of dental fluorosis as compared to females and greater frequency of dental fluorosis was found in the age group of 16 to 30 years, However, the results were not statistically significant.

Impaction of the third molars has been established as a factor with the potential to damage temporomandibular joints. Furthermore, the trauma resulting from the surgery of third molars has been reported to be a predisposing factor in the progression of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) symptoms. The high frequency of third molar surgery can result in an increased number of patients who suffer from chronic oral and facial pains. Thus, it is important to identify those patients who have pre‐existing pain or any signs of dysfunction in their temporomandibular joints and masticatory structures, prior to third molar surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between impacted teeth and temporomandibular joint disorders. A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the case records of patients who underwent treatment in Saveetha Dental College and Hospital from June 2019 - March 2020. The study population included 96 patients diagnosed with temporomandibular joint disorders and 98 patients without TMD. Thus the sample size included a total of 194 patients who were evaluated for the presence of impacted teeth. Data was collected and statistical analysis was performed. Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft office 10) data spreadsheet was used to collect data and later exported to SPSS IBM (version 23.0). Descriptive statistics and chi square test were employed with a level of significance set at p<0.05. The most prevalent age group among the patients was 21 - 30 years (34.39%), followed by 31 - 40 years (29.29%). 60.8% were male patients and 39.2% were females. TMD was predominantly present (29.38%) in patients with impacted teeth than in patients without impacted teeth (20.1%) and the results were statistically significant (p=0.003). Within the limits of this study, there is a significant association between the presence of impacted teeth and temporomandibular joint disorders. Therefore, it is important to include an assessment of the temporomandibular apparatus in the pre‐operative evaluation of patients with impacted third molars.

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of missing permanent first molars in the South Indian population who reported for orthodontic treatment to a dental hospital. A total of 550 OPGs of patients who reported for orthodontic treatment to the hospital were assessed for missing permanent first molars.The data was retrieved from the extensive electronic database record of the hospital. Descriptive analysis was done to represent the data. Prevalence of missing permanent first molars was found to be 5.8%. A significant percentage of the orthodontic population have missing permanent first molars. A thorough clinical examination, from an orthodontic perspective will help formulate a better treatment plan.

The present study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the epidemiologic characteristics of the prevalence and types of condylar fractures of the mandible. Details of a total of 21 cases of mandibular condyle fracture were collected out of a total of 86,000 cases from databases of saveetha dental college which were undergone in the period time from June 2019 to March 2020. All these were checked for pattern or type of fracture based on Lindahl’s Classification. Results of this study showed that out of 21 cases of mandibular condyle fracture 19% showed no displacement, 28.6% showed deviation of the condylar segment, 19% showed displacement of fracture segment, 9.5% showed deviation with dislocation and 23.85% showed displacement with dislocation. Also, the study showed a male predilection for the condylar fractures of the mandible. In this study within the limitations, there is significant male predilection and more number of deviation type of condylar fractures of the mandible.

patients who underwent frenectomy/ frenotomy for high frenal attachment in a dental hospital from June 2019 to March 2020. No gender or age restrictions were. 99 patients were included in the study. Digital case sheets were reviewed and the following data including the details like patients gender, age, site of high frenal attachment, reason for frenectomy were extracted, tabulated and analysed statistically with Chi square test using SPSS version 20. Among those 99 frenectomy cases. The males were ( 43.4%) and females were (56.6%). The prevalence of frenectomy was more in female gender as compared to male gender. The common reason behind frenectomy was spacing (61.6%) and the more common site of high frenal attachment was S2 (Maxillary anterior sextant) (55.5%) compared to S5 (Mandibular anterior sextant). There was a significant difference in the reasons for frenectomy between site(p < 0.05 )and sites underwent frenectomy and age of the patient(p < 0.05).No significant difference in the reasons for frenectomy between males and females (p > 0.05). From the study it can be concluded that the common reason for frenectomy is diastema and the reasons for frenectomy is influenced by the site of high frenal attachment and the age of the patients.

Pandemics are defined as large- scale outbreaks that can greatly increase mortality and morbidity over a wide geographic area and cause significant economic, political and social disruption due to spread of infectious disease. Risk of pandemic and epidemic conditions have occurred throughout history and appear to be increasing in frequency, particularly because of the increasing emergence of viral disease from animals. Other associated risk factors include older age, longer hospital stays, immunosuppression, frequent encounters with healthcare facilities, mechanical ventilatory support, multiple underlying chronic illnesses, recent invasive procedures, indwelling devices and being in a critical care unit. Management of acute infections transmitted to susceptible patients via cross infections and emergence of antimicrobial- resistant pathogens need attention in a hospital set-up. Task forces committee are organisations of small groups of resources and people brought together to establish a specific objective, to complete the expectation that the group will disband when the objective has been completed. The task force committee is actively involved in resolving issues on hospital acquired infection during pandemic and epidemic outbreak of disease and this review underpins the same.

Hantavirus is a zoonotic virus manifesting two vital clinical symptoms viz., hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and cardiopulmonary syndrome. With a sudden onset of fatigue, fever, and body aches, in extreme cases can lead to shortness of breath and had resulted in major outbreaks in past decades. Pro- inflammatory cytokine responses and reticulo endothelial systems take the lead role in establishing the immuno-pathogenesis of the hantavirus disease. The virus genome consists of these segments of negative stranded RNA, where the large (L) segment encodes the viral RNA polymerase, the medium (M) segment the glycoprotein precursor which is co-translationally cleaved into the envelope glycoproteins Gn and Gc, and the small (S) segment the nucleocapsid protein (N). Hantavirus are divided into Old world and New world hantavirus based on the geographic regions in which they occur. They are strictly associated with their reservoirs hosts which are rodents, but from recent researches reported, also insectivores. Both innate and cellular immune responses function effectively in evading the viral replication, however the mutations and the typical variations in the virus finally establishes a disease in humans. This review thus provides an overview on hanta virus and its associated immune-pathogenesis.

The aim of the present survey is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding the use of digital dentistry in endodontics among practitioners. Questionnaire based survey comprising 15 questions divided into knowledge based, attitude based and practice based questions. The questionnaire was circulated via electronic media through mails. 218 responses were received from the respondents. On analyzing the responses to the questionnaire, it was found that the most of the practitioners were looking forward towards use of digital dentistry based procedures.Highly significant values were obtained when statistical analysis was done about the question pertaining to this trend for better clinical outcome with [p Value = 0.001],Other relevant facts being,Titanium Oxide powder is used with CEREC System with [p Value = 0.038],which was statistically significant.Within the limitations of the study, it shows that the knowledge with respect to digital dentistry based procedures is moderate compared to attitude and practice among respondents.The survey revealed that most of the participants were looking forward to enhance their knowledge and skills in the field of CAD-CAM

Tobacco use is one of the most important risk factors for the development of oral mucosal lesions including oral pre-cancer and cancer. The type and location of the lesion varies with the type of tobacco used, the way it is used, and the frequency and duration of use. Hence our study is aimed to determine the effectiveness of anti-tobacco counselling and the presence of oral lesions in patients and their willingness to quit the habit. A retrospective analysis was conducted among 398 participants, of which all were smokers, 320 patients diagnosed with oral mucosal lesions, 78 patients without any lesions. The study protocol included data collection with digital software entry. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 22 and a chi-square test was employed, with a p value < 0.05 considered to be statistically significant. The lesion was most common among the age of 31-40years (33.33%), followed by 41-50years (26.92%), 18-30years (20.5%), 51-60years (12.8%) and >60% (6.4%). The review was high among the patients with oral lesion (57.6%), anyways patient with lesion and did not turn up for review is 42.3%. The study population diagnosed with oral mucosal lesion and who had come for review visits had the highest willingness for quit rate (62.7%), than with patients only came for intervention visit (37.2%).

Systemic diseases have higher risk of compromised oral health like tooth loss, higher lifetime caries experience thus emphasising the significant relationship between systemic disease and oral conditions. Dental caries is considered a serious public health problem affecting the long term prognosis of teeth and contributes to a major global burden of oral diseases among adults. Hence, this study aims to assess the caries risk profile among adults with systemic disease. A retrospective study was conducted among 61 participants aged 35 years and above. Data was collected using the electronic patient records, between the time period of August 2019 - January 2020, yielding a total of 61 participants with complete data. Plaque accumulation score using Loe and Silness Index, dental caries experience, salivary flow rate, fluoride exposure were recorded and entered into Cariogram application, to generate a pie chart in order to categorise patients into different caries risk groups. Descriptive statistics and Chi square were performed to analyze the data. The mean age of the participants was 55.2±10.9 years. Among all participants, 40.9% had diabetes. When categories into different caries risk groups, 37.1% were categorised into “high medium risk” group. Statistical significant value of p <0.05 was found between cariogram score and systemic disease. Systemic diseases have a significant effect on the deterioration of oral health, especially in terms of carious lesions. Caries risk assessment should be carried out compulsorily for patients with systemic diseases to reduce the burden of dental caries, as an early assessment will lead to better prognosis and better quality of life.

ABSTRACT:
School teachers play a vital role in the overall development of achild.With proper knowledge on oral health and related practices they can instill good oral hygiene practices and related behaviours from a very early age. The aim of this present study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of school teachers in educating school children regarding oral health.A questionnaire consisted of 15 questions on oral health’s knowledge,attitude and practice were formulated and distributed among school teachers.The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software and chi square tests were done between knowledge and gender,attitude and gender and practice and gender.The results were formulated in tables and graphs.The results showed that 85% of school teachers had good knowledge,95% had positive attitude and 66% had good practice regarding oral health.The study concludes that school teachers had adequate knowledge and positive attitude in educating school children regarding oral health.

Multidisciplinary management is essential when the canine fails to erupt on time. This requires combined surgical and orthodontic intervention. Good periodontal status is necessary for the positive outcome of treatment. Hence the objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of gingival recession in disimpacted canines. A retrospective study was conducted. Data collection was done through reviewing 86000 patients who had visited a hospital in Chennai from June(2019) to March(2020). A total of 6 patients who had undergone disimpaction of canine were evaluated. Data such as age, gender, site of impaction, presence of gingival recession were noted. The data was analysed statistically through IBM SPSS software. The study group belonged to the age group ranging 13-21. Disimpaction was performed higher among males(66.6%) compared to females. Among the samples, about 57.14% of canines were palatally impacted. No gingival recession was seen in the study sample. The incidence of gingival recession in the disimpacted canines was not statistically significant and did not reach clinical significance due to very less sample size.

Canine is the cornerstone of the arch, and has a strategic position . The current study involves assessment of attractiveness of smile based on canine shape and position.The study was done in a university hospital setting of Saveetha Dental College.The study was designed to be a cross sectional retrospective study. The study was based on the photographic analysis of the position, shape and prominence of canine and its effect on the perceived esthetics of the smile. 70 photographs of patients were selected from the institution's database, and evaluated. The perceived esthetics of each smile was graded on scale of 1-5, 5 being excellent aesthetics. The obtained data was tabulated and statistical analysis was done using SPSS( Version 23) .There was a statistically significant association with the position(p=0.012) and shape(p=0.006) and cervical prominence of the canine(p=0.000) with the perceived esthetics. The position and characteristics of the canine play a major role in the perception of aesthetics of the smile. A better understanding of these factors could highly improve the process of teeth selection or the rehabilitation of smiles

Selection of maxillary anterior teeth for complete dentures is crucial in clinical practice and controversy about the validity of even the best method to employ still exists. Leon Williams formulated and publicized a method called the “Geometric theory” which is still widely used. Williams believed that there exists a relationship between the face-form and the form of the maxillary central incisor in most people and that this relationship should be taken into account in the tooth selection procedure.A Cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in an institution, on randomly selected individuals. The study group consisted of adult patients who attended the outpatient Department of Prosthodontics from June 2019- March 2020.86000 case sheets were evaluated and Chi-square test and frequency analysis was used to explore the relationship between two variables.Leon Williams criteria was fulfilled by only 41% individuals Ovoid face form 41% is more common in indian population as compared to other forms.Ovoid and square tapering tooth forms are more common compare to other tooth forms 30% with square tooth form being the least 12%.In females leon williams criteria was more matched than males. But the difference was not significant. This study concludes that there is a much greater percentage of dissimilarity between incisor and face-form, in sample Indian population. The “Williams’ law of harmony” to select artificial teeth stands inconclusive in the sample Indian population both in males and females.

The use of dental implants has gained immense popularity and inside acceptance. A secure implant primary stability is positively associated with a successful implant integration and long-term successful clinical outcome. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of primary stability in success of dental implants. The present retrospective study was conducted among 1263 patients who had undergone implant therapy in the Department of Implantology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai from June 2019 to March 2020. Data regarding bone type, bone density of the implant site were collected and analysed. In the present study, most of the type of bone density seen commonly was D2 bone and around 42.79% of the patients had D2 type of bone density in the lower posterior region. The next commonly seen bone density was D1 and in the lower posterior and lower anterior region with 8.51% and 2.36% respectively. In association with the gender and the bone density males had more bone density than females. Most of the type of bone density seen was D2 ( 34.12% in males and 30.58% in females, followed by D1 type of bone density ( 6.93% in males and 6.62% in females). Positive correlation was obtained between bone density and primary implant stability. The correlation was found to be statistically significant (p=0.000). The present study showed a strong relationship between bone density and the primary implant stability.

Socioeconomic status (SES) and literacy level is a major determinant of tobacco use but little is known whether SES affects nicotine dependency or not. Socioeconomic status (SES) is strongly related to smoking behaviour. The association is so strong that smoking is regarded as a marker for deprivation and one can identify disadvantaged groups by simply observing their smoking prevalence. The main objective is to examine the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on nicotine dependence. A retrospective study was conducted using case records of patients attending private dental college from July 2019- March 2020 . A total of 201 case sheets of patients who had the habit of tobacco use with recorded nicotine dependence score and their income and educational status were retrieved. The study included two measures of SES - education and income using the Modified Kuppuswamy scale(revised version february 2019). Nicotine dependencies are assessed using Fagerstrom nicotine dependence scale. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test was used to analyze the data. More prevalence of literate participants(78.6%) and middle income smokers(<25000) (43.78%) are more prevalent among the study population . No statistically significant association was found between education and nicotine dependence scale(p = 0.750); income and nicotine dependence ( p=0.432) . Chi-square tests were used for association and descriptive statistics were used. Nicotine dependency shows insignificant variations across different indicators of SES- income and education among patients attending private dental college in Chennai.

The biofunctional prosthetic system (BPS) is designed in such a way that there is better comfort, function and aesthetic to the patient. The impression making and recording the maxillomandibular relation is a standardised in BPS method, this makes the dentist to understand the subject and makes things easier. There are 4 clinical procedures in BPS technique, which reduces the appointment time for the patient. With all the shortcomings of conventional complete denture and advantages of biofunctional prosthesis, we conducted a retrospective analysis of aesthetic outcome of complete denture constructed with biofunctional prosthetic system conducted in private university setup. A retrospective study was done in which 45 BPS dentures were placed from 1 June 2019 till 1 March 2020 were included. Data was reviewed from the patients records and analysed the data of 86,000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020 that were documented in a private institute. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Chi Square test and Pearson’s correlation was done for assessing the correlation between age and all the parameters checked, and between gender and all the parameters. Out of 45 patients, 44.4% BPS dentures were fabricated for the age group of 61-70 years. 51.1% of the patients were Males. Out of the total population for 55.6% of the population square shaped teeth were used and for 44.4% of the population tapered teeth were used. 53.3% of the population had premolar to premolar smile, while 31.1% of the population had molar to molar and 15.6% had canine to canine smile. In 82.2% of the teeth setting, the intercanine width matched the interalar width. 37.8% of the population had complete exposure of anterior teeth on smiling. According to our reviewers 62.2% of patients' smiles were attractive. From the present study, it can be concluded that the shape of the teeth showed a significant difference in perception among the individuals whereas the other parameters showed no difference.

According to the clinical condition and diagnostic findings, American College of prosthodontics (ACP) have developed a classification for partially edentulous patients. They are based on 4 criteria and each is based on 4 classification. The 4 criteria is based on location and extent of the edentulous span, condition of the abutment tooth ( localised adjunctive treatment, insufficient tooth structure), occlusal plane and the condition of the edentulous ridge. This classification is done to provide potential benefits to the clinicians and plan a proper treatment planning for the patients undergoing dental prosthesis. The adjunctive treatment are Periodontal treatment, endodontic treatment and orthodontic treatment involving any of the sextant. Fixed partial denture (FPD) is one of the most commonly employed treatments for replacement of missing teeth. Most of the patients prefer for a fixed replacement of the missing tooth. One such option is fixed partial denture. Splinting the adjacent teeth and replacing the missing teeth is how a fixed partial denture is done. The abutment teeth evaluation and its dental status is at most important for the success of the fixed partial denture. If there is any compromise in the dental status of the abutment teeth, adjunct therapy is done. This study aimed to identify the localised adjunctive treatment involved in the patient who had fixed partial denture treatment in a private dental hospital setup.

Morphology of tooth varies among individual patient.It is an important consideration in evaluating occlusion and esthetics.The incisor teeth have different shapes namely triangular, rhomboid, square. Shape of incisors also plays a major role in esthetics.It is important for proper finishing of the dentition at the end of orthodontic treatment.The aim of this study is to determine the incisal tooth morphology of the patients visiting the orthodontic treatment.This study was conducted as a hospital based study localised to the Chennai population. Data was systematically reviewed and retrieved from the archived database.The data was grouped into two groups. Group 1 patients had class I malocclusion and Group 2 Patients had class II and Class III malocclusion. Shape of incisors were evaluated for all the patients of both the groups. On analysing the results, among the patients of Group1, 84.21% of the males and 91.30% of the females had triangular incisors.Among the patients of Group 2, 70.59% of males and 68.42% of the females had triangular incisors, irrespective of the type of malocclusion. On chi square analysis, the value was found to be 0.356 ( p value > 0.005), does not have significant association.It was concluded that the most predominant shape of the incisors was found to be triangular

Mandibular second premolars are one of the most complex among detention in humans. They often present with several patterns of complexities. It also varies based on age, sex, race etc. In the present study by a retrospective manner, we have assessed the occurrence of number of canals in mandibular second premolars in South Indian Population. Case records of 86,000 patients availing treatment at Saveetha Dental College between June 2019 and March 2020 were analysed, and the required data was extracted. 550 teeth were chosen for the study. Statistical analysis of the extracted data was done using SPSS software (SPSS Version 23.0, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) Graphs were derived. Correlations were made based on gender of the patients and type of tooth.Within the limits of the study the occurrence of more than one canal was more prevalent in females(11%) as compared to males(9%) in the south indian population.(P<0.05). Also the occurrence of a single canal was more prevalent in 45(44%) as compared to 35(40%)(P>0.05). More correlations can be studied by doing similar studies in larger populations and studies can be done based on geographical location and races

The endodontically treated teeth with extensive loss of tooth substance have numerous problems due to significant reduction in the capability to resist a myriad of functional forces Today, it is accepted clinical practice to use a post to retain the coronal restoration after a tooth has been endodontically treated when significant amounts of the coronal tooth structure is missing. The aim of the study is to assess the number of prefabricated fiber posts placed in the lower anterior with 2 or more walls present. After analysing 86,000 patient records , the sample size chosen for the study was 24 patient records. The data that was collected was tabulated in excel and then imported into SPSS software. Incomplete data were excluded from the study. Chi square test was the statistical test employed for statistical analysis and it was noted that the most prevalent prevalent gender to undergo this treatment were female (66.67%) , most prevalent teeth to be treated was 31, 32, 42 (21.21%) and most prevalent wall present was 2 walls ( 69.70%). Correlation between the patient age and the no of walls were seen to be statistically significant p
= <0.05 (p=0.001). Within the limits of this study, the prevalence of prefabricated fiber post in lower anterior teeth was most commonly seen in females among the lower canines. Significant association was present between the number of walls present and age .No significant association was present between the number of walls present with gender and type of teeth. Fiber reinforced posts are the most preferred posts to be used in anterior teeth, due to its flexural strength being similar to that of dentin and also better distribution of stress among the remaining tooth structure.

Recent advances in ceramics have greatly improved the functional and esthetic properties of restorative materials.New materials offer an esthetic and functional oral rehabilitation, however their impact on opposing teeth is not well documented.The aim of the study was to evaluate prevalence of different materials for full veneer crowns used by dentists for a single full veneer crown based on location and choice made by dentist..A Cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in an institution, on randomly selected individuals. The study group consisted of adult patients who attended the outpatient Department of Prosthodontics from June 2019- March 2020.86000 case sheets were evaluated and frequency distribution test was used to explore the relationship between two variables.Comparison of the groups showed that Hand layered zirconia crown was preferred by 42.3 % individuals.Metal ceramic was predderd by 10.3% of the individuals.Monolithic zirconia was preferred by 47.4 % of the individuals.With the era of metal free crowns monolithic is preferred to solve the chipping problems which are to be considered before getting a hand layered zirconia crown or a metal ceramic crown.

Ceramics are broadly utilized as circuitous helpful materials in dentistry because of their extensive biocompatibility and satisfying aesthetics. The objective is to review the different CAD/CAM all-ceramic biomaterials. CAD/CAM all-ceramic biomaterials are highlighted and a subsequent literature search was conducted for the relevant subjects utilizing PubMed followed by manual search. Advancements in CAD/CAM innovation have catalyzed inquiry in all-ceramic biomaterials and their applications. Feldspathic glass ceramic and glass penetrated ceramic can be manufactured by conventional research facility strategies or CAD/CAM. The appearance of polycrystalline ceramics may be a coordinate result of CAD/CAM innovation without which the manufacture would not have been conceivable. The clinical employments of these ceramics have met with variable clinical victory. Numerous choices are presently accessible to the clinicians for the creation of aesthetic all ceramic restorations.

A survey was conducted in Saveetha dental college among undergraduate students.This study aims to assist with understanding the procedure of mounting models in a semi adjustable articulator which takes place most often in dental laboratory following on from a facebow recording and intra-occlusal records being made.The bite fork will be carefully removed from any packing and a check will be made that the maxillary model to be mounted into the articulator sits in bite registration material in a stable manner. Most commonly semi-adjustable articulator sits in the condylar guidance angle and Bennett angle that can be adjusted.A cross section survey was initiated in the students of saveetha dental college, Tamil Nadu about the advantages of using semi adjustable articulators. Nearly 100 people responded that the survey data has been collected and plotted as a graph. Data has been collected with the help of SPSS software and data has been analysed.100 people responded to the survey only limited people option has been collected.In our survey we found that the UG students are having moderate knowledge on advantages of using semi adjustable articulators.

Technology, actually the application of knowledge on practical skills. Technology has owned the entire world with its accessibility and advancement. This technology had changed the education process not in what to learn but also in the way of learning.It had led to development of education, skills, communication and attitudes towards the future environment. Acquiring knowledge is a process not a product and this process is taken over by technological development. This study aims to create awareness on the impact of technology in knowledge enhancement among college students. It comprises a small population size of 110 participants. A self structured questionnaire involving their personal view on technology and its impact and the awareness they have on technology was distributed to the targeted population. The data were collected, analysed and presented as pie charts. Then arriving at conclusion, technology though possess negative impacts made a greater positive impact on knowledge and education.

Social networks are seen as a group of internet based technology. It provides a platform to share contents, interest and develop new skills and personalities in the virtual world . The definition for this depends from person to person. There are no boundaries to the use of social networks. The aim of the study is to determine the attitude towards social networks among different age groups. A well structured questionnaire enclosed with closed ended questions was prepared which was surveyed among 100 active participants . The data collected is analysed in SPSS software version 22 by descriptive analysis. The questionnaire is administered to the participants to online google forms link.There exists a positive attitude towards social networks among all age groups. Awareness on advantages and disadvantages of the social networks should be inculcated in the minds of the younger generation.

Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) is a cancerous disease that affects the lymph nodes within the human body. The location of the disease is how it is classified and diagnosed. The majority of the patients can be potentially cured with the use of radiotherapy and multi-agent chemotherapy, a proportion of them will relapse or develop resistant disease for which treatment options are limited. The aim of the study Is to determine the knowledge awareness about recent advances in the treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The objective is to study the level of awareness and knowledge about advanced treatment methods for Hodgkin’s lymphoma and associated risk factors among the Indian population. A survey was conducted from April to May among 100 people in the state of Tamil Nadu, India by preparing a set of standard questionnaires and answers were collected through online survey methods such as google forms. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS software and chi square analysis was done for correlation. The results clearly indicate that 57% percent of the population is aware about the recent advances in the treatment methods for Hodgkin’s lymphoma and 42% percent of the population not aware about the treatment methods for Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The conclusion of this study is that the above statistical analysis about knowledge awareness on recent advances in the treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma has provided a clear view of current advanced treatment procedure and technique for the betterment of patients in future.

Dental Disease is one of globally affecting diseases. Oral bacteria involved within the bloodstream are linked to coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and stroke. Oral hygiene plays an important role within the prevention of oral diseases, including periodontitis, cavity and oral candidiasis. Consequently, the utilization of both chemical and mechanical plaque control is suggested for optimal oral hygiene. Sodium hypochlorite it’s not only irritant to the periapical tissues but also possesses disadvantages such of instruments, blazing of surrounding tissues, undesirable taste, high toxicity, corrosive to instruments, inability to get rid of the smear layer, reduction in coefficient of elasticity and flexible strength of dentin. As well as Antibiotics like tetracycline, penicillin, amoxicillin, metronidazole and antiseptics like chlorhexidine which are commonly used in dentistry, but they have many side effects. While herbal medicine is so effective in oral diseases and has less side effects. The present study is aimed at reviewing various extracts of herbal products and their effects on dental health. The articles were collected from pubmed, scopus and google scholars. The outcome is predicted on the previous studies which debate the role of herbal products in dentistry and this collected data is analyzed by using appropriate statistical tools. The use of herbal medicine in dentistry is helpful in reducing inflammation and controlling plaque formation. From this review study, it is evidenced that Ginger, Garlic, Aloe Vera and Miswak showed better results than conventional denitrificans in dental plaque and gingival inflammation reductions. The disadvantages of using herbal medicine like Clove oil is meant to cause serious problems like pharyngitis, vomiting, cytotoxicity, kidney failures, damage to the liver, seizures, difficulty in breathing and others if used in higher doses. Therefore, the Preclinical and clinical trials are needed to gauge biocompatibility and safety before herbal medicine are often recommended conclusively for oral care.

Segregation refers to basic separation of different categories of waste generated at some source and thereby reducing the risk as well as cost of handling and disposal. Segregation is the most crucial step in biomedical waste management. There are 4 major types of waste, they are general, infectious, hazardous and radioactive. To create awareness among the college students about the segregation and disposal of medical waste.This study involved the segregation of medical waste and disposal among the age group of 18 to 25 yrs. A set of 15 questionnaires were framed and sent through the online google form link. The questionnaire is based on the knowledge,attitude and information about the segregation and disposal of medical waste. Among 100 medical students 77% were aware about the segregation of the medical waste & 23% of the students were not aware about the segregation of the medical waste. To create awareness among the college students about the segregation of medical waste. From that we can protect our health and environment.

To investigate the awareness about pandemic disease between both rural and Urban populations.Self - administered questions were prepared. The questions were distributed in Google forms and hundreds of participants participated. The statistical data was analysed.Present study showed that a substantial number of participants have adequate awareness regarding an infectious respiratory illness (45% close), risk of pandemic (42.3%), available vaccines (52.3%), majority of participants (82%) would pandemics cause sudden, widespread morbidity and mortality as well as social political and economic disruption.Although there is an appropriate knowledge and awareness regarding various aspects of pandemic disease both Urban and rural population still, active interventions are required in all areas of pandemic not only to improve their knowledge and awareness regarding pandemic between both rural and Urban population adults also.

Everyone gets separated after a few days when they get bored due to that depression. Self quarantine reduces the economic development of the country. Everyone working has many responsibilities but due to this self quarantine in this lockdown shortage of money leads the country to drop in economic status. Due to self quarantine many are affected mentally, they usually get depressed and lose their peace. Cannot concentrate in what they are doing and change in their mood swings. Self quarantine Self quarantine is most useful during the time of spreading disease. This study is done with the help of an online survey. Many are used to this self quarantine. Many ill effects are there in self quarantine like obesity, due to obesity leads to myocardial infarction but other than these many useful things are occurring due to self quarantine like reducing usage of vehicles which reduces global warming. This study created awareness about the self quarantine and told how to spend free time properly

Spicy things have a sharp, strong and pungent flavour. Hot chilli pepper,gastric occurs when the stomach lining is inflamed and can be caused by eating spicy food. There have been attempts to measure the effect of spicy food stuffs that might provoke or increase gastrointestinal reflux. High prevalence of spicy food in Asia may modify gastrointestinal burning symptoms in patients with Functional Gastrointestinal Disorder. The inflammation of gastric is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers. Gastritis may occur suddenly or appear slowly over time. The infection is usually passed from person to person, but can also be transmitted through contaminated food or water. Preparation of self structured questionnaire circulated through online survey link. The results were collected and were represented in pie-chart. According to this result most of the population are aware of gastrointestinal problems. Further studies can be done to prevent gastrointestinal problem, Preventive measure should be taken to avoid gastrointestinal problem.

Stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells which differentiate into various cells and can divide indefinitely to more or less the same type of stem cells. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are used to treat diseases like leukemia, lymphoma and spinal cord injury, heart failure, loss of hearing, blindness and vision impairment. DPSCs also have the capability to form clones of dental-pulp like cells. Due to its capability of changing into neural cells it can also send impulses to the brain. A well structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic information, knowledge, attitude and perception was framed and circulated through online survey links. The results conclude that the awareness of DPSCs was good among college students . Some of them knew the therapies done using these cells but were not fully aware of its properties and thus further studies can be done to increase the awareness and knowledge of the use of DPSCs.

The aim of the study is to analyze the knowledge and awareness of bubonic plague and its complication among dental students. Bubonic plague is a bacterial disease caused by yersinia pestis, symptoms of which are fever, headache, vomiting. It is spread through infected fleas. No vaccination has been discovered but can be treated with antibiotics such as gentamicin, streptomycin etc. This study involved 100 participants in the age group of 18-25 years. A well structured questionnaire comprising 10 questions covering socio- demographic information, knowledge, attitude, perception was framed and administered to the participants through online google forms link. In the current study 52.88 % of dental students were aware of bubonic plague. 54.81% students were aware that it was transmitted through infected fleas. 39.6%were aware that bubonic plague is a bacterial disease. 72% of students responded that probability is more for treating bubonic plague with antibiotics. 51% of students were aware that bubonic plague was caused by yersinia pestis. 51% of dental students had responded that swollen lymph nodes are the major symptom of Bubonic plague. 49% of dental students responded that france was the first country to be affected with bubonic plague. 44.2% students were aware that bubonic plague affects the lymphatic system. 52.9% participants responded that the probability of transmission of plague from dead animals is more. 51% of students responded that the probability of transmission from human to human is more. In 2018 Bland et al had done a study reporting that human ectoparasites such as fleas can transmit Bubonic plague caused by Yersinia pestis whereas in the current study 54.8% students were aware that bubonic plague transmitted through fleas. In 2008 Nils Stensth et al had done a study reporting Bubonic plague can be treated with antibiotics whereas in the current study 19.3% participants were aware that it can be treated with antibiotics. The current study was to analyse the knowledge and awareness of bubonic plague and its complication. This study shows 45% of dental students were aware about bubonic plague.

COVID 19 is a strain of coronavirus which is virulent and spreads easily among humans. It has become a pandemic and has caused a global emergency. Though the death rate is not that high it is still considered dangerous. It has caused a huge impact on the global economy. The purpose of this study is to analyse the economic impacts on various sectors of Indian economy. Several relevant articles were selected, analysed and computed inorder to gain accurate information of the economic losses we have faced. National lockdown has impacted not only the Indian economy but also the global economy very severely. Many sectors such as the travel and tourism industry, the live events industry, hotels and real estate have been shut down and have faced severe losses. The GDP has faced a slight declination. The data collection and study analysis was conducted in the year 2020 in Private Dental College, Chennai.

Dengue is especially affecting the tropic and subtropic regions of the planet . It's mainly caused by Dengue, a member of Family Flaviviridae. Four serotypes of Dengue are DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 and DENV4. 67,000 people are diagnosed by Dengue and it's been reported by NVBPCP. The aim of this study is to make awareness on risk factors and complications of Dengue virus among college students .The Survey on awareness about the danger factor and complications of Dengue virus among college students was conducted employing a google form link. We've distributed our survey among 100 college students. Then , we used a sampling method. Also, we've used statistical software as SPSS for our data. 59.05 % agreed that they're conscious of Dengue virus, 40.95% are still not aware . 58.10 % agreed that it had been transmitted by files, 27.62 % responded thanks to mosquitoes, 11.43 % responded thanks to Aedes mosquito, 2.86 % responded and still don’ t know. Awareness camps , social media , workshops , seminars could also be conducted to make awareness of risk factors and complications of Dengue virus among college students.

Bioelectric impedances have been found to correlate with a number of biological phenomena in some tissues, organs, and cells. This has helped to advance several of today's bioelectric impedance applications, like Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For calculating bioelectric impedance it is very important to design low power Analog Front end consisting of Op-amp and ADC. In this paper, a low supply voltage based FinFET operational amplifier and its characteristics are studied and designed by using Cadence 18nm FinFET technology. The standard characteristics of the op-amp like gain, bandwidth, unity gain bandwidth product, settling time and so on are distinguished with the existing architectures. The suggested FinFET-based amplifiers are having a greater performance at a reduced voltage than conventional two-stage Op-amps. In this work, supply voltage is provided as 0.8V. The circuit consumes a power of 35 μW, provides a gain of 83 dB and unity gain repeat of 10 MHz with a phase edge of 70 degrees. The difference between the suggested architecture and standard two stage CMOS Op-amp shows that figure of Merit for proposed circuit is improved to 1.1pj.

Vehicle collisions in high ways are increasing day by day and death rate increases rapidly. To control The Death Rate Problem, Driver Safety, Vehicle Traffic Control we should be think prevention of vehicle accidents on highways. For that we proposed a new model of Vehicle collision and avoidance in network called VANNET. This paper planned a framework for vehicle correspondence that tends to this issue. Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) innovation is made in a circulated arranges permitting the trade between cars for an enormous scope for the execution of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), or Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) correspondence conventions. The point of the exploration is to make a VANET domain and calculation for crash recognition. In the proposed article of Accident avoidance system using RF V2I protocol for safe and secure for vehicle and RF smart zones. This proposed system is implemented using RF frequency. When the transmitter section RF frequency matches with receiver section of RF frequency this system automatically control the speed of the vehicle.

Agribusiness recognizes an indispensable activity in making countries. In India, a colossal piece of masses relies upon nation's unforeseen turn of events. In like way the paper goes for affecting improvement business to mind blowing utilizing computerization and Global new turn of events. The proposed article illustrates the design and implementation of smart irrigation system with auto control and monitoring. In this proposed system we integrate the temperature, humidity, soil moisture sensors to monitor the agriculture parameters and monitor on LCD and send alerts. Depends on soil moisture sensor status irrigation pump ON/OFF automatically and send the alerts to authorized person and control the irrigation pump remotely for designing of smarter irrigation system.

The IOT based Weather Monitoring and Reporting System venture is utilized to get Live detailing of climate conditions. It will monitor temperature, moistness, dampness smoke, and light and downpour level. Assume Scientists/nature investigators need to screen changes in a specific situation like a downpour backwoods. Also, these individuals are from better places anywhere. In the proposed article we monitoring the weather monitor and alerting using different sensors for easy access of the data. Here we proposed LM35,Smoke, humidity, light, soil moisture sensors are measure the temperature, humidity, soil moisture sensor, light status and smoke for smart weather and all the data will post into server using internet of things.

Water contamination is one biggest factor for no green globalization. To prevent that and make the green globalization we need to monitor the water quality. We implement a system IoT based Public Watering System with Quality Measurement for continuous water quality measuring and alerting. In this proposed paper we implemented Internet of thins based system with pH sensor, Water quality sensor, Conductivity sensor, Flow sensor, all are integrated to the novel micro controller NodeMCU model and for IoT we used ESP8266 module for server creation and alerting to the public government dashboard.

The scope of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is fields tremendously improved in science, engineering, military, and health. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) equips the portable clients having large bandwidths through dynamic range with accessing different methods along with wireless various architecture. In This Proposed article is focus on optimize energy system with high security. Security became very challenging task now days to provide WSN systems. We proposed energy and security of WSN implement using cluster based grid adversarial method. The sensor nodes have a huge range of data to destination. Then the routing method is employed to analyze the shortest course of travel from source to destination. The proposed system will provide energy efficiency and security to the network with comparison with existing routing algorithm. The proposed method is using Network Simulator 2 for design.

A minor hub with wireless correspondences, calculation abilities, detecting Applications in the field of Wireless sensor network has widened in different fields. These applications require exact data gathering and furthermore unremitting, extended dynamic help. Generally speaking vitality utilization is one the significant effect of sensor networks in routing convention. Proper Energy. Proficient routing calculations require attributes of networks to be acquired. As a result of restricted assets in WSN, expanding the lifetime of the network will consistently have an incredible intrigue. A lot of the sensor hub's vitality is utilized for information transmission to base station. Subsequently, the vitality depletes all the more quickly. In this undertaking, Agglomerative cluster based methodology is utilized between sensor hubs, base station and entryway hubs to lessen the vitality utilized by the cluster heads. It was demonstrated that the productivity of the network life expectancy, remaining vitality of network has been improved in the in the recreation results. The presentation of WSN of the proposed plot is contrasted with other routing plan and it shows improvement in the WSN using network simulator NS2

A decade ago we are encountering more applications in video surveillance to deliver issues identified with social needs. The significance of open security is developing, and video observation frameworks are progressively far reaching devices for checking, the board, and law implementation in open zones. In this paper, we proposes computer vision techniques to recognize moving objects from video to follow continuously as articles experienced in the indoor and outside condition. Nearness is a reality of being close to other and legitimizes closeness. Framework tracks grouped items against a domain comprising of objects of shifting sizes, shapes and hues. At first foundation demonstrating is performed utilizing the capacity which gathered the foundation outlines from mean and standard deviation of first N outlines. Each critical change in the article appearance from that point, because of new object, old item vanishing is followed dependent on the vicinity of the objective. The visual similarity is resolved as for the recognized item in the past video outline and the last edge detection

In the conventional dependable multicast plans of wireless cellular network, the utilization of device-to-device (D2D) correspondence can significantly offload the traffic of BS. This paper considers D2D correspondence based multicast from BS to a bunch of devices which are near each other (e.g., in a similar structure). Up until this point, the productive D2D retransmission conspire accessible is to relate each NACK-device and let ACK-devices retransmit the information to their separate related NACK-devices through modulation of FDMA mode by utilizing various directs, intending to limit the time–recurrence asset cost. Seeing that the total accessible channels are restricted and the devices' vitality is an exceptionally valuable asset, in this paper, we first present the sub cluster-based single-channel D2D retransmission way where the ACK-devices utilize a similar divert in the TDMA mode. Recreation results show that, utilizing D2D correspondence enormously decreases multicast traffic heap of BS. Additionally, contrasted with its partners with a fixed number of retransmitters, our retransmission conspire enormously decreases the total vitality utilization of retransmitters.

The proposed system for detecting and monitoring multiple vehicles is based on a color backdrop for moving objects, which utilizes associations between moving subjects and current tracking trajectories. In the beginning, grouping extracts the history. Then, prior traveling artifacts are regularly updated to ensure stable separation under the situation of luminance shifts. In the case of some misconvergence because of roadside parking cars, a test on input trajectories will be remedied later in an attempt to avoid erroneous identification as automobiles move away. The distance or distance and angle relation is used for the tracking phase to decide whether a direction should be formed, expanded or removed. When occlusion is observed after development of a route, the rule-based monitoring logic should overcome it. Lane details will be used otherwise. In addition, a queue identification and resolution technique shall be used when monitoring before further resolution occlusion has occurred in the road. Finally, automation parameters for the device are suggested for easy setup.

The local field potentials, i.e., the electrical-potentials of the deep brain stimulations (DBS) and micro electrode signal recordings of STN-neurons adjoining and contiguous DBS leads can vivid to give pragmatic rejoinder or snap therapeutic-surgical STN-DBS. Nevertheless, predictable square (conservative) DBS lead-electrodes amid four cylindrical macro/electrodes (for macrostimulations) likely under-sample the spatial circulation of sinks and sources in a given area of the brain. This study gives the exploration of the power-spectral-density (PSD) and spatial-feature dimensions of LFP-activity in primate subthalamic-nuclei (STN/or s-nuclei) and globus pallidus internus (GPi) by means of unendingly 32embedded-channel directional DBS-array-electrodes. The waveforms of s-nuclei and GPi were acquired as of directional-DBS-micro electrode-arrays in the latent or quiescent state and in a reach-and-retrieval task in two-primates in adolescent, naïve and immature (raw) animal Parkinson conditions. The potentials of signal acquisitions recordings were evaluated amongst bipolar-pairs of micro electrodes using personage and agglomerative (bunched) electrode configurations, with the latter mimicking the cylindrical macro electrode (for macro stimulations) arrangements/specifications employed in the present - current clinical settings of field-potentials signal acquisition. Signal recordings from these DBS-electrodes shown that, β-oscillatory frequency fluctuations have spatial-finger-prints in s-nuclei and GPi, and that these fluctuations were muted when clustering the electrode contacts together to create cylindrical macro electrodes alike in parallel and in

An infection is the invasion of an organism''s body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce. The vaccine is a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against infection, prepared from causative agents of a disease treated to act as an antigen. Every infectious disease has an individual vaccine developed specifically for it. The main aim of the study is to find the perception and feasibility of universal vaccines that can be used against multiple infections, among microbiologists. An online survey was conducted with a self-structured questionnaire comprising 15 questions that was distributed through the google forms. The sample size of this study was 100. The results were analyzed by performing the statistical software “SPSS version 20”. The data was represented in the pie chart form. From this study population, the whole of 67% of the participants gave a positive response about the awareness of the universal vaccine and its feasibility . The survey research helps to find the feasibility of developing a universal vaccine. From this study, it is clear that microbiologists have knowledge and awareness about universal vaccines.

Microsponges are a novel drug delivery system that has been developed for targeted drug delivery . They are polymeric spherical particles with small diameter and large surface area. They are hollow inside and entrap active ingredients and release them in a slow, sustained manner.It is one of the most versatile drug delivery systems that are used currently.Microsponges have various properties with enhanced drug stability and decreased side effects. One of the delivery system’s advantages is its versatility, meaning it can be prepared in various forms such as powder, gel, solutions and lotions. The particle is nanometer sized and there are currently two methods of preparation of Microsponges. The polymer material is a patented product that is commercially available. Recently, pharmaceutical companies have marketed microsponges as an oral and topical product. They are most commonly used for dermatological products, like sunscreen, topical antifungal and antibiotic drugs etc. The main disadvantage of oral and most of the parenteral delivery systems is the side effects that arise due to the specific drug delivery mechanism. There are so many discrepancies between the viability of the product in-vivo in clinical studies when compared to the actual usage in patients. Microsponges seem to offer comparatively effective drug action and fewer side effects.Most recent researches have focused primarily on the use of microsponges in specific fields such as anti-ulcer drugs, antibacterial and antifungal, anticancer drugs . Some researchers have explored the possibility of targeted drug delivery for arthritis and hypertension using microsponges. This review highlights the newer drug delivery strategies using microsponges.

COVID -19 is an infectious disease caused by the newly discovered coronavirus. As there is no vaccine discovered, the only way to prevent the spread is through following the practice of social isolation.
Objectives:Prolonged isolation may also lead to psychological stress and problems. Hence the scenario is to measure the level of awareness among the people about psychiatric problems created due to prolonged social isolation.The aim of the survey is to measure the level of awareness among the participants on the psychological stress created due to social isolation through the imposed lockdown.
Materials And Methods: A questionnaire was prepared and administered to a hundred participants through google form an online platform. The study participants included people belonging to the general population of Tamilnadu. The answers obtained from the participants are recorded and analysed and the answers given by each participant to each question were represented in the form of flow charts.
Results: Around 70% of people said that social isolation affects mental health and 72% of people said that social isolation creates stress. 60% of people were aware that prolonged social isolation can create psychiatric problems.
Conclusion: The level of awareness among the participants is moderate and hence a complete awareness on social isolation and its consequences must be created among the study population.

Dental impressions are categorized under semi-critical objects in dental practice and require high level disinfection or sterilization. Sterilization in an autoclave will compromise the dimensional accuracy of the impression hence it is not feasible. Until 1991, the recommended procedure for disinfection of impression was rinsing under running water with which only 40% of bacteria, viruses and fungi were removed and potential for transmission of microorganisms remained there. In recent times, a pre wash of the impression with running water is advocated first to cast off all particles, blood and saliva prior to active disinfection procedure. Disinfection of dental impression should be a routine procedure in the dental office and dental laboratory. However, most of the dental professionals in private clinics, hospitals, dental schools and prosthetic laboratories are not following the required protocols for impression disinfection. Keeping in view the above findings, it is of utmost importance to raise the level of awareness in dental professionals involved in any process of handling, transportation, processing and storage of the dental impressions.
With this background ,the aim of this review is to generate an update on the various techniques of impression disinfection along with their mechanism of action , dimensional stability ,cause of infection on impression material and effects of disinfectant on impression materials.

The pandemic of coronavirus has quickly impacted the entire world, and the government has responded with a lock down. The lock down involves shutting of schools and colleges and a shift from traditional classrooms to online classes and e-learning. This has a lot of benefits such as flexible timings, convenience, no commute et cetera. However, these are contradicted by no practical classes, no personal attention from staff and a strayed student teacher relationship. A questionnaire survey consisting of 12 questions was prepared and circulated through an online survey portal among 100 dental students in India. The questions were prepared to analyse the perception of dental students towards online classes. Online classes have changed the education system for the time being. Students are involved in e-learning through online education portals and online platforms, which helps them to efficiently utilise their time. Despite the advantages that online classrooms have, results show that dental students prefer traditional classrooms over them.

Oral cancer is a global health disease that has a major impact on an individual''s health, psychology and lifestyle. It is the 6th most common cancer in the world and has a high prevalence worldwide, and is found more in men than women. It is attributed to a myriad of causes which especially include tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and chewing betel quid. Survival rates of oral cancer are very poor despite advances in therapeutic interventions. Detecting oral cancer at an early stage is believed to be the most effective means of reducing death rates. Thus arises the need for an important diagnostic tool which is able to detect pre-malignant and malignant lesions at an early stage. Treatment helps only for about 5 years after which recurrences are seen. The only way to reduce recurrences is early diagnosis. VELscope, also known as Visually-Enhanced Lesion scope, serves this purpose. It is an important diagnostic tool that uses an auto- fluorescence based imaging system to detect lesions and allows enhanced visibility of the premalignant and malignant lesions. It emits a harmless, non-invasive blue coloured LED fibre optic light that shines in the patient’s mouth. The fluorescent light is absorbed by normal tissues whereas neoplastic lesions lose fluorescence and become dark. This helps in quick and non-invasive diagnosis.

Dental Disease is one of globally affecting diseases. Oral bacteria involved within the bloodstream are linked to coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and stroke. Oral hygiene plays an important role within the prevention of oral diseases, including periodontitis, cavity and oral candidiasis. Consequently, the utilization of both chemical and mechanical plaque control is suggested for optimal oral hygiene. Sodium hypochlorite it’s not only irritant to the periapical tissues but also possesses disadvantages such of instruments, blazing of surrounding tissues, undesirable taste, high toxicity, corrosive to instruments, inability to get rid of the smear layer, reduction in coefficient of elasticity and flexible strength of dentin. As well as Antibiotics like tetracycline, penicillin, amoxicillin, metronidazole and antiseptics like chlorhexidine which are commonly used in dentistry, but they have many side effects. While herbal medicine is so effective in oral diseases and has less side effects. The present study is aimed at reviewing various extracts of herbal products and their effects on dental health. The articles were collected from pubmed, scopus and google scholars. The outcome is predicted on the previous studies which debate the role of herbal products in dentistry and this collected data is analyzed by using appropriate statistical tools. The use of herbal medicine in dentistry is helpful in reducing inflammation and controlling plaque formation. From this review study, it is evidenced that Ginger, Garlic, Aloe Vera and Miswak showed better results than conventional denitrificans in dental plaque and gingival inflammation reductions. The disadvantages of using herbal medicine like Clove oil is meant to cause serious problems like pharyngitis, vomiting, cytotoxicity, kidney failures, damage to the liver, seizures, difficulty in breathing and others if used in higher doses. Therefore, the Preclinical and clinical trials are needed to gauge biocompatibility and safety before herbal medicine are often recommended conclusively for oral care.

The term emerging virus was coined by scientists in the 1990s to describe the agent of a new or previously unrecognized infection. The term implies that emerging viruses are new; however this assumption is incorrect. New virus infections have been emerging for thousands of years, at least since the rise of agriculture 11,000 years ago. The development of agriculture and commerce provided the large populations needed to sustain human infections such as measles and smallpox.An infection is the littlest sort of parasite to exist, typically running from 0.02 to 0.3μm in size, albeit some infections can be as extensive as 1μm. A viral particle or virion contains a single nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) core surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes enzymes that are required to initiate viral replication. Viruses can only replicate within the cells of animals, plants, and bacteria and, as such, are referred to as obligate intracellular parasites.Infections are not characterized by the diseases they cause; rather, they are gathered into various families dependent on whether the nucleic corrosive is single-or twofold abandoned, regardless of whether a viral envelope is available and their method of replication.

The review gives an overview on the relation between obesity and n-CoV disease. A review has been done to understand the correlation of obesity with the n-CoV disease by retrieving a maximum of related articles from various search engines like PubMed, Google Scholar, MeSH, Core, Cochrane, bioRxiv, Semantic scholar and so on published from 2000 to 2020 (till date). Obesity is associated with SARS- CoV-2 which enhances inflammatory response in obese people compared to actual standard BMIs. Obesity is often specifically related to producing inflammation by triggering a cytokine storm in the lungs, which raises the likelihood of ARDS, thereby requiring respiratory assistance for the main issue. Obesity can hinder breathing by hampering the excursion of the diaphragm, inhibit immune responses to critical infection, it is pro-inflammatory and triggers diabetes and even oxidizing tension to worsen cardiovascular activity. This study indicates that obese people through respiratory viruses COVID19 are more likely to be hospitalized comparatively. The implementation of novel ideas on obesity control of ailments will certainly bring about a massive change. Constraining less dependence on recent literature in this area and also upgrading numerous research to increase consciousness among the general public so that they may take measures not to be vulnerable to COVID 19. The current research has shown a strong incidence of obesity in patients participating in medical treatment with SARS-CoV-2. Obesity can be hazard factored to SARS-CoV-2 severity which needs increased attention in susceptible individuals to take preventive measures

With the raising concerns on the mortality rate in the recent covid pandemic, the lacunae of proper treatment strategy plays a vital factor. Since there is no approved medication for COVID-19, medications involving hydroxychloroquine sulfate and chloroquine phosphate were recently recommended. The National Medical Products Administration of China has approved Favilavir, an antiviral medication, with minimal side effects and a moderate control on viral replication. Remdesvir, another antiviral, has drawn the attention of several researchers to treat the novel COVID-19 virus as COVID-19 is identical to SARS and MERS viruses. Remdesvir, was successful in the previous outbreaks of SARS and MERS. Some researchers also suggest high doses of vitamin C supplementation may improve the patient''s condition. This review thus provides a basic overview on the recommended medication and urges the need to develop novel anti-covid drugs and vaccines.

Viral diagnostic tests are categorized as direct diagnosis, indirect examination (virus isolation), and serology. Molecular testing is often done to detect potent viral markers resulting from any gene or chromosomal modifications during viral replication in the host. The clinical specimen is tested specifically in direct analysis for the presence of virus particles, virus antigens or viral nucleic acids. Molecular diagnosis of viruses can be achieved from clinical samples like blood, hair, skin, amniotic fluid, or other tissue. Molecular biology techniques are considered to be the standard and confirmatory protocols in the analysis of viral DNA, RNA and protein. Molecular viral diagnosis are considered to be more specific and sensitive in preliminary viral screening and can pave the way for rapid diagnosis. However, the procedures are costly and involve automated bio-instruments to perform the same. This review thus highlights the various molecular diagnostic methods used in diagnostic virology with their limitations and challenges.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has become a growing public health challenge for countries across the world. The risk of cross infection can be high between patients and dental practitioners due to the characteristics of the dental setting. Dentists should constantly be aware of such infectious threats that challenge the routine infection control regimen. The aim of this study was to assess the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) regarding the COVID-19 pandemic among dental undergraduate students. An online questionnaire that consisted of a series of questions regarding dentists’ demoFigureic details; their knowledge about the incubation period, the symptoms, mode of transmission and infection control measures for prevention of COVID-19; and their attitude toward treating patients with COVID-19 was used. The study was conducted among undergraduate students of a private dental institute. Data was collected from filled questionnaires and analysed using SPSS software. A total of 209 undergraduate dental students participated in the online survey. A majority of students (96.7%) believe that transmission of COVID-19 can be prevented by using standard and isolation precautions given by CDC, WHO, ICMR and 73.2% were aware of the guidelines to be followed during the COVID-19 lockdown. 92.3% had not undergone any online training for management of patients during COVID-19. Study participants (62.7%) also expressed a positive attitude towards willingness to perform emergency dental procedures. Almost half the study population refused to perform their clinical rotation in a hospital without clear COVID-19 infection control isolation policy. Majority of the participants had sufficient knowledge regarding transmission and risk of spread of COVID-19 in dental settings. Students also demonstrated a positive attitude toward performing dental treatment provided adequate guidelines were followed in the hospital.

Coronavirus, a deadly virus caused an unimaginable pandemic across the globe and in order to limit its spread the lockdown and quarantine initiative was introduced. The mental health of students generally refers to the complete mental well-being and the absence of any mental disorders. This pandemic caused a major fluctuation in mental attitudes and anxiety levels of students. The main aim of this study was to analyze the attitude of students in relation to the quarantine and the mental health of students during the lockdown period. A self administered questionnaire was prepared and circulated. The results were obtained and statistically analysed using SPSS software with a version of 22 and the statistical test used was descriptive statistics. It was found that the majority of students had no change in relationship between friends and family and were able to counteract boredom and laugh every single day of the quarantine. The study concluded that the quarantine period had an effect on attitude and anger levels of students. Teenagers were physically and psychologically affected by the quarantine due to lack of socialization and however proved to be addicted to social media which had a deteriorating rating impact on the quality of life.

Objective: Coronavirus is a retrovirus first found in Wuhan, China. The airborne spread of the coronavirus has created a pandemic all across the globe and various had implemented social distancing and quarantine periods to limit the spread. Doctors nurses and other social helpers who deliver services to the sick and ailing people either directly or indirectly fall under the category of healthcare workers. Healthcare workers are more vulnerable to coronavirus disease. Medical workers are unwillingly quarantined in the hospitals where they do not have another choice and conventional protection such as masks and gloves are not completely effective. This pandemic had a major impact as there was decline in the financial and social conditions. The aim of the analysis was to assess the attitude of family members of healthcare workers during COVID-19.
Materials and method: The present study population consisted of family members of healthcare workers in the South Indian population through an online Setting. The study design was a questionnaire based cross sectional study, conducted in 2020 and approval was obtained from the scientific review board. Self administered questionnaire was prepared pertaining to the topic and circulated through an online google forms link.
Statistical analysis: The results obtained from the survey were analysed using SPSS version 22. The statistical analysis was descriptive statistics to summarise the demographic data and chi square analysis to summarise the survey data.
Result: The survey found that the majority had healthcare workers as their family members and they had a positive attitude towards their work and felt proud. The family members were sometimes forced to follow hygiene measures and were regularly tested for 
the presence of coronavirus. At the same time the healthcare workers were also under physical and mental stress which in turn affected their family members.
Conclusion: Family members' attitudes have an influence on healthcare workers who work everyday in this pandemic situation. Awareness in relation to maintenance of hygiene among family members healthcare workers needed to be enhanced

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease characterised by obstruction in the airflow which interferes with the normal breathing pattern. The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) announced COPD will be the third common cause for death by 2020. The objective of study is to assess the level of awareness of risk factors of COPD and its complications among college students. A Self structured questionnaire was circulated among 100 participants within university. This survey was done online using google forms link. The questions were designed in order to assess the knowledge about COPD and its risk factors. The results and responses were collected and analysed by using SPSS software. The findings from the study were represented in pie charts. In our study about 85% of individuals were aware that COPD is a respiratory disorder. 52% of participants know the difference between COPD and asthma. 58% of individuals were well aware of the signs and symptoms of COPD. From the survey conducted, the awareness and knowledge about risk factors and complications of COPD is found to be moderate. Further future studies and management programs may be conducted to create more awareness to the individuals.

Entertainment is considered very important in today’s world. There can be many forms of entertainment such as going out shopping, eating out, amusement parks, going to the theatres, etc. But the most common forms of entertainment are movies and books. Books have been a classic form of entertainment for a long time while movies are relatively more recent. The aim of this survey is to find out whether reading is as prevalent as it used to be among the younger generation and whether it is more prevalent over movie watching habits or not. A well structured questionnaire was prepared comprising 15 questions and was circulated on an online platform among participants. The results were then collected and analysed statistically. It was found that the habit of book reading was still quite prevalent among teens. Movies are also preferred by many. Both were activities which were done by teens during their leisure. Reading is a hobby pursued by many teens. However it is the lack of time in their busy schedules which makes them resort to a quicker way out of books - watching movies. Classes, tuitions, coaching, homework, assignments, exams,etc., rob teens of their time to read. Many say that they love to read during the little free time they get. More awareness may be created in schools to inculcate the reading habit in children.

ABSTRACTCoronavirus disease ( COVID-19 ) is caused by SARS-CoV2 and is a great global public health concern. The zoonotic origin of COVID-19 is likely to be the wet animal market in Wuhan city, China. The transmission of COVID-19 can be from person-to-person and this leads to the isolation of patients. Extensive measures were taken to reduce person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 and to control the current outbreak. So it is necessary and important to know the dietary patterns which play an important role in the prevention of COVID-19. This study involves college students in the age group of 12-40 years. A well structured questionnaire was prepared comprising 15 questions covering socio-demographic information, knowledge , attitude, perceptions was framed and administered to the participants through an online google forms link. A total of 116 responses were collected out of which 42.6% were male and 57.4% were female. 80% of the total population were aware that diet patterns play an important role in COVID-19. Pearson Chi square value= 0.61, p=0.89 ( p>0.05 indicating statistically not significant. 73% of the total population were aware that an increase in immunity of our body prevents COVID-19. Pearson Chi square value=5.88, p=0.11 ( p>0.05 indicating statistically not significant). It may be concluded that most of the students are aware of the diet pattern in COVID-19. Awareness may be created to have an intake of balanced diet during the pandemic period.

Global markets have increased the plethora of options available to Indian consumers. With the clear shift in consumer tastes and preferences, food companies have also capitalized on the same. The food processing industry forms an important segment of the Indian economy in terms of contribution to GDP, employment and investment, and is a major driver in the country's growth in the near future. The objective of this study is to create awareness in food habits in the present era among the South Indian population. A well structured questionnaire was administered to the participants through an online survey link. The responses were analysed through descriptive statistics using SPSS software. The results depicted that, majority of participants were aware and had knowledge about the effect of food habits in their daily diet. There is a shift from opting to eat at home to opting to eat out. Also interestingly awareness about harmful effects of processed foods was high but the reason for consumption was attributed primarily to ease of purchase. Nutrition education for adolescents and parents is needed to promote healthy eating. Health Authorities should strengthen the monitoring of food intake and its association with overweight/obesity.

Based on how people mingle with the society they can be classified as introverts,extroverts and ambiverts.Extroverts are people who are basically more active socially and gain attention.Introverts are people who don’t get mingled so much and they stay in a very small circle,they just live to show that they exist.Ambiverts are people who are not extroverts or introverts,they adapt and be how they have to be in places.This study is to to know about the mindset of extrovert individuals at this time of lockdown and quarantine. A self structured questionnaire containing 19 questions was circulated through online google forms link.The survey population contained 100 people.The responses obtained were statistically analysed in SPSS software and the results were depicted in the form of pie charts and graphs.The overall result shows that it is getting tougher day by day for the extroverts to stay home during this lockdown in quarantine as they usually weren’t this ideal.Hence this study can be used to plan for tasks that could keep these extroverts engaged and make it easy for them to abide by the laws in times of national emergencies and pandemics.

Quarantine is restricting people who have been exposed to a disease, such as COVID-19. This study is required because during this hectic period of lockdown the only conversation we can have is with our family members. This study fulfils the deficiency of knowing the actual bond they share with their family members during this full time quarantine lockdown. The aim of the study is to know the relationship between family members during quarantine lockdown. Data manipulation is done by google forms. Software used is IBM SPSS. Pie Chart is used as a method of representation of each output variable. 76.8% agreed that family members feel more bonded during this quarantine and 23.2% disagreed that family members feel more bonded during this quarantine. (p=0.135, indicating statistically not significant )The association between gender was assessed by Chi Square test where p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. We have observed association between gender and responses about whether they like their families was found to be statistically significant. Various members may have varying needs that can cause stress and struggle. But in such times, providing them with comfort and love, regularly checking in, sharing their worries, offering whatever support can prove beneficial in strengthening relationships.

Interactive computer mediated technology helps to create and share ideas and information. Digital devices have made our lives easy with the help of smart phones and its applications. Digital gadgets provide easy connectivity, privacy and security, help to get instant news feed etc. all these advantages have caused a major disadvantage among us, and that is lack of social interaction. This study involves college students in the age group of 17 to 23 years. A well structured questionnaire was prepared comprising 20 questions covering social demographic information, knowledge, attitude, perceptions was framed and administered to the participants through online google forms. A total of 140 responses was collected, out of which 60% was males and 40% was females. Almost 99.29% of the total population used social media. 77.86% of the total population played with their friends rather than to play online games. It may be concluded that even though social media has caused a great impact in our interpersonal communication, people mostly tend to have face-to-face communication rather than through messages. Messages cannot express the emotions of people.

Heavy dependence of fossil fuels among people contributes to GHG emissions and air pollution. This survey assesses the awareness of renewable energy sources among the general population. Various factors and benefits of switching back to renewable energy sources includes reduction in atmospheric pollution and saving from monthly energy bills can be done if solar energy was used instead of electrical energy. With the advancement of smart technologies conversion of renewable energy from one source to another became easier, This study consists of structured questionnaires administered to participants through online google forms link. The data was collected and statistically analysed using SPSS software. The people were aware of the benefits of renewable energy, they needed to educate the society regarding the prevention of environment pollution by switching to renewable energy sources consumption. The association between groups was assessed by Chi Square test where p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. This study concludes that there is awareness upto a certain extent among people on renewable energy sources. Even though not significant, the majority of the 15 to 20 years aged study population knows better about renewable energy than the other age groups. The awareness about the benefits of renewable energy is required for a better future.

The genome editing technology has become a powerful method for creating genetically modified cells and organisms, necessary for the genes function and mechanisms of human disease determination. The clustered system with regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRiSPR-), associated with9 (Cas9), quickly became one of the world’s major approaches to genome editing in basic biomedical research in recent years as a result of its simplicity and adaptability.
Genome editing CRiSPR/Cas9 werebeing used for correction mutating people's DNA from one base pair to large deletions both in vitro and in vivo. Model systems CRISPR/Cas9 are usedfor a better understanding of many aspects of cardiovascular disease, including lipid metabolic, electrophysiology and genetic heritage. CRiSPR/Cas9 technology has been proven to be effective for editing induced pluripotent stem cells. In spite of these gains, some biological, technical and ethical problems limit therapeutic capacity to edit the genome by cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the study is to analyze the applications of CRiSPR/Cas9 genome editing in the cardiovascular system, for both disease research and treatment prospects by editing the genome in vivo in the future.

Aim :The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of Middle mesial canal and Middle distal canal in mandibular molars and its influence on gender.Materials and Methods : This retrospective study was carried out at the department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and hospitals, Chennai. Case records of 86,000 patients who had visited for dental treatment between 01-Jul-2019 and 31-March-2020 were assessed by SDC/SIHEC/2020/DIASDATA/0619-0320. Inclusion criteria for the study were presence of Middle Mesial Canal and Middle Distal Canal in mandibular molars. Records for each case were tabulated and after applying the inclusion criteria 25 case records were included in the study. This data was tabulated and analysed in SPSS and descriptive statistics was performed. Results :The results obtained were put into graphs and charts from the data which was exported to SPSS.After reviewing 8799 case records, data of 25 patients with Middle mesial canal and Middle distal canal were collected which showed that 14 patients were prevalent with Middle distal canal which was higher(56%) compared to Middle mesial canal(44%) in which 15 patients with MM & MD canal (60%) were seen in 36 which had higher prevalence with a higher male predilection (72%) . There was no association found between teeth number and MM & MD canal.(Chi-square value - 4.051a ; p-value = 0.256) (p>0.05) andgender with MM & MD canal.(Chi-square value - 0.005a ; p-value = 0.943) (p>0.05))Conclusion : The result of the study showed that out 44% of the patients had prevalence to Middle mesial canal and 69% with Middle distal canal with a higher incidence in 36 with a higher male predilection and no significant association was found for teeth number and gender with MM & MD canal. Hence, identification of the extra canals and their instrumentation is important in the prevention of unsuccessful treatment outcomes.

Nanotechnology has rapidly made its way into various areas of science. Nano dentistry refers to the use of nanotechnology for diagnosing, treating and preventing oral and dental diseases. The field of nanotechnology has a great potential. Nano dentistry facilitates faster and to the point, accurate diagnosis. It enhances the properties of dental materials, which facilitates excellent handling properties and makes the material more durable. A systematic search strategy was employed and articles were found using keywords. Literature was taken from databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles that discussed Nanotechnology and Nanodentistry were included. Other articles which had data regarding the applications were also included.A total of about 70 articles were collected initially. Multiple articles were added later from other sources. After eliminating articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, more than 30 studies were finally obtained. This review summarized the use of Nanodentistry. The applications and future scope were also discussed in detail.

Stem cells harvested from exfoliated deciduous teeth are a type of mesenchymal cells, serving its main purpose for regenerative treatment. They have lots of clinical applications. They are studied for their distinct proliferative properties. It helps in regeneration of tissues in the site of an injury and also helps in reducing the healing time of an injury. It also serves as the research interest for many because of its easy source of availability, extensive regenerative capacity and multiple lineage properties. This article is in the narrative format of previous research articles on stem cells exfoliated from deciduous teeth, which discusses various complex procedures associated with SHED - like extraction, isolation, post extraction and banking of it mentioned from other articles as well. SHED has a lot of branches to be studied and understood deeply. So that they can be implemented for many human uses. It is used for future as well as diagnosis.

Metabolomic analyzes move the medical diagnostics sector forward at unparalleled levels because of its ability to accurately classify concentrated metabolites at the metabolic stage. Biomarker research has benefited from these advances to the point where saliva is now recognized as an excellent diagnostic medium for disease detection. Oral cancer (OC) is defined as a malignant tumor of the oral cavity and is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an attractive strategy to increase the survival rate of patients. If detected early, oral cancer survival is better than 90% at 5 years, whereas the late-stage survival of disease is only 30%. Therefore, novel metabolic markers have an obvious clinical utility that helps to diagnose oral cancer at an early stage and monitor the response to treatment. In combination, five salivary biomarkers (propionyl choline, N-acetyl - L-phenylalanine, sphinganine, phytosphingosine, and S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine) yielded adequate precision (AUC = 0.997), sensitivity (100%) and specificity (96.7%) in separating OSCC from control in the early stages. In this study, a comprehensive saliva metabonomics analysis review for identifying potential biomarkers to early diagnose OSCC is successfully demonstrated, which has the advantages of non-invasive, simple, reliable and low-cost. Such novel metabolic biomarkers have an clear clinical usefulness that will aid in the early diagnosis of OSCC. Their diagnostic utility for clinical applications has been discussed by the discovery of salivary biomarkers that could be used to track health and disease surveillance. Comprehensive salivary metabolome will be an important resource for researchers studying metabolite chemistry, especially in the fields of salivary diagnostics, and will be helpful in analyzing and thus identifying appropriate salivary biomarkers related to the disease.

The term Salivaomics was coined in 2008, which is used for the development of knowledge about the salivary constituents. Saliva contains salivary markers which are used in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc. Diagnosis from saliva is a developing field with appreciation as it contains hormonal status, neurological effects, nutritional and metabolic influence and immunological status, the diagnostic markers are very useful in various assays. There are 5 different branches in Salivaomics which are the diagnostic alphabets which include proteins, mRNA's, miRNA, metabolic compounds, and Microbes. Salivary genomics is the study of whole genomes i.e., DNA of all the organisms. Salivary proteomics is the study of the proteins present in the saliva. Saliva contains about 1,166 proteins. Salivary Metabolomics is the study in which small metabolites present within the system. Salivary transcriptomics is related to the diagnosis of mRNA. Around 185 mRNAs are found common in all healthy humans. Saliva has a proportionately distributed ratio of bacterial colonies like Bacteroidetes, Fusobacterium, Prevotells, Proteobacteria, Veillonella etc. The advantages of Salivaomics include potential diagnostic value, Safer and easier for the health care professionals compared to blood sampling which sometimes causes cross-infection, Multiple samples can also be obtained easily. There are certain disadvantages which make salivaomics less reliable and preference as a diagnostic tool, These include Composition and flow of the saliva is influenced by the method of saliva collection and also stimulation of saliva flow, biomarkers in saliva which are not reliable, Proteins present in the saliva are also affected by the rate of flow of saliva. SALO is a cross-disciplinary interaction creation, which helps in growing semantically enhanced web-enabled will be created within Salivaomics Knowledge Base (SKB).
With this background, the present study aims to review the uses, advantages, disadvantages, techniques and methods used in Salivaomics.

Influenza is a world health hazard. The only effective way against influenza disease is vaccination. But, the currently available vaccine for influenza only induces strain-specific immunity, they do have long-lasting serum antibody titers. Hence they are ineffective in the present pandemic situation. There is an emergency need for the production of new vaccines which could be more effective and have long-lasting immune protection against the flu virus. The innate immunity present in humans due to initial exposure to the influenza virus may affect the magnitude of immune responses by an influenza vaccine. Tempering is not needed every year. Even though there have been advances in vaccines since 2019 there is no approval for the usage of universal flu vaccine. Infectious diseases such as the human influenza virus are causing a drastic public health crisis resulting in economical strain worldwide. The presently available influenza virus vaccine is the most effective and reasonable countermeasure against both seasonal and influenza infections. Nevertheless, Hemagglutinin the main antigen of the influenza virus has very high pliability, due to viral polymerase that has high error rate and selections from immune pressure of circulating antibodies. Universal Vaccines can be defined and utilized when they show exquisite antigenic specificity, high efficiency, long-lasting, and can dramatically adapt to an incident and eliminate the pathogens. The presented review discusses current development, challenges faced obtaining proper potency of protection, precautions taken related to the use of universal flu vaccine

Taste is a sensation of the gustatory system . Taste sensation along with olfaction is carried out by the trigeminal nerve. Taste receptors are present in the taste buds .Human tongues have papillae mostly on the anterior two-third of the tongue . The taste cells present on the tongue are responsible for the perception of taste.Around 50 years of age taste sensation tends to disappear slowly .the study aims to find and analyse about the effect of age on taste perception.To undergo this review, articles from PUBMED and Google scholar were collected and many other articles were collected from the reference section of other articles.It is found that many factors are responsible for loss of taste sensation like reduction of taste buds , poor oral hygiene ,salivary flow, systemic diseases, smoking, and medication. After referring to many articles it is evident that perception of bitter taste is lost with age. From the current study it is evident that many techniques have been used to detect the taste perception in old age people and the most effective method was threshold perception.

Eating disorders (ED) represent a severe form of mental illness which poses a treatment challenge when ignored. ED is known to affect more than 13% of adolescent children and young adults. It is found to influence psychological and physical states, thereby affecting interpersonal relationships and social behaviour. The disease presentation may result in mild conditions such as chronic malnutrition, decrease in bone mineral density, gastritis to suicidal behaviour. Since there are some convergent factors that could bring about a connection between ED and oral health, a dentist will be the right person to provide early diagnosis of this condition. Hence the prompt diagnosis of the condition and early intervention. Several studies have provided strong evidence that individuals suffering from ED present with poor health when compared to non-ED individuals. The present mini review highlights the fact as to how eating disorders influence dental health and management of the same to help patients to get away from the illness.

Deglutition is the process of swallowing. During this process, substance travels from the mouth via pharynx into oesophagus. When there is a malfunction in this process, then the substance passes through trachea leading to choking. Deglutition is a series of sensory and motor events. Any difficulty in swallowing causes dysphagia. Ageing may cause dysphagia which inturn may lead to less intake of food and liquids. Improper denture usage may lead to changes in tongue movements, which in-turn cause swallowing difficulties. The knowledge about this subject is very useful for suggesting dental treatments and medications for elderly. This study topic is vast and has an extensive scope for discussions and research. The review was done based on the articles obtained from various platforms like pubmed andgoogle scholars. When article holder websites were analysed on the topic of deglutition inelderly patients, more than 100 articles were obtained and then filtered to 20 articles according to the abstract, title and complete article and then reviewed. This review article elaborates about the deglutition process in elderly patients. The present review is to analyse the current knowledge about deglutition, it’s dysfunction, cause, symptoms and types of dysphagia among elderly patients.

Immunobiology is the branch of science that deals with immunological effects which includes phenomenan like infectious diseases, growth and development, hypersensitivity, heredity, aging and transplantation. In this review article, we have compiled the immunobiology of the nCoV, which has led to the world wide panic causing a major pandemic. Coronavirus (CoV) is a large family of viruses that has led to mild to severe illness, with magnified cytokine storms in the lungs. The severe forms of these viruses involve Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). A new strain of virus that had not been earlier detected in humans is the Novel coronavirus (nCoV). The major structural protein, the spike protein S seems to be the highly potent moiety involved with viral fusion and entry into the host cells through ACE receptors. This review thus throws insights into the immuno-biology of the spike protein and its role in the immuno-pathogenesis of CoV.

Thrombin activated fibrinolysis inhibitor, shortly known as TAFI, is a carboxypeptidase found in plasma. It is activated majorly by thrombomodulin associated-thrombin. It stabilizes clots and inhibits their lysis by decreasing their plasminogen binding sites. Besides, it activates protein C which is necessary to halt thrombin generation. Thus, it is more regulatory than inhibitory in function. Existing as three forms TAFI, TAFIa and TAFIi, assay methods of the same are not well standardized. However, TAFI is associated with conditions like hemophilia, venous thrombosis, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, chronic liver disease and even disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). This review will throw light on the role, mechanisms and involvement of TAFI in associated pathological conditions.

The bats are abundant, diverse, and common in the geographical habitat. Such mammals offer us resources but their value is underestimated and many of their populations and habitats are at risk, even endangered. Some of the living characteristics of the bat species like food choices, colonial or solitary disposition, population structure, flying ability, seasonal migration, and regular movement patterns, torpor and hibernation, life span, roosting habits, echolocation ability, susceptibility to viruses make them exquisitely suitable hosts of viruses and other agents of disease. Bats can carry more human pathogens than other animals because bats prefer to live close to one another. The articles used in the present study were the articles that were collected from search engines like pub med, Google scholar, bio – RXIV, Med – RXIV, Cochrane, and also two primary Chinese databases. The relevant articles were collected from the period of 2000 to 2020 (to date). It is a five-step process in the selection of articles – identification of clear objectives, identification of relevant articles, selection of data, data extraction, analysis and report. This review focuses on the association between the bats and its co-existence with viruses in causing potent viral diseases.

AimThe aim is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on the incidence of pulp stones in maxillary molars among endodontists and general practitioners.IntroductionPulp stones are discrete calcified masses found in the dental pulp tissue or embedded into dentin. Based on their radiographic features, they can be classified into true and false which are located more often in the coronal region of the tooth. True pulp stones are made up of dentine and lined by odontoblasts, whereas the false pulp stones are formed from degenerating cells of the pulp that get mineralized. Materials and MethodsThe sample size is 102 people and a random sampling method is used to minimise bias. Internal validity was a pre tested questionnaire and external experiment and cross verification with existing studies was performed. Data analysis was done in SPSS and Statistical test used is chi square test and dependent variables are demographic data such as gender and experience and independent variables are pulp stones incidence and knowledge.ResultsFrom this survey it was found that 70% were aware about the types of pulp stone, 62% were able to diagnose pulp stones radiographically and 60% encountered pulp stones rarely in maxillary molars.Conclusion
Within the limitations of the study , the prevailing knowledge in regard to the prevalence of pulp stones among endodontists was high when compared to the general practitioners. More awareness can be created among general practitioners about pulp stones. Furthermore, the existing Attitude and practice among respondents was high among endodontists and general practitioners when compared to knowledge.

A Pontic is a part of fixed partial denture (FPD) which replaces the missing tooth. Various types of ponticsdesigns, and choosing right pontic design depending on several factors which can be critical for success of FPD. Pontics of FPDS fulfill esthetic, mechanical, functional, and hygienic demands but oral hygiene was difficult because of its concave ponticdesign . Modified ridge lap pontic and the sanitary pontic introduced to minimize or even avoid any contact between the pontic and the mucosa. An ovate pontic is recommended to fulfill esthetic and functional requirements. The aim of this study focuses on evaluating the design in FPD. By reviewing various articles through search engines pubmed, google scholar, journal of science with period or duration consideration from 2000-2020 articles this systematic analysis have been made. This review article gives detailed analysis on the designs and indications, application on each different pontics. Considerable progress has been made in understanding clinical and technical options that are available for fabricating esthetic pontics and to illustrate the practical procedures.

Aim:The aim of the study is to evaluate radiographically the development of mandibular 1st molar development based on nollas stage of tooth development in 3-6 year old female children.
Materials And Methods: The study includes 8 female children of age 3-6 years. The data was collected from patients records and the data was analysed betweenjune 2019 and march 2020, Saveetha Dental College And Hospital,Chennai. Data was recorded by evaluating IOPA and OPG of 36 and 46. After the evaluation based on nollas stages the values were tabulated and documented. The data was then transferred to SPSS software and chi square test was performed to evaluate the significance.
Results: In this study molar development in 3-6 years female children was maximum at the age of 6 years. Lower left molar showed a faster rate of development. When dental age is compared to the nollas stage maximum maturation was present at stage 9 of nollas stage of tooth development.
Conclusion: From the study we can conclude that Nollas method can be used to assess the dental maturity. It can be used as an adjunct to the radiological examination for calcification of teeth.

Aim: The aim of this knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP) survey was to study the level of awareness among postgraduates and undergraduates, the current status of KAP survey is towards the incidence of pulp stones in mandibular molars.
Introduction: Pulp stones are foci of calcification in the pulp of the tooth. Calcification can occur in the dental pulp as discrete calcified stones or in a diffuse form that can occur freely in the pulp tissue or attached to or embedded into dentin. Depending on their microscopic structures, pulp stones have been classified into true or false form.
Materials and Method: This survey is a cross - sectional questionnaire based study, which was conducted in Saveetha Dental College among postgraduates and undergraduates. Ethical approval was given by the Institutional ethical committee. Predesigned validated questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on incidence of pulp stones in mandibular molars. The questionnaire consisting of 10 questions was formulated and were circulated through an online forum. The sample size was 100 People. The results were tabulated in the excel sheet and imported to SPSS software. The statistical test used was the Chi square testResult: The results show that more than two-third (85%) of the respondents were aware about the types of pulp stones and the association was statistically not significant (p>0.05); 73% of respondents tend to remove the pulp stone even after finding canals and the association was statistically significant (p<0.05). Hence proving that pulp stone are removed even after finding a canal.
Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, knowledge, attitude and practice among postgraduates was higher when compared to undergraduates. Among undergraduates the knowledge in regard to pulp stone was higher when compared to attitude and practice.

Background:Due to the increasing esthetic demands in today's world it becomes necessary to study various treatment options which enhance an overall aesthetics of an individual. One of the most important topics in contemporary dentistry is re-establishing a patient lost dental esthetic appearance. In cases where aesthetics plays an important role such as restoring the anterior teeth, clinicians mostly prefer a conservative yet aesthetic approach instead of restoring the teeth with full coverage crowns. In such situations direct and indirect veneers play an important role. So therefore, it becomes necessary to study direct and indirect veneers.Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of direct and indirect veneers used in smile correction.Materials and Methods:It is designed as a retrospective study. A total of 111 patient records where veneering with direct and indirect technique was planned were acquired. It was done by analysing records of 86000 patient data who were treated from March 2019- March 2020. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the frequency and percentages of direct and indirect veneers . Chi square test was used to evaluate the association between age and gender with the type of veneering technique. SPSS version 20 software was used to perform statistics.Results: Out of the total cases evaluated, 78. 4 % of the cases were planned for indirect veneering and 21.6% of the cases were planned for direct veneering. There was a significant association between age of the patient and the type veneering technique planned p value 0.001 and no significant association between the type of veneering and gender of the patient p value 0.790Conclusion:Within the limitations of the study, Indirect veneering technique was found to be more convenient and it was performed much more as compared to that of direct veneering technique. There is a positive association between age of the patient and type of veneering technique planned for them.

Background: The most important feature in maintaining and improving a person’s esthetic appearance and self-esteem is only by an attractive smile. Smiling is the best method to influence people. The dynamic part of the face is the oral region, with tooth and gingival display during functional lip movement which is unique to an individual, people with ugly smiles develop a high risk of psychological problems. Esthetic dentistry was motivated by the growing accessibility of media and online information has been highly demanded by the patients and tooth color is also used for veneers. Aim: The main aim of this study is to assess the awareness about the esthetic veneer treatment for enhancing smiles in undergraduate dental students. Materials and method: A survey based questionnaire was done to assess the knowledge about the veneer treatment. A self designed 16 questions were framed and the responses were collected through google form app.Thedatas were statistically analysed by SPSS software. Results: Results were represented in the form of bar diagrams and 71% of the respondents are aware of veneer treatment. This study shows a high-level self-consciousness about the veneer treatment 76% of the students agreed that they can brush veneer, 63% were answered for porcelain veneer. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the undergraduate dental students are highly aware of the esthetic veneer treatment for enhancing smile.

Aim:The aim of this study was to associate plaque and periodontal diseases among outpatients. Materials and methods:This was a comparative, descriptive study, where all the data of the patients who reported to the dental clinics in saveetha dental college, SIMATS, Chennai, India, was obtained from the department of public health dentistry. Patient records of plaque index score and periodontal index scores between June 2019 and March 2020. were reviewed and analysed from April - June, 2020. Data was collected and tabulated. The collected data was further analyzed, recorded in microsoft excel software and was subjected to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS statistics analyzer.Results:
The total sample size of the current study was 158 cases. The most common age group that was observed was 36 to 50 years with 43.7 %. A male predilection was seen with males making up 63.9 % of the study population. Most commonly seen periodontal index score interpretation was established destructive periodontal disease with 51.9 %. Most prevalent plaque score interpretation was a fair plaque score with 55.1 % of the population. It was also observed that a fair plaque score was more commonly present in established destructive periodontal disease in 59.7 % of the cases. In this study we observed that there was a significant relation between the plaque and periodontal index scores among outpatients. [p value < 0.05 ] [ p = 0.008] obtained through chi square test.
Conclusion:Within the limitations of the current study, we observed that fair plaque score was found to be more common prevalent among participants with established periodontal disease and this association was not statistically significant.

Background Intra-articular condition leading to disruption of the normal relationship of the articular disc to that of the articular eminence as well as the condyle is the main feature of internal derangement of the Temporomandibular joint . It may be seen during rest as well as during function . The chief complaints are of pain and limited mouth opening . Arthroscopy and arthrocentesis are the main types of treatments performed in order to treat internal derangements .Materials and MethodsThe study was designed as a retrospective study. A total of 22 patient records who had undergone arthrocentesis treatment were acquired by analysing the records of 86000 patients treated between June 2019 to March 2020 . Pearson correlation test was done to analyse the difference between the pre operative and postoperative mouth opening . The correlation between age and gender of the patient with the pre and the postoperative mouth opening was done using chi square test . SPSS version 20 software was used to carry out the statistics . ResultsThe mean and standard deviation values for pre and postoperative mouth opening were 30.98 ± 7.613 and 32.32 ± 7.134 respectively . After comparing the pre and postoperative mouth opening using Pearson’s correlation test a statistically significant result was obtained . P value obtained after Pearson's correlation test was 0.015 . Additionally no significant difference was found after correlating age and gender with the pre and the postoperative mouth opening after applying Chi square test . P values were 0.197 and 0.436 when age was correlated with pre and postoperative mouth opening . P values for gender when correlated with pre and postoperative mouth opening were 0.445 and 0.470 respectively .Conclusion : Within the limitation of the study it can be concluded that there was a significant difference in the mouth opening after arthrocentesis procedure . There was no significant relation between the pre and the postoperative mouth opening with the age and the gender of the patient

Dental curing light is a device that facilitates polymerisation in light cure resin based composites. Dental curing light polymerizes different materials that are curable by light. Due to the increase in need of Resin based composites with improved physical properties having less stress and marginal interface, recent advancements in light cure led to the introduction of Fourth generation LED, Organic LED and Quantum dots. Scanwave-MiniLed is the first fourth generation LED that can minimize heat effects thereby preventing the hotspots. Organic LED works on electric current wherein there is a formation of organic layer between the two electrodes. Organic LEDs can evenly irradiate all surfaces of photopolymerizable impression trays. Organic LEDs can cause photoinitiation in photocurable impression material, whose applications are Vital bleaching and veneer cementation. Quantum dots,on the other hand, are incorporated into photopolymerizable resin composite from where it allows curing from within. Transition of electrons from valence band to conduction band can cause photoinitiation and since the fluorescent properties of quantum dots closely match that of the natural human teeth, quantum dots are considered to have a good biocompatibility.Manufacture of Organic LEDs with flexibility, transparency and low energy light curing procedures and also quantum dot nanoshells in LED Light cure are the future scopes of this study.Hence, this study reviews the role of organic LED and quantum dots in light cure.

Scanning Acoustic Microscope, known as SAM, is a device that is used to investigate, measure or image an object. It is widely used for a non-destructive evaluation which is its biggest plus point. A Scanning acoustic microscope is useful for detection of defects in multilayered structures by a low time consuming process. The aim of this review is to understand the applications, uses and structure of this microscope. A systematic search strategy was employed and articles were found using keywords. Literature was taken from databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles that discussed the use of SAM and its uses were included. Other articles which had data regarding the structure and its applications in different fields were also included. A total of about 100 articles were collected initially. Multiple articles were added later from other sources. After eliminating articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, more than 50 studies were finally obtained. This review summarized the use of a Scanning Acoustic Microscope. Its structure, and other applications among different fields were also discussed in detail.

Introduction: Lichen planus, is a chronic autoimmune, mucocutaneous disease affecting the oral mucosa besides the skin, genital mucosa, scalp and nails.The exact etiology of oral lichen planus is unknown. The disease most commonly affects middle-aged females. Oral lichen planus usually presents as white striations (Wickham's striae), white papules, white plaque, atrophic , ulcerative, erosive or as blisters. There is a well established correlation between oral lichen planus and liver disease. Opinion amongst researchers vary on terminology of lichen planus and lichenoid drug reaction . Recent literature reported association between lichen planus and thyroid disease.
Aim: The main aim of this study is to evaluate the association between oral lichen planus and thyroid disease and its prevalence amongst patients visiting our dental institute.
Materials and methods: 67 case sheets of patients, diagnosed with oral lichen planus between June 2019 and March-2020 were retrieved from the electronic database . Collected data were entered into the Excel sheet and was analysed using SPSS analysis.
Results: Results showed a positive association between oral lichen planus and thyroid disease, mainly hypothyroidism (7.46%). Females were more affected than males (53.7%).The erosive variant of oral lichen planus was more prevalent among the study population (44.7%). There was a positive correlation between predominant clinical variety of Lichen planus and site involved. The positive correlation between hypothroid state and lichen planus is also reported.
Conclusion: In conclusion, our study establishes an association between oral lichen planus and a coexisting thyroid disorder mainly hypothyroidism .

Numerous viral infections have arisen and affected global healthcare facilities. Millions of people were at severe risk of acquiring several evolving viral infections through several factors, Covid- 19 being one of the most popular ones requiring more efforts to control its spread. During the epidemic period of coronavirus diseases, appropriate oral health management and disease prevention of children is very important for children’s oral and general health. In order to prevent the occurrence of cross-infection and epidemic spreading of Covid- 19 during dental practice, the recommendation to parents include making them hand hygiene at home and include proper oral care habits. Covid-19is a global human disaster presented with an emphasis on disturbing mental health aspects of the ongoing pandemic. According to the cross-sectional study, two weeks after the occurrence of Covid-19 in chin almost 40% of the affected youth were proven to have psychological problems, it is suggested that this is likely the zoonotic origin of Covid-19. Person to person transmission of Covid-19 infection led to the isolation of patients that were subsequently administered a variety of treatments, Extensive measures to reduce person to person transmission of Covid- 19 have been implemented to control the current outbreak.

IntroductionChildhood obesity is termed as excess body fat accumulation which negatively affects a child's health or well-being. As methods to work out body fat directly are difficult, the diagnosis of obesity is usually supported by BMI. A Body mass Index of 30 or more is considered as obesity. Children are considered to be obese if they are above the normal weight for their height in relation to their age. The problem is global and is steadily affecting many low and middle income countries. The rising prevalence of obesity in children and its many adverse health effects it's being recognized as a significant public health concern. AimThe aim of this study is to assess the Knowledge, awareness and risk factors of childhood obesity among the adolescent population.
Materials and MethodThis is a survey based study and was conducted on an online forum, Survey Planet with a sample of 100 participants .Adolescents of age group between 10-21 participated in the study. A questionnaire with 10 questions was circulated among the Chennai population. The responses were collected. The data was summarised as the number and percentage and analysed using SPSS.Chi square test was done and a P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
ResultsIn this survey, we observed that 29% of them consider their current weight to be harmful for their health. 40% of them check their weight regularly. Half of the population were aware that chronic stress can lead to weight gain. Only 41% of the participants have the habit of exercising regularly. 67% of the participants were aware of the complications of obesity. Among all the respondents 28% of them had a family history of obesity.
ConclusionWithin the limits of this survey, we can conclude that awareness on childhood obesity is present among the adolescent population. Females were more aware of Childhood obesity than males. However regular exercise and healthy diet is essential to maintain a healthy weight and prevent obesity.

Marginal adaptation is a critical property of treatment . These summaries marginal fit in the light potential disrupting factors And underlying mechanisms in provisional fixed prosthesis treatment. Marginal gap at tooth restoration and should be sealed properly . Microbial leakage is the most important factor influencing long term success of restoration and causing interfacial contamination of bacteria through ingress of oral fluids.Complications of marginal integrity can cause micro/nano size gaps resulting in plaque accumulation, sensitivity, and secondary caries.marginal integrity remains an important predictive tool for clinical outcome at restoration margins. ultrasonic instrumentation for root debridement, on changes in periodontal clinical parameters.Microleakage is a cause of restorative treatment failure and allows the passage of bacteria, oral fluids, molecules from the restoration and cavity walls. The vibration of scaler tips is the main effect to remove the deposits from the dental surface and there will be a constant flushing activity of the lavage used to cool the tips and cavitational activity which cause disruption of the weak and unattached subgingival plaque.

Dental specialists use radiographs for a variety of reasons: to discover concealed dental structures, threatening or benign masses, low bone mass, and cavities. Radiography is a methodology utilized both clinically and modernly to get data non-injuriously about the interior structure of objects. Dental radiographs reveal subtle details and help to detect extra root canals. Conservative dentistry, a treatment procedure whereby preserving the healthy tooth structure during the procedure, is inherently an alluring dental goal. Minimally invasive methodology is useful from both the clinicians and patient's perspective. Bitewing viewvisualises the crowns, posterior teeth and the height of the alveolar bone, in relation to the cementoenamel junction. Bitewing radiographs are the best diagnostic tool available for the detection of interproximal caries and assessment of alveolar bone levels .Periapical radiograph is the primary decision radiographic technique for location of apical periodontitis , treatment arranging and follow-up assessments after both orthograde root-filling therapy and periapical medical procedure. Panoramic radiograph is a panoramic scanning dental X-beam of upper and lower jaw.Panoramic Radiography is a radiological technique producing a single image of facial structure of maxillary and mandibular dental arches. Occlusal radiography can be used for assessing the periapical areas of upper and posterior teeth.They also play an important role in estimating the cyst progression. Time is by all accounts spared when changing from film to
European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine
ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 07, Issue 01, 2020
3183
advanced imaging in dental practice, a portion decrease may not be acquired, retakes and blunders might be expanded delicate strategies in populaces that present with high caries chance.

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the frequency of the number of patients who undergo maxillary single complete denture in a private dental college, Chennai.
Materials and Methods: The data were reviewed from patient records in a private dental college from a particular time period of June 2019 to March 2020. The data collected was then tabulated in excel and exported to SPSS by IBM. The outputs were obtained through statistical analysis..
Results: The results obtained were based on age, the most common age groups found were 44- 49 years. Based on gender, the gender predilection was towards females. The total number of patients who were diagnosed was greater than the number of patients who underwent treatment ( 51.2%) Conclusion: Within the limits of the study, the maxillary complete dentures are the most prevalent in the female gender of the age group 44-49 years of age. The number of patients treated were less compared to the number of patients diagnosed with partial edentulous maxilla.

Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases of people worldwide. Secondary caries is a disease that occurs on the tooth surface after the restoration has been used for a period of time. It is also known as recurrent caries and is predominantly seen cervically or gingivally on restorations.The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of gender and tooth position with secondary caries in class V restoration. Data was collected from June 2019 to March 2020 from the patient records of an institution, Chennai. The inclusion criteria included individuals with an existing restoration, adults above the age of 18 years. d=Data was entered and excel tabulation was done in a methodical manner: [ serial number-age-name-gender-tooth number-presence of secondary caries-site] and statistical analysis using SPSS was done to obtain results.Out of the 28 cases in the study, 23 (82.15%) were males and 5 (17.85%) were females. 11 patients (39.28%) had secondary caries in relation to class V restoration in anterior region and 17 patients (47.22%) in posterior region.Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that male population had more often secondary caries in association with class V composite restoration than the females. Posterior teeth had more association with secondary caries in class V composite restoration than the anterior teeth. However gender did not affect the presence of secondary caries on teeth sites.

Probiotics can be defined as live microorganisms that may beneficially affect the host upon ingestion by improving the balance of the microflora. It has various health benefits like alternation in weight, increasing the immunity, and also in digestion. Many of us would think that bacterial products aren’t helpful but in contrast they are enormously useful. The common species involved are Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium. At present the alarming issue for everyone might be weight gain. The probiotic diet helps in modification of gut microbiota and it inhibits the absorption of dietary fat and increases fat excretion via faeces. Most of the attempts done to study the effects of probiotics with Lactobacillus strains on weight reduction was found to be positive. Probiotic administration on women over a period of three months had a significant reduction in weight compared to the pills. So probiotics are far better than artificially prepared pills. The aim of the review is to analyze whether a probiotic diet helps in reduction of weight and how far it could play the beneficial role in reduction of weight.

Tooth agenesis or congenital tooth absence is the absence of development of at least one permanent tooth and a common dental anomaly in man. Hypodontia may occur either as part of a syndrome or as a non-syndrome developed by MSX 1 and PAX 9 are causative genes co-expressed in dental mesenchymal resulting in early developmental arrest of the developing tooth. As compared with permanent dentition, the prevalence of hypodontia in primary dentition is found to be very small. Most commonly missing tooth is a third molar. Most commonly missing tooth is a third molar. It is evident from the literature that the etiology of hypodontia is varied, and genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that contribute. Research has suggested that clinical hypodontia management requires careful planning across multidisciplinaires.

Introduction
Dental fluorosis is the developmental disturbance of enamel that results from ingestion of high amounts of fluoride during tooth mineralization. Drinking water remains the main source of fluoride. Other sources of fluoride are infant formula, vegetables ,canned fish,sea foods,improper utilisation of fluoride toothpaste in children.
Aim
The aim of this study is to assess the age and gender prediction of dental fluorosis among an outpatient population visiting a dental college.
Materials and methods
This is a cross sectional retrospective study with an analytical component.Data of 562 dental fluorosis patients were analysed between March 2019 and March 2020.The data was tabulated in excel and reviewed and was classified according to dean's fluorosis index, following which, data was imported to SPSS software by IBM, for descriptive statistical analysis and the statistical test used in this study is chi-square test.
Results
In this study, we found that there is a high incidence of dental fluorosis in the age group of 20 to 30 years. There is a higher incidence of dental fluorosis in males than in females. Prevalence of dental fluorosis in the younger group and in males is very high.

Background
Recording of final impression is one the most important procedures in tooth supported full mouth rehabilitation [FMR] treatment. Accurate impression ensures accurate fitting of prosthesis. Accurate fitting can be achieved only if tooth margins are clearly recorded. Retraction of the gingiva can cause the gingival tissues to bleed. Bleeding will in turn cause contamination of the tooth preparation zone and can lead to voids being incorporated into the impression. This study describes the various haemostatic agents that have been used while taking the final impression in FMR cases.
Aim: To evaluate the methods and techniques used to achieve haemostasis while recording final impression of tooth supported FMR cases.
Materials and Methods
This study was designed as a retrospective study. Data for the study was obtained by analysing the patient records of 86000 patients that have been treated from June 2019 to March 2020. Haemostatic techniques were used in 69 cases while recording the final impression. Descriptive statistics were used to get the frequency percentage of the different methods used for achieving haemostasis during impression making. SPSS version 20 was 
used to carry out statistical analysis. Chi square test was used to find a correlation between age and type of haemostatic method used.
Results
In 27.5% of cases aluminium chloride was used whereas in 43% of cases ferric sulphate was used. In 68.8% cases no haemostatic agent was used. There was no significant correlation between age and the type of haemostatic method used, P value obtained was 0.069. There was no significant correlation between gender and type of haemostatic method used, P value obtained was 0.420.
Conclusion
Most of the FMR impressions cases did not involve the use of any haemostatic agents. Aluminium chloride was used in a few cases followed by ferric sulphate. There was no correlation found between age, gender and type of haemostatic method used.

AIMThe objective of the study is to assess the role of prosthodontists in geriatric dental care among internship dental students

Introduction:
The permanent first molar teeth are the most caries prone teeth in mixed dentition. Reasons for permanent molar teeth loss include poor prognosis, caries,orthodontic and periodontal reasons. This study was done with the aim to assess the common reasons for extraction of first permanent molars in children between 6-17 years of age.
Materials and methods:
A total of 89000 case sheets were reviewed and cross verified from June 2019 to March 2020. Data related to permanent molar extractions were retrieved by searching with Patient ID, age, gender ,tooth number and treatment relevant to the study. Data was tabulated in the excel sheet. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software(version 9.0.3). Results were statistically analysed using association analysis.
Results:
Higher number of males (64.47%) had first permanent molar extractions when compared to females (35.53%). In males, dental caries with pulpitis (22.37%) was the most common reason for extraction of permanent molars. In females, root stumps(13.16%) was the most common reason for extraction of permanent molars. In both 8-12 years age group and 13-17 years age group, dental caries with pulpitis (34.21%) was the most common reason for extraction of permanent molars.
Conclusion:
Within the limitations of the current study, first permanent molars were commonly extracted among males and dental caries with pulpitis was the most common reason for extraction of first permanent molars.

Nanotechnology is considered to be an upcoming technology. Nanotechnology in the field of dentistry helps in diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Nanotechnology incorporates the usage of nanoparticles less than 100 nm. The usage of nanoparticles in restorative materials has increased the quality and life of dental restorations resulting in better oral care and hygiene. The technology helps in modifying the existing restorative material in terms of physical, chemical and biological aspects to improve their quality. Nanotechnology uses nanoparticles which are synthesized naturally from plants and chemically. The usage of specific nanoparticles is based on the properties and cytotoxic actions. Conventional GIC (Glass Ionomer Cement) and composites have been modified and improved in numerous ways by the addition of different nanoparticles. The restorative materials with nanoparticles currently used are nanocomposites, nano glass ionomers, nano adhesives and endodontic sealers. Nanotechnology is paving the way for recent advances in nanomaterials innovations. The advances of nanoparticles are helping the future of dentistry and production of new developments of materials with high quality. The main drawback faced in using nanoparticles is the toxicity produced by the nanoparticles but the demand for nano based dental material preparation has increased so there is a need for new nanomaterials. The review article provides an overview of the advancement of nanotechnology in restorative dentistry.

Introduction:
Evaluation of the soft tissue profile and esthetics is a key factor during orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. This study was undertaken to determine the facial profile characteristics of individuals at different age groups in patients reporting for orthodontic treatment.
Material & Methods:
Archived records of 89000 patients reporting to the dental clinic between June 2019 to march 2020 were screened. Patients with skeletal class I malocclusion without prior history of orthodontic treatment with balanced profile and pleasing profile were identified. 88 patients who meet the inclusion criteria were included in the study. They were divided into two groups. One group with patients less than 19 years of age and the other group with patients greater than 19 years. Their preoperative profile photos were examined and facial analysis done. Ricketts E plane of upper and lower lip, naso labial & facial convexity angle were measured by tracing the profile pictures of patients and marking the reference points and using protractor to measure the angle. Lateral cephalograms were not traced. This data obtained was tabulated. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 25. An Independent T Test was done to compare the difference between the two groups.
Result:
The upper lip to E Plane in patients less than 19 years was -0.02mm ± 2.06mm and those more than 19 years as -0.86 mm ± 2.04mm.The lower lip to E plane in patients less than 19 years was 2.25mm ± 1.95mm and those more than 19 years was 0.84 mm ± 2.52mm. Nasolabial angle in patients less than 19 years was 99.97⁰ ± 14.09⁰ and those more than 19 years was 100.59⁰ ± 
14.71⁰. Facial convexity angle in patients less than 19 years was 165.47⁰ ± 4.77⁰ and those more than 19 years was 169.54⁰ ± 6.48⁰.
Conclusion:
There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups with regard to lower lip to E plane and facial convexity with p= 0.004 and p= 0.001 respectively. There appears to be an increase in the angular and linear measurements indicating a progressive flattening of the face with increasing age.

The data on the study of the amino acid, fat-acid, carbohydrate and vitamin composition of the plant Elaeagnus angustifolia L. are presented. The study of the amino acid composition shows that among the studied amino acids, the main ones are glycine, asparagine, proline, cysteine and tyrosine. The high concentration among fatty acids is defined for oleic (23,6%), linoleic (67,5%), myristic (5,1%) and palmitic (1,8%) acids. The study of the qualitative and quantitative monosaccharide composition showed that 27,37% of fructose and 35,44% of glucose are predominant in the water-soluble polysaccharide complex. The water-soluble revealed quantitative vitamin content showed B6 (68,78 mg/%) and B9 (232,3 mg/%).

The study of various aspects of the problem of common hypomicroelementosis caused by a deficiency of essential trace elements copper and zinc, in particular among women of fertile age, in the population is extremely relevant and important, taking into account the social significance and importance of this population for society , because of what the condition will be health in a given population depends on the state of such important socially significant processes as the healthy development of future generations

The work is devoted to the development of the technology of composition and the study of the chemical composition of the liquid extract based on bitter wormwood - Artemisia Absinitum L. grown in the territory of Uzbekistan. The addition of tansy and pumpkin seeds to the composition of wormwood makes it possible to obtain liquid dosage forms with an enhanced anthelmintic effect. The study used methods of spectrophotometry, thin layer chromatography, qualitative chemical analysis, ionization plasma analysis, etc. The liquid extract was standardized by quantitative determination of flavonoids. A number of factors have been identified that influence the optimal technology for obtaining a liquid extract from plant materials. A method has been developed for the quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids using spectrophotometry in the wavelength range of 350-450 nm. The content of the sum of flavonoids in extracts varies in terms of a standard sample of rutin in the range from 1.2860 to 1.5871% (mg / ml). For elemental analysis, the method of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used, on the basis of which important macro- and microelements were found in the composition of the liquid extract.
The studied indicators of the microbiological purity of the extract comply with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia XI issue 2.

Analysis of the assessment of attitudes towards their health among the unorganized population. With the important role of timely and adequate detection of various diseases and pathological conditions by doctors of the health facility, the adequacy of assessing patients health is of particular importance. An adequate assessment of the patient's own health is an important help in the timely referral to the doctor and the conduct of the preventive measures. In this regard, the frequency of the main components of the metabolic syndrome among people who differ in assessing their health was analyzed.
Among the unorganized population of Bukhara there is an inadequate assessment of the state of health among patients with arterial hypertension, with body mass index and obesity and a violation of carbohydrate metabolism.

Introduction: According to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan, in terms of frequency of occurrence, stomach cancer is in second place after breast cancer. Result: Unfortunately, in more than 50% of cases, the primary detection of endometriosis of the uterus in these patients occurs in advanced stages, when their treatment is rather difficult and in most cases is palliative in nature, aimed at some increase in life expectancy and improvement of its quality.

The onset of pregnancy in a woman with epilepsy is not only desirable but also a very important stage in life. Therefore, a patient of fertile age needs to explain immediately at her first visit to an epileptologist that this event, like any good impromptu, should be planned. The ability to have children with epilepsy in women is reduced by an average of 2 times compared with the general population. This is due to both social and organic reasons. Pregnancy is contraindicated only for women with severe epilepsy, when the use of AED does not allow avoiding frequent generalized seizures, in addition, the woman has severe mental disorders. Epilepsy is not a contraindication to IVF, although one should not forget that to stimulate the production of an egg, women who are candidates for IVF are massively injected with hormonal drugs. This can sometimes trigger seizures.

In the experimental group of laboratory animals, visible changes in the spleen are noted, characterized by an increase in size, average weight, and changes in the structure and color of the organ under study. High synchronicity in quantitative changes in the cytoarchitectonics of the subcapsular, cortical and medullary substance of the thymus and the central and peripheral part of the lymphoid nodule and the red pulp of the spleen was revealed under the conditions of GMO use. It is characterized by inter-organ linear correlation relationships between cell types of the same name and different names, and in some cases even corresponds to the values within the organs. This means that a genetically modified product-soy flour - negatively affects the condition of the spleen and thymus.

A retrospective analysis of 139 case histories of patients admitted to the Multidisciplinary Medical Center of Bukhara with a diagnosis of "Acute cerebrovascular accident" from 2009 to 2019 was carried out. As a result of the study, it was revealed that in the structure of hospitalizations, the largest number of patients with cerebral stroke (CS) lived in rural areas, and among them women predominated. The ratio of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes in the city of Bukhara and the Bukhara region was 4.9: 1. Among the patients with both IS and HS, females predominated. The totality of the revealed indicators, depending on the hemispheric lateralization of the focus, showed that the overall severity of the neurological and functional defect according to the NIHSS, Gusev-Skvortsova and Bartel scales reliably predominates in the case of right-sided localization of the focus worse compared to male patients.

The article describes the results of experimental and clinical application of new compression methods of PSP (Papillosfinkteroplasty), in comparison (in experiment) with the traditional methods of PSP performed by manual interrupted suture. Method: At the same time, in an experiment on corpses and animals, it was noted that the CPSP allows, significantly simplifies, accelerates, standardizes and bloodlessly performs the CPS in comparison with the traditional method of performing this operation, and also creates the most favorable conditions for wound healing, and prevents the development of anastomosis stenosis. Compression PSP in a clinical setting was used in 22 patients operated on for impassability of the terminal part of the common bile duct and Vater's papilla caused by a stone or stenosis of the 2nd and 3rd degree, when this pathology could not be corrected by endoscopic papillosphincterotomy with sanitation of the biliary tract. In the postoperative period, there were no complications associated with the CPSP technique and no lethal outcomes.

Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is one of the main forms of pathological proliferative changes in the uterine mucosa, regardless of the age of women. Hyperplastic processes can occur independently or be combined with anotherpathology, appear against the background of many somatic and gynecological diseases. Result: In recent years, there has been an increase in endometrial hyperplastic processes, which is associated with an increase in the life expectancy of the female population, an unfavorable environmental situation, an increase in the number of chronic somatic diseases

It was studied some peculiarities of trematods cercaria’ fauna producing by gastropoda mollusks - Lymnaeidae Rafinesque, 1815, Plаnorbidae Rafinesque, 1815, Physidae Fitziger, 1833 and Melanoididae Müller, 1774. In ponds of Syrdarya, Amudarya river (within Uzbekistan) and Zarafshan, natural infestation by trematods cercaria has been marked in 15 species of mollusks, Lymnaea (8 species), Planorbis (1 species), Gyraulus (2 species), Anisus (2 species), Physa (1 species), Costatella (1 species) and Melanoides (1 species). Total 27 species of cercaria were found belongs to trematods of 11 families - Fasсiolidae, Echinostomidae, Philophthalmidae, Paramphistomidae, Gastrothylacidae, Notocotylidae, Plagiorchidae, Sanguinicolidae, Strigeidae, Diplostomidae, Schistosomatidae and Bilharziellidae.

The work specifies the current distribution of Schistosoma turkestanicum Skrjabin, 1913 causing schistosomiasis in the animals of Uzbekistan. Populations of mature blood flukes were recorded in 14 mammal species. Three of these species – Hare, Goitered Gazelle and Bukhara Red Deer – were for the first time identified as definitive hosts for the blood flukes in question. Persistent foci of schistosomiasis of animals were identified in the Aral Sea area. Recorded prevalence: cattle – 55.5%, sheep – 33.0%, goats – 15.5%, camels – 10.2% and horses – 21.5%.

It has been studied some development features of parthenogenetic and dioecious generations of Schistosoma turkestaniсum trematodes – mammal parasite of Uzbekistan. It was identified that in experimental infestation of Lymnaea (=Radix) auricularia mollusks trematodes miracidia at temperature 28-30 0С formation of cercaria occurs within 20-22 days. Formed cercaria leave the mollusk-host organism in 22-25 days. The cercaria life period in water about 72 hours. The cercarias penetrate actively into the organism of final host within short time. It is enough 5-10 minutes of cercaria contact with host body to their implantation throw the animal skin. Schistosoma attains virility and begin to reproduce in the organism of rabbits, sheep and cattle. Maturity periods of males and females are 32-35 days. Essentially, they are localized in veins of mesentary and liver. Mature eggs of parasite is discovered in feces of animals in 45-50 days after infestation, i.e. in 10-15 days after attain virility of parasite. Schistosoma life duration in organisms of definitive hosts is more than 10 years in cattle, 8 years in sheep, 3.5 years in rabbit. Practically, schistosoma may parasite their hosts up to death.
Original data given on the features of morphology and biology of all phases of Sch. Turkestaniсum development and their meanings in taxonomy have been given. Data on a new find of this species in wild animals have been presented as well (hare, saiga, Bukhara deer and gazelles).

Examined in the family of patients suffering from bronchial asthma in 49 probanda and 346 relatives in I - IV generations. Relatives of the proband in the family are divided into 3 groups: in the first group, relatives suffering from BA (82/346 - 23.70%); in the second group, relatives with allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria) (81/346 - 23.41%) and the third group, healthy in the family (183/346 - 52.89%). Family members from 4 to 78 years old comprised 395 people, of which 186 (47.09%) were men and 209 (52.91%) women. The average age was 33.55 years. The polymorphic variant of NOESG3 gene was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction of DNA synthesis (PCHR) on amplifier and RFLP-analysis with subsequent electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. These studies were carried out in the "Center of Medical Genetics" of the Institute of Biochemistry of the AcBAemy of Sciences of Uzbekistan. Carriers of NOESG3 gene consisting of N/N alleles of homozygotes were detected more frequently in the Uzbek population among patients with family BA, which testifies to hereditary disease in patients with this genotype. This genotype is more common in controlling patients and women, and a milder degree of disease was diagnosed. Also in patients with this genotype was diagnosed allergic BA, which recorded an increase in the number of total IgE and IL-6, a decrease in IFN-γ. It was noted that among patients with family BA in the Uzbek population heterozygous carriers consisting of N/del alleles of NOESG3 gene were significantly rarer, and more often observed in healthy men. In the family it was shown that in patients with this genotype of controlled asthma the total amount of IgE increases, and in uncontrolled patients a reliable increase of IFN-γ was observed, which is a diagnostic marker. It was noted that in the Uzbek population carriers of homozygous genotype del / del NOESG3 gene are more often found in patients with non-allergic type of family BA than in uncontrolled and severe forms of disease.

Diagnostics and treatment of genital abnormalities in girls remains relevant to the present day. The greatest scientific interest is uterine and vaginal aplasia. The vast majority of patients with Meier-Rokitans-Kuster-Hauser syndrome are diagnosed in adolescence and older age, as a rule, when complications appear, which worsens the prognosis. The treatment requires adequate psychosocial support of such patients throughout their life with the solution of the reproduction problem.

There is a promising potential for nanoparticles in developing controlled and guided drug delivery systems. The most effective formulations are currently considered to be chitosan based nanoparticles; biocompatible, biodegradable, less toxic and simple to use in preparations. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer and has many advantages that can easily be used to achieve the ideal drug delivery mechanism. It is licensed and classified in General Safe (GRAS) by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). In the current study, chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Rifampicin were prepared and published in-house. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was coated and further characterized using effective in-vitro methods. The research also included the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters. The findings were confirmatory and can be used to increase the accumulation of medicines.

Problem and purpose. The relevance of the research topic is associated with the growing violation of the process of transferring the norms and values of marriage and family relations, which have developed during a long historical path, to the modern generation, which is one of the main factors that undermine the traditional foundations of marriage and family in the modern world. These circumstances necessitate the identification of modern trends in the development of marriage and family relations, which determine the increasing risks in this area of human relationships and determine the role of marriage and family in the socio-historical process from traditional positions rooted in religious dogmas.
The purpose of the research presented in the publication is to provide a comparative analysis of secular and ecclesiastical understanding of marriage and family; identification of factors of optimization of modern values of marriage and family relations.
Methodology. The methodological foundations of this study were: the method of historical and logical, empirical description, sociological survey. The empirical basis of this work was formed by the results of a comparative analysis of religious and irreligious understanding of marriage and family relations, as well as the results of our own sociological research conducted among students of the Belgorod State Agrarian University. Methods of mathematical statistics were used to process the sociological survey (n = 310).
Results. The authors reveal the essence of the phenomenon of marriage and family relations; a comparative analysis of the secular and church understanding of marriage and family was carried out; the conditions and factors for optimizing the values of marriage and family relations in modern conditions are determined; the ways that contribute to the transformation of traditional models of marriage and family relations into modern society are presented; proposals for improving the modern model of marriage and family relations have been developed and applied in practice.
Conclusion. The study made it possible to obtain a comprehensive understanding of family and marriage relations in modern conditions. Research materials can be used to optimize the processes of the formation of marriage and family relations.

During the emergence of COVID-19 an unusual consumer behavior were noticed. Individuals and groups were seen with unusual behavior. Present study conceptualized the behavior of consumers during pandemic situation of COVID-19. Further the study has suggested the framework and considered five (5) constructs with five hypotheses. Pandemic situation is considered as the antecedent, online information source exposure considered as mediator between perceived severity & Cyberchondria and pandemic situation of COVID-19. Intention to make unusual purchases suggested as consequence of the considered framework. Study is purely based on concepts and suggestions. Study further provided with extensive and holistically relevant literature.

Key purpose of this study is to study the impact of coronavirus (Covid-19) crisis on the retail business in Saudi Arabia. The conventional brick and mortar retail business has been following a downward trend over the years with e-retailing exponentially growing during the lockdown period of corona pandemic. It was also noticed that customer preferences and purchasing behaviour are also experiencing a gradual shift from the earlier patterns. In the wake of such adversity, where businesses have collapsed, the study has tried to understand the factors responsible for affecting the retail industries in the kingdom with some key learnings.

Thunbergia grandiflora, commonly called blue trumpet vine, sky vine or sky flower belongs to Acanthaceae, which is native in Australia, Central America, the West Indies, Africa, and numerous islands in the Pacific including Hawaii, Fiji, French Polynesia, Palau, and Samoa. In the present investigation, Thunbergia Grandiflora extracts were studied for in-vivo acute toxicity, anticancer and antioxidant activity. According to the toxicity study, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight was selected as dose. In the evaluation of anticancer activity the tumour yield and tumour burden were not detected up to 4th weeks; but in 8th week, observed the formation of tumours and it become maximum in 16th week in all treated groups of mice. In carcinogenic control group of mice maximum tumors activity was observed due to carcinogenic nature but it got decreased after the treatment with sample 1,2,3 and isolated compound. Also, carcinogen increased LPO and reduced SOD, GSH, and catalase in lung homogenate. Extracts significantly reversed the effect of carcinogen on LPO level. The isolated compound was found more effective than the extracts (200 mg/kg an 400 mg/kg) on LPO, SOD, GSH and catalase. Moreover the extract of Thunbergia grandiflora showed down regulated effect on the levels of TNF-α and IL-6.

Background: Most paraplegic patients report shoulder pain due to considerable stress placed on the shoulder by wheelchair propulsion and other activities of daily living. Wheelchair-based circuit resistance training (CRT) should promote favourable shoulder kinematics to protect the shoulder from mechanical impingement following paraplegia. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of circuit resistance training with modified hand position on shoulder kinematics in paraplegic patients. Methods: Thirty patients from both gender, aged from 40 to 60 years, with shoulder pain due to paraplegia participated in this study. They were assigned randomly into two equal groups: (Study Group) performed CRT with modified hand position and (Control Group) performed CRT with traditional hand position. Both groups received conventional physiotherapy program (2 sessions per week for 2 months). The patients were evaluated by numeric rating scale (NRS) for assessment of pain intensity, electrical goniometer for assessment of shoulder joint range of motion (ROM) and 3- D ultrasonography for assessment of subacromial space. Results: There was a significant decrease in pain intensity and a significant increase in the shoulder ROM in both groups after treatment with the best results for study group. The study group showed significant improvement in subacromial joint space, whereas the control group showed no improvement. Conclusion: Hand position alters kinematics during CRT and should be selected to emphasize healthy shoulder mechanics

This study examines the antiangiogenic effect of activated naked gold nanoparticles (AuNPS) in dorsal skinfold window chamber rat model after laser coagulation of dorsal blood vessels, to investigate whether the antiangiogenic effect of AuNPs can inhibit reperfusion and neovascularization of photocoagulated blood vessels in an animal model.This study includes 2 groups, each group contains 10 rats, laser group (control group), and AuNPs group. After laser photocoagulation of dorsal blood vessels through the dorsal window chamber fixed on the dorsum of albino rats, the structure of blood vessels and flow dynamics were documented with color digital photography to evaluate photocoagulation and reperfusion. The laser sessions and injection of AuNPs to the epidermal side of the window were twice weekly for 2 weeks. In the laser group (control group), 18 out of 20 photocoagulated blood vessels reperfused within 4-12 days with reperfusion rate 90%. In AuGNPs group 9 out of 22 photocoagulated blood vessels reperfused within 4-12 days with reperfusion rate 40%. Laser activated naked gold nanoparticles have significant antiangiogenic effect, with minimal side effects detected with local use.

The development of distance education has been the focus of researchers over the past years, but due to the COVID-2019 pandemic, the use of distance learning has become a vital task for the education system. The massive forced transition of universities to distance learning has provided invaluable experience and made it possible to learn useful lessons. The purpose of the article is to analyze the organization of distance learning for students in a pandemic. The article focuses on the following questions: “To what extent were universities ready for the transition to distance learning?”; "Can distance learning be able to replace full-time education without reducing the quality of education?", "Does the current e-education system meet the requirements for education in the 21st century?" The article is written on the basis of the results of questioning and interviewing students and teachers of four universities in Belgorod. In the course of the conducted socio-pedagogical research, it was found that Belgorod educational organizations of higher education (universities), relying on the previously created base of distance learning, were able to promptly organize the implementation of curricula remotely and successfully complete the academic year. At the same time, Belgorod universities do not consider distance education as a real alternative to the traditional one. The study also showed that modern e-education in the form in which it exists does not fully meet the requirements of the technological revolutions of the 21st century, since it is aimed only at the transfer of information and does not contribute to the formation of a creative personality with a high degree of mobility

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the person names referential status in cases of their alternation with events names. The empirical bases of the research are statements from the linguistic corpuses of English and Russian languages. The analysis object are English and Russian statements which contain the person name demonstrating the alternation phenomenon with their event nomination function. It is found out that the referential status of studied lexemes is of interpretative nature. Self-sustaining functioning of person names involves specific-referential status, their alternation with the event names and logical value verbs in subject function consigns them to the abstract process situation designation and person names lose the referential status. Similar process can be pointed out for causation statements where person names act in the object function. Adjectives enduing person names with temporary feature promote their concretization and realization of specific-referential potential. The English and Russian languages are isomorphic in the sense of the presence in both languages of the person and event alternation phenomenon but with low alternation frequency in English language.

This study designed to compare the vital role of the inflammatory immune responses and autoimmunity in development both types of diabetic mellitus by measurement of serum IL-17 , and Anti-Gad levels among patients groups and healthy by using ELISA kits . The study included sixty DM patients were divided into two groups : 30 patients with Type I DM ( 33.7% ) , and 30 patients with Type II DM (33.7%) . In addition to 29 healthy individuals were (32.6 %) . The results indicated an elevated mean serum level of IL-17 and Anti-Gad in both patients groups , as compared with the healthy control with significant difference . Also, the findings recorded a highly significant difference in IL-17 and Anti-Gad sera levels between both types of patient groups at (P< 0. 01) . According to the correlation results between IL-17 and Anti-Gad in patients groups , the data was demonstrated that the expression of IL-17 had a significant positive correlation with expression of Anti-Gad (P< 0.05) among Type I patients . Whereas an inverse very weak correlation was observed between IL-17 and Anti-Gad with no significant (P ˃ 0.05) in Type 2 patients . we concluded the an elevated levels of IL-17A in both types of DM may be as a prognostic factor for development them in Iraqi population. We also conclude that elevated Anti-Gad in Type II DM may be an indication of the rapid development of undiagnosed insulin deficiency in latent autoimmune diabetes in adult patients .

This article highlights the influence of the computer on the human psyche,moreover, it clarifies what kind of psychological symptoms are undergone by "addiction to the Internet." Furthermore, the impact of spending a lot of time at the computer on the psychological and intellectual development of a childis discussed. Furthermore, the scientific and theoretical foundations for studying the problem of computer addiction are presented. Traditions of research of peculiarities of relations "person - computer" are analyzed.

This article discusses the motivation for success in management, the motivation to avoid defeat, and the level of readiness for risk. Moreover, socio-psychological factors influencing psycho-emotional processes on women's activity, based on the results of experimental studies, aimed to reveal the motivational characteristics of women by type of leadership.

The article provides an analysis of the state of technical equipment for cleaning fibrous materials, including raw cotton from fine and coarse litter. The scheme of the drive of the cotton-cleaning unit including belt drives with eccentric tension rollers with elastic elements is presented. The results of experimental studies of a belt drive with variable gear ratio, including a composite eccentric tension roller, used in the drive of a cotton-cleaning unit of installation cotton ginning complex (ICGC), are analyzed. On the basis of full-factor experimental studies, the optimal values of the drive parameters have been determined, which allow obtaining a high cleaning effect.

Due to the wide range of high opportunities in students, their uniqueness, the availability of a wide range of mental and physical opportunities, various social problems eliminate the factors that can negatively affect their development due to increased attention to them in society. Therefore, there is a need to properly select gifted students to prevent them from being overlooked or to be protected from certain social problems. Probably, these ideas are at the heart of the selection of talented young people in our society and around the world and providing them with content-rich education. Therefore, the effective organization of the education of students selected on the basis of scientifically based and content-based methodologies is a topical issue and on this basis requires a number of practical work.This article shows the scientific and pedagogical issues, the psychological basis for the selection of gifted students in the field of science among senior students of specialized schools, and the study introduced special methods for the selection of gifted students in literature in specialized schools. The number of subjects is 265.This article is intended for professionals, undergraduate and graduate students majoring in pedagogy and psychology, senior researchers, and researchers conducting research.

Video games can also be used to aid the students in overcoming difficulties and problems that they face throughout the educational process. Analysis reveals that vocabulary acquisition is the key for proficiency in a language. Interventions that focus on improving vocabulary have demonstrated a positive impact on the academic performance of English as Second Language (ESL) learners in several different environments. When foreign children for instance, Uzbek children are learning the English language, they are acquiring new vocabulary, which they need to be able to retain for future use, in order to commit the new vocabulary to long-term memory. Games, from classic children's games to high-quality video games, are a valuable addition to a school’s ESL program. The use of games in a learning environment is an effective tool to ensure vocabulary acquisition and language proficiency.
This article describes how games can be used as a vehicle to inspire foreign students to learn the English language, and how these games aid them to overcome difficulties and problems faced throughout the learning process. The benefits of using games to improve conversation skills of foreign students to prepare them for integration into university life will be highlighted. Furthermore, what makes computer games fun and a rewarding experience will be discussed. This article supports studies such as a study that examined learners using the computer game and whether playing the language game would develop additional English vocabulary or not.

Abstract: Establishment and state support of arbitration courts in Uzbekistan will help to ensure the ongoing judicial reform in the country and liberalization of the economy, as well as the expansion of privatization and the increase in the number of business entities, as well as resolving disputes between them. Currently, more than 200 permanent arbitration courts in Uzbekistan are registered by the judiciary, 160 of which are organized by the Association of Arbitration Courts of Uzbekistan and its representative offices, 15 by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry and its territorial divisions, and 30 by other legal entities.The competent court shall consider whether the dispute has been considered by the arbitral tribunal in accordance with the procedure established by law, and may issue a ruling on refusal to issue a writ of execution only if the responsible party provides evidence of violation of procedural requirements. However, the competent court shall not have the right to examine the circumstances established by the arbitral tribunal during the hearing of the case or to reconsider the content of the arbitral award.

This article discusses ways to use interactive software in biology education. The types of interactive software used in teaching biology and the possibilities in preparing future biology teachers for professional activities are described. And also, it is devoted to the development of electronic teaching and methodological resources of educational institutions, improving mechanisms for the effective use of interactive software based on innovative approaches, methodological support for the organization of the educational process based on interactive software in the training system of future biology teachers, a system of professional competencies and mechanisms of cyclic diagnostics.

The article is devoted to investigation of peculiarities of teaching monologicand dialogic forms of communication and points the main features which should be taken into account in teaching process. There are some methodological recommendations of teaching monologic and dialogic speech in foreign languages.

This article will analyzethe dependence of personality’s quality such as propensity to risky behavior on psychogeometrical type of personality. The article includes results of the research carried out with adolescents and youngsters.

The article dedicated to one of the widespread problems of society addiction. In it described research on social-psychological rehabilitation processes of patients with substance abuse and alcoholism. Authors investigated cognitive, emotional, motivational, volitional aspects of addicted patients in different stages of recovery. They also made appropriate conclusions and recommendations on effective therapeutic techniques for each stage of rehabilitation process.

This increasingly advanced era has made us face the fact that adolescents' need for guidance and counseling is increasing. the problems they face are increasingly diverse. In schools and universities, for various reason, the need for consultation is also increasing. The problem is thatmany teenagers find it hard to tell their problems face-to-face. It’s not that they have a low communication skill, but a variety of other obstacles. Oneof which is that no one is able or willing to listen to their anxieties. On the other hand, the use of internet, including web-based applications,by the adolescents is increasingrapidly. The latest data from Indonesian Internet Service Provider Association (APJII) indicatesthat 49% of 88.1 million Indonesian internet users are adolescents. Therefore, providing a web-based consultation application is the right step to help them solve the problems anytime and anywhere.
The objective of this research is to describe the teenagers’ need for mobile application consultation media. In addition, this research will also design aweb-basedand android based application as thelecturer forum for voluntaryserving adolescents who want to confide in or consult their problems. The results showed that apart from career, teenage problems are friendship, love, family, and financial. Most respondents posted their problems in social media to release their pressure, without expecting feedback from their friends or followers. Nearly all respondents are interested in using online consultation service. They hope they can consult personally and privately, where no one can read their consultation history. In addition, the respondents recommended using a popular name, instead of institutional one, that is close to teen’s life for the online consultation media name. Thus, we developed www.sobatmu.com. After running for a year, the need for impoved consulting means this service should transform into an android application for mutual comfort of counselors, users and service managers.

Credibility determines how a person influence people’sopinion and behavior. All public figures, including ulama, require high credibility. In the digital era, can ulama provide legit information and play a role in warding off hoaxes circulating through digital media? This study used a descriptive method with interview as a data collection tool. The research informants were fifteen Quran recitation members aged 30-70 years in Parigi District, Pangandaran Regency. The results showed that, unlike the internet news,people in rural areas still consider ulama opinion leaders. Ulama only confirm internet hoax if the members of the Quran recitation ask about it.However, the source of their knowledge is not the internet, but the Quran and Al Hadits. The members of the recitation did not make the ulama the first to ask about the truth of news on the internet. It can be concluded that the high credibility of scholars deals with real-life problems but not with issues that develop on the internet.

Dirumahaja or stay at home movement is thought the most effective policy to break the chain of Covid-19 transmission. People cannot do nearly allactivities, including formal education, together anymore . However, in fact, the ongoing onlinelearning has itw own advantages and disadvantages. This research aims to describe student’s experience with online learning. This study used online survey as data collection technique. Three hundred and fifteen students participated in filling the questionnaire.The result showed that 43.33% of students learnthrough LMS, 19.44% through video conferencing, and 37,22% through WhatsAppgroups and emails.As many as 39.21% of them felt uncomfortable, 37.25% normal, and 23.52% comfortable with it. Their discomfort is generally caused by tiring learning activities,i.e doing lots of tasks in spite of incomprehensive materials.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy with a high mortality in females worldwide. Tumor suppressor genes had significant role to maintain genome integrity and the cell cycle. In particular PTEN is a candidate tumor suppressor gene, It has a negative regulator of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway which has a major role in carcinogenesis and dysregulation of it occurs repeatedly in breast cancer. Aim: this article aimed to appraise the associations between PTEN expression in patient had breast cancer with clinic pathological parameters including: age, histological types, and status of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER-2/nue receptor, to check the impact of its expression on clinical outcome. Materials and methods: in this case-control study, formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue from sixty patients with breast carcinoma and twenty patients without cancer (as control groups). Labeled Streptavidin -Biotin (LSAB+) method used to detect PTEN protein expression, HER2/neu, ER and PR receptors by immunohistochemical assay, and then we correlate PTEN expression with each biomarkers and clinic pathological characteristics. Results: 29/60 (45.3%) of cases decreased PTEN expression while its expression retained in 31/60 (51%) of cases. Loss of expression significantly associated: with lymph node metastasis ( p-value=0.0008 ), high grade (p< 0.05 ) , high stage (p-value=0.0001 ) and with triple negative breast cancer (p-value=0.03) . However, loss of PTEN protein expression did not correlate with age, histological types, estrogen, progesterone and HER-2 receptors status. Conclusion: PTEN loss can predict aggressive behavior and worse outcome in patients had breast cancer.

In today’s world women are less secure and have many issues regarding their security purpose. They have to undergo among various difficult situations and have to prove themselves every time in all critical conditions. So, for their security and safety purpose government has provided security through rules and regulation to the society. Although there are many existing systems for security purpose need of advanced smart security system is increased. In order to overcome such problems smart security system for women is implemented. This project describes about safe and secured electronic system for women which comprises of an Arduino controller and sensors such as temperature, pulse rate sensor, sound sensor. A buzzer, LCD, GSM and GPS are used in this project. A wire it can be placed to the body of the Victim. So, When the women are in threat, the device senses the body parameters like heartbeat rate, change in temperature, and the voice of the victim is sensed by sound sensor. When the sensor crosses the threshold limit the device gets activated and traces the location of the victim using the GPS module. By using the GSM module, the victim’s location is sent to the registered contact number.

Based on literature reviews and brief interviews with several residents in the preliminary research, we argued that the people in Hutumuri, Hative Kecil, and Galala affected by the 1950 tsunami, had knowledge of tsunami symptoms and could describe their characteristics. We also had other arguments that the living witness told the incident to family, neighbors, and friends, indicating that the people in the area were literate about disasters. Therefore this study aimed to discover the informant's literacy of tsunamis in Hutumuri, Hative Kecil, and Galala.This research used a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data were obtained through observation, interviews, and literature analysis. The residents selected as informants consisted of tsunami witnesses and descendants of living witnesses. Data from all of our informants were sorted out according to the study purpose, and then scientifically strengthened with a literature review (books, journals, online newspapers, and official government websites).Community literacy about tsunamis in Hutumuri, Hative Kecil, and Galala can be known from their knowledge about natural signs before and after a disaster. Besides, they also share knowledge and keep remembering while adding new knowledge about the tsunami. Knowledge is shared verbally with family, neighbors, and friends in daily conversation. They also share their knowledge in official events commemorating the 1950 tsunami in the church, at traditional ceremonies, church socialization, and discussions in village forums. How to share knowledge verbally is already a part of everyday life. Official conversations at church forums and traditional events aim to remember the 1950 tsunami while taking valuable lessons from the incident. The purpose of church socialization and discussions in village forums is to share knowledge about disasters while adding new experiences. Thus, people become literate about tsunamis.This research found that the community also shared their knowledge verbally through the singing of the song Air Turun Naik in Hutumuri and the song Banjir Galala. Another finding was the use of a loudspeaker (TOA) to deliver emergency information about the disaster by

Each region has its way of making them a famous tourist destination. West Bandung Regency in Indonesia, with its natural tourism potential, has become the primary source of revenue for the local government, which managed it along with the community. The high public interest in traveling is an opportunity to increase the number of visits from tourists. Thus, efforts are needed to create branding for tourist attraction areas that can attract potential tourists. This study aims to explain Geo-culture tourism's contribution to the formation of Lembang, branding it as "Tourism Gate of West Bandung Regency, Indonesia." The method used for this research is a qualitative descriptive study type with data collection techniques by observation, interviews, and literature study. The research subjects are government and community leaders in the tourist area. The results show that the tourism branding establishment of Geo culture Lembang, West Bandung Regency, Indonesia is at the brand awareness stage, shown through the efforts to socialize tourism objects by taking advantage of events and local mass media. The research conclusion shows that the brand awareness of the Geo-Culture Treck tourism cannot provide in-depth knowledge for the community, especially on adventure tourism objects based on community empowerment and local environmental wisdom. So it is suggested that the brand awareness stage in the Geo-Culture Treck tourism socialization needs to be improved sustainably and integrated with government policies.

Indramayu Regency has many ancient manuscripts that remain scattered in its society.
However,theownersofthisancientmanuscriptarestillreluctanttoopenor lendthemforresearch material. The reasons are various, starting from the fear that the ancient manuscripts will be damaged to the fearof the irancestors 'curseifopenedcarelessly. Oneofthemanuscripts inthe Indramayu Regency is the ancient Legok Kolot manuscript stored in the Darul Ma'arif Legok Lohbene rIslamic BoardingSchool, Indramayu. This study aims to describe the efforts to preserve the Legok Kolotmanu scrip through the digitization process scarried out at the Holy Grave of Prabu GeusanUlun, IndramayuRegency. This research uses adescriptive-qualitative methodwherethe research data obtained by observation, interview, and documentation study techniques. This research produces a digital manuscript of the Legok Kolotmanuscript. The hopeisthat this digital script can beaccessed quickly, add sinsightand knowledge to the broade rcommunity who readsit and can becomeone of the identities and culturalriches of the Indramayupeople.

The article examine the responses of Citarum River Community , especially at Cieunteung and Linggar Villages Bandung Regency which are often exposed to floods, waste and rubbish through the perspective of "bottom up" environmental communications. The population living over the Citarum watershed is more than 15 million people, where some people depend on the river for their livelihood, so it often causes complex problems. People who live in the Citarum watershed are often victims of floods in the rainy season and drought in the dry season, as well as victims of waste pollution, both household waste and industrial waste, especially the textile industry.
The research method used is descriptive approach with qualitative data analysis technique. The results showed: there are still less responses, especially the attitudes and understanding of community of Citarum River about the condition of a healthy river (air and water); Lack of awareness and communication activities between people , formal and informal community leaders in finding the right solution; The lower participation of community and opinion leaders in seeking sustainable solution; Lack of supervision and law enforcement of the environment. Recommendation: The importance of advocacy movement, participation and assistance from and by community of the Citarum River (bottom up communication); The importance of forming groups or communities of citizens at the Citarum river area; The importance of communication and coordination is done intensively and sustainably; Local government interventions need to involve formal and informal leaders ; The importance of supervision and law enforcement seriously and professional

Bushfires have shattered almost 2,000 homes, killed human lives in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia and destroyed a total of 4,9 m hectares in New South Wales alone. Emergency warnings had been issued nationwide including in Armidale New South Wales. Efforts have been made to minimize the impact. Advanced information on how to prevent or how to survive a disaster is much needed in this situation. The research was to acknowledge how the bush fire risk communication was applied among the people in New South Wales Australia. The research conducted qualitative research with a case study approach. Data collection techniques used were in-depth interview and document studies. Nine informants that live in Armidale were interviewed. Result found bush fire communication included exchanged information in donation forms provided in dining places and volunteers’ jobs. Baby boomers generation preferred the ABC local radio to access more thorough information about the bush fire, but a few of them were also satisfied with the online media application. Meanwhile, the millennials preferred online media to access more updated information. Risk communication provided information about how far was the fire with the informants’ location, the level of fire, and the fire danger ratings and also what action should the people do. Risk communication should start first from the government level with a well-prepared plan; however, the people itself should also take control and have a fire plan and activate it when needed.

Health is a basic human need and one of the supporting factors for human health is an environmental factor. Bejo Herbal Park is a program of PT. Bintang Toedjoe in partnership with the Tribun group media. This Bejo herbal park is covered with various types of family medicinal plants, which are quite popular. This park is one of the environmental management programs that support traditional health problems. The purpose of this study was to see the role of Media Tribun in socializing the Bejo herbal park program. This study used a qualitative descriptive method where the research sources came from herbal companies, the media industry, and the public. The results showed that the function of social media consists of social monitoring, namely efforts to disseminate objective information within and outside the social environment; social correlation function, namely the effort to provide interpretation and information from one social group to another; and the socialization function, namely the effort to pass on values from one generation to another or from one group to another or as an extension of PT. Bintang Toedjoe in socializing the Bejo herbal park program as the creative share value (CSV) of this company which is useful for the community in a sustainable manner.

Covid-19 pandemic greatly affected the growth of creative economy of West Bandung. Many creative economy workers had to stay at home for a while since they had nothing to do, and many creative economy players eventually went bankrupt since they could not run their businesses during the pandemic. The condition encouraged FEKRAF KBB, as the official organization that accommodates all creative economy players of West Bandung, to give a hand in dealing with and getting through the crisis during the pandemic. This study sought to reveal what crisis communication management that was employed by FEKRAF KBB in dealing with Covid-19 pandemic and how it was applied. Qualitative method with case study approach were used for resolving research questions. Observation, interview, focus group discussion, and literature review were employed to collect data. This study’s informants were the committee of FEKRAF KBB, the West Bandung Tourism and Culture Office, the representatives of creative economy players, the media and other stakeholders. The results showed that FEKRAF KBB correctly applied all principles and stages of crisis communication and utilized various communication channels relevant to the conditions of the crisis they faced. Crisis preparedness, initial respond, corrective and reaction, and evaluation were the stages of crisis communication they employed, andthe media they used were limited to on-line and social media. In regard to its implementation, FEKRAF KBB applied nearly all principles of crisis communication as follows: creating a communication team, engaging media, collecting facts, disclosing information, being one sound, and employing many communication channels.

The more easily people trust a content such as news or memes based only on what they believe in, and ignore the facts, making this issue pivotal to study because of its endangers to the stability and the unity of the Indonesian nation which consists of various ethnicities and religions. With the situation that is inversely proportional between the use of smartphones and media literacy owned, this research eager to uncover how people read political memes and what kind of factors influence them. This study uses a qualitative approach that rests on an critical paradigm with a digital ethnographic method implemented through an instrument in the form of a Focus Group Discussion. This is intended to understand the behavior of various backgrounds of people who are active in cyberspace, especially in reading political memes produced by Agan Harahap. The result of this research reveals that in reading visuals including political memes, there is a tendency to be influenced by political affiliation, religion, ethnicity, and culture over objective truth. Sensitive issues related to these things are able to create a movement that involves the masses. Increasing media and digital literacy, not only technically expert both in hardware and software, but also fully understanding the content before commenting and sharing it, in order to encourage media prosumer to be critical in responding to the era of partisanship and distrust or what is widely referred to as the post truth era.

This study reveals the digital literacy in learning activities using mediated communication between teachers and students at primary school in Bandung City during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach to reveal the experiences of primary school teachers in conveying online material to their students, how messages delivered, and what obstacles they face in the process. Data collected by interviews with teachers of several primary schools in Bandung City who implement online teaching, supported by literature sources related to this research.The informants selected with the snowball-sampling technique. The results showed, at the beginning of the implementation of distance learning, elementary school teachers in Bandung had limited knowledge about the use of communication media in learning and how to deliver learning materials. This is because there is no material preparation to be taught. Over time, teachers learn to recognize online communication media for learning. Delivering messages carried out through social media. Some teachers prepare lesson material well and deliver it through existing digital platforms, directly to children or through parents. However, some teachers still have difficulty using applications related to photo processing, so it is not uncommon for teachers to ask parents for help to operate the program or combine photos.

Social media campaigns activities are increasingly carried out by company along with the increase in internet users in Indonesia. Through social media, company are able to create relations, reputations, and relevance with targeted market. The purpose of this study is to examine how social media campaigns is implemented in promoting Hijrah as brand value of Muslim Fashion product. This study used qualitative with case study method to elaborate four stages of a social media campaign: listening, strategic design, implementation and monitoring, and evaluation. Data collecting through observation, documentation and in-depth interviews with owners and employees of companies that are the object of research. The results showed that the company focused on the use of Instagram as a medium to communicate Hijrah as brand value propositions in social media campaigns activities. Besides, the rise of Instagram users and its user friendly, company believe that Instagram offers a form of more interactive communication through various feature that is not offered by other social media. Finding suggest, company should consider others social media application to be valuable asset to social media campaigns strategy.

The coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) induces severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)via the coronavirus receptor angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the host cell to facilitate entry into the lungs Over activation of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) and the down regulation of ACE2 expression are involved in SARS‐CoV induced lung injury. RAS is the main system that has a regulatory roleinmaintaining electrolyte balance, blood pressure, vascular tone and cardiovascular remodeling in the body. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and Inhibitors (ACEIs) are vital medications that are widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The question which now arises is: It is possible to continue using either ARBs or ACEIsor both medications in patients with SARS-CoV2? Both ARBs and ACEIs can facilitate COVID-19 entry into the host cell due to increase expression of ACE2. On the other hand, ARBs have a greater potential to reduce downstream pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV2 via different cell signaling pathways including free radical generation, up regulation of NF-κB pathway, toll-like receptors (TLRs) and pro-apoptotic protein by blocking the renin–angiotensin system more severely compared to the effect of ACEIs. The current hypothesis is that ARBs can perform better therapeutically compared to ACEIs in respiratory disorders such as ARDS which is induced by viral infection especially since more than 40 % of angiotensin II can be synthesized by other enzymes such as chymase, cathepsin. ARBs treatment can increase the levels of both angiotensin II (Ang II) and the ACE2 enzyme making Ang II a target substrate for hydrolysis by ACE2 into Ang 1-7 which in turn exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant activities. These effects are achieved by the binding of Ang 1-7 to both angiotensin-type 2 receptor (AT2) and receptor mas’ axis (Mas) and also by its ability to block Ang II/AT1 receptor-induced TLR4/MyD88 signaling thereby highlighting the potential therapeutic use of ARB sin preventing injury induced by COVID-19 virus. It is concluded that patients who are already on ARBs medications must continue to use them daily since ARBs have protective effects against COVID-19 virus. Moreover, ARB sexert their beneficial effects via their anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant and anti-fibrotic properties. On the other hand, those patients who are on ACEIs medications must change to other safe drugs since ACEIs can facilitate

A significant part of the ecosystem (biome) and natural landscape diversity of the Earth's temperate belt is represented in the Russian Federation. It is preserved due to the relatively low disturbance of the country's territory (up to 65% of the country's area, mainly in the Arctic, Siberia and the Far East, maintain a natural mode of functioning). The share of arable land in biomes reaches 40-50% in the forest-steppe and steppe, and in general, agricultural lands occupy in the biomes of the Russian Federation from 0% (tundra) to 85% (steppes).
The landscape diversity of the Russian Federation itself includes about 20 types of landscapes (arctic, subarctic, boreal (taiga), subboreal humid, semiarid and arid, subtropical, mountainous - alpine, glacial, etc. Swamp, floodplain, aquatic, shallow marine, etc.) and more than 350 types of landscapes. Among them, taiga (boreal) landscapes are leading in terms of area - 52%. Cold arctic and subarctic (plain and mountainous) occupy 21%. Mountain landscapes occupy 30–33%. The most developed, optimal for the development of agriculture, the territory of the forest-steppe and broad-leaved forests occupy 8%. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) links the concept of "biodiversity" and "sustainable development".
It follows from the preamble of the Convention that biodiversity must be conserved not only for its own sake, but also for the use and enhancement of human well-being.
This has given rise to the concept of ecosystem goods and services that biodiversity provides and that can be critical to the needs for foodstuffs, health and healthy environmental needs.
In the National Strategy for the Conservation of Biodiversity of the Russian Federation, the main groups of life-supporting functions of biological diversity have been identified: production functions, environment-forming functions, informational and spiritual-aesthetic functions.

Self efficacy can influence a person's choice of action. Likewise, individual students of primary school age are able to brush their teeth with the correct procedure. This study aims to examine the effect of self-efficacy on students' actions to brush their teeth properly (with the right tool, on time and in the right way).
The research method was a quasi-experimental research design with a randomized  control group pretest-posttest design. In this research design, the subjects were divided into two groups, namely the treatment group and the control group, all of which would be carried out pretest and posttest. The population of this study were all Grade 5 Elementary School students in the working area of  Puskesmas Pegandan Kota Semarang. The intervention carried out was assisting in teeth brushing use a control card when brushing teeth at home for 10 days, after being given education using booklets  to both groups.
Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test to determine  differences in self-efficacy and student actions before and after the intervention in the  intervention group and t test in the control group. Meanwhile, the correlation test between self-efficacy and action used the nonparametric correlation test.
The results showed that there were differences in self-efficacy and respondent actions between before and after the intervention (p <0.0001). There is a relationship  between self-efficacy and respondent's actions in the intervention group (p <0.005). In the  control group, there was no relationship between self-efficacy and respondent actions (p = 0.089).