Background: Anesthesia exposure during early childhood has raised concerns regarding its potential long-term neurocognitive effects. This prospective cohort study aimed to investigate the relationship between anesthesia exposure in early childhood and subsequent neurocognitive outcomes. Methods: A cohort of children aged 2 to 6 years who underwent anesthesia for surgical procedures between 2005 and 2010 was followed up longitudinally. Neurocognitive assessments were conducted at regular intervals over a 10-year period. The primary exposure variable was the cumulative duration of anesthesia exposure. A battery of standardized neurocognitive tests was administered to evaluate various cognitive domains, including memory, attention, executive function, and language skills.