European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine

The burden of dysmenorrhea is greater than any other gynecological complaint. The effects extend beyond individual women to society, resulting in an important loss of productivity annually. Thus, World Health Organization estimated that dysmenorrhea is the most important cause of chronic pelvic pain. Adenomyosis and endometriosis are the most frequent causes of secondary dysmenorrhea in young women.
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the causes of secondary dysmenorrhea by diagnostic laparoscopy and find out the prevalence of endometriosis as a cause of secondary dysmenorrhea.
Methodology: A total of 35 women with persistent dysmenorrhea and negative imaging findings were subjected to diagnostic laparoscopy after proper investigations and informed consent.
Results: In all 35 cases that underwent laparoscopy, 26 women had endometriosis (74.2%). There were 6 women diagnosed with PID (17.14%), one woman with adenomyosis, and two women with ovarian cysts. Among women with endometriosis, 53.8% had ovarian endometriomas, 76.9% had endometriotic lesions, and 34.6% had adhesions. Endometriosis was found maximum (42.9%) in the ovaries followed by POD (40%), uterosacral ligaments (17.1%), fallopian tubes (11.4%), bladder, and pelvic peritoneum 2.9% each. Histopathology was sent for 30 cases and only 24 cases reported back with biopsy reports. Biopsy-proven endometriosis and laparoscopically diagnosed endometriosis were analyzed and compared. The sensitivity of laparoscopy was found to be 77.78%, and the specificity 33.33%.
Conclusion: Endometriosis should be suspected in women of the reproductive age group with secondary dysmenorrhea. Laparoscopy is the most reliable technique for the diagnosis of endometriosis.
Laparoscopy should be combined with histopathological examination since endometriosis is likely to be overdiagnosed or underdiagnosed if only visual diagnosis is used.

The burden of dysmenorrhea is greater than any other gynecological complaint. The effects extend beyond individual women to society, resulting in an important loss of productivity annually. Thus, World Health Organization estimated that dysmenorrhea is the most important cause of chronic pelvic pain. Adenomyosis and endometriosis are the most frequent causes of secondary dysmenorrhea in young women. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the causes of secondary dysmenorrhea by diagnostic laparoscopy and find out the prevalence of endometriosis as a cause of secondary dysmenorrhea. Methodology: A total of 35 women with persistent dysmenorrhea and negative imaging findings were subjected to diagnostic laparoscopy after proper investigations and informed consent. Results: In all 35 cases that underwent laparoscopy, 26 women had endometriosis (74.2%). There were 6 women diagnosed with PID (17.14%), one woman with adenomyosis, and two women with ovarian cysts. Among women with endometriosis, 53.8% had ovarian endometriomas, 76.9% had endometriotic lesions, and 34.6% had adhesions. Endometriosis was found maximum (42.9%) in the ovaries followed by POD (40%), uterosacral ligaments (17.1%), fallopian tubes (11.4%), bladder, and pelvic peritoneum 2.9% each. Histopathology was sent for 30 cases and only 24 cases reported back with biopsy reports. Biopsy-proven endometriosis and laparoscopically diagnosed endometriosis were analyzed and compared. The sensitivity of laparoscopy was found to be 77.78%, and the specificity 33.33%. Conclusion: Endometriosis should be suspected in women of the reproductive age group with secondary dysmenorrhea. Laparoscopy is the most reliable technique for the diagnosis of endometriosis. Laparoscopy should be combined with histopathological examination since endometriosis is likely to be overdiagnosed or underdiagnosed if only visual diagnosis is used

Background: Dysmenorrhea is major problem in females of reproductive age. The main symptom of Dysmenorrhea is pelvic pain before or during menses, it lasts for 1-3 days in the females. Dysmenorrhea can be divided in 2 types, primary dysmenorrhea & secondary dysmenorrhea. The symptoms like as pain in lower back, nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea and fatigue can be seen in the girls who are suffering from this problem.
Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out among 100 adolescent school going girls in the age group of 13-17 years. The simple random technique was used. Pretested tool was used to check the quality of life of the dysmenorrhea girls. This study was used in Krishna Mahavidyalaya Rethare Bk. The recorded data was compiled and data analysis was done using SPSS Version 20.0.
Results: In the present study a total of 100 girls participated in the study of age group between 13-17 years. The dysmenorrhea was reported in 70(70%) of the total girls, whereas absent in 30 (30%) adolescent girls. The quality of life of dysmenorrhea girls was poor.
Conclusion: The present study concluded that prevalence of dysmenorrhea was reported to be 73% among college-aged women, dysmenorrhea is a prevalent health issue that can negatively impact.

Background: Dysmenorrhea is a cyclical lower abdominal or pelvic pain which may also radiate to the back and thighs; it occurs before or during menstruation, or both. The present study was conducted to assess severity of pain among primary dysmenorrhea in medical and nursing students.
Materials & Methods: 176 medical and nursing students age ranged 18- 26 years were included. Menstrual pain, intensity of pain, pain characteristics, menstrual symptoms, impact of dysmenorrhea and symptoms, menstrual pain management methods and socio- economic status (SES) was recorded. The numerical pain scale was used for assessing pain intensity.
Results: Age group 18-20 years had 65, 21-23 years had 70 and 24-26 years had 41 patients. Pain length was 1-2 days seen in 82, 2-3 days in 64 and entire period in 30. Pain intensity was mild in 41, moderate in 75 and severe in 60. Menstrual symptoms was seen in 90. Frequency of dysmenorrhea occurrence was more frequently (every month) in 102 and less frequently (once in 3 month) in 74. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Self- medication was seen in 50 and sickness absenteeism such as normal daily life in 86 and college absenteeism was seen in 90. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Most of students had moderate pain in dysmenorrhea.

Background: Self-medication for primary dysmenorrhea is common with an incidence of 38–80% due to easy accessibility to over-the-counter drugs. The present study was conducted to assess pattern of self- medication in primary dysmenorrhea in medical and nursing students.
Materials & Methods: 350 medical and nursing under-graduate students were enrolled. Parameters such as regularity of menstrual cycle, duration of menstrual discomfort, symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea, severity of pain assessment, self-medication used to relieve pain and awareness of self-medication was recorded.
Results: Out of 350 subjects, 190 were medical and 160 were nursing students. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Among 190 medical students, 120 and among 160 nursing students, 75 showed self- medication. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Medication used by medical and nursing students was mefenamic acid in 45% and 25%, paracetamol in 12% and 30%, ibuprofen in 13% and 5%, mefenamic acid+ dicyclomine in 12% and 13%, diclofenac in 8% and 12% and others in 10% and 15% respectively. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Pain length was 1-2 days seen in 40%, 2-3 days in 35% and entire period in 25%. Pain intensity was mild in 12%, moderate in 52% and severe in 36%. Menstrual symptoms was seen in 67%. Frequency of dysmenorrhea occurrence was more frequently (every month) in 55% and less frequently (once in 3 month) in 45%. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: There was high prevalence of self- medication among medical and nursing students. Commonly used drug were mefenamic acid and paracetamol.

Dysmenorrhea or menstrual pain is a complaint that is often experienced by late adolescents. Many ways can be done to reduce dysmenorrhea, such as using pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. This study aims to determine the effect of acupressure and progressive muscle exercise therapy on dysmenorrhea in late adolescents in Tasikmalaya. The research design was a quasi-experiment, pre, and post-test without a control group. The sampling technique was simple random sampling, with as many as 28 respondents. Univariate and bivariate data analysis. The results showed that the mean age of the respondents was 19.68. Menarche 13.07. The average Sundanese tribe is 85.7%. Get family support in overcoming dysmenor by 78.6%. The results of the bivariate analysis showed significant differences in pain intensity before and after acupressure + Progressive muscle exercise (p-value 0.0001). There was a significant difference in the quality of pain before and after acupressure + progressive muscle exercise (p-value 0.0001). The results of this study are expected to be used as a reference for further research in dealing with dysmenorrhea.